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Topic: Stress accent

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	ACCENT - LoveToKnow Article on ACCENT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Thus the strong stress accent existing in the transition period between Latin and French led to the curtailing of long Latin words like latrocinium or hospitdle into the words which we have borrowed from French into English as larceny and hotel.
		Syllables in which the stress is produced continuously whether increasing or decreasing are called single-pointed syllables, those in which a variation in the stress occurs without being strong enough to break the syllable into two are called double-pointed syllables.
		There is no separate notation for stress accent, but the acute (') is used for the increasing, the grave (') for the decreasing stress, and the circumflex (") for the rising and falling (increasing and decreasing) and (*) for the opposite.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /A/AC/ACCENT.htm (1525 words)

	Pitch accent - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In a pitch-accented language, there is an accented syllable or mora, the position of which determines the tonal pattern of the whole word (the pitch of each syllable or mora, usually high vs. low) according to language-specific rules.
		Ancient Greek had a pitch accent, which later changed into a stress accent (where accented syllables are pronounced more forcefully, as in English, instead of having a higher pitch).
		This is lexical, i.e., whether or not a word is accented, and if so, where the accent lies, is an unpredictable property of a word, just as the placement of stress in English is lexical (though in both languages, there are rules which govern permissible accents).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pitch_accent (252 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In a four syllable word, the primary stress occurs on the penult, the secondary on the ultima, the tertiary on the ante-antepenult, and the weak on the antepenult.
		The pitch accent is characterised by a steady rise in pitch (the fundamental frequency) through the word, culminating in the high pitch accent in the ultima.
		It is thus clearly the pitch accent that is the principal, with the stress accent ancillary.
	www.celtic-cultural-studies.com /papers/griffen/change.html (4008 words)

	Stress and Accent
		Stress is a large topic and despite the fact that it has been extensively studied for a very long time there remain many areas of disagreement or lack of understanding.
		It seems likely that stressed syllables are produced with greater effort than unstressed, and that this effort is manifested in the air pressure generated in the lungs for producing the syllable and also in the articulatory movements in the vocal tract.
		It has been suggested by many writers that the term accent should be used to refer to some of the manifestations of stress (particularly pitch prominence), but the word, though widely used, never seems to have acquired a distinct meaning of its own.
	www.personal.rdg.ac.uk /~llsroach/phon2/mitko/stress.htm (602 words)

	PIE Stress
		PIE stress was free – not in the sense that nobody cared where it fell, but because it was determined neither by phonological factors, nor by counting syllables from the beginning or the end of a word.
		In a static paradigm the stress of each inflected form was fixed on the same syllable of the stem, while in a mobile paradigm the stress fell on the stem in some forms, and on the inflectional ending in others.
		Mobile stress was common among nouns belonging to athematic (that is, non-thematic) classes, especially when the stem ended in a consonant or was simply identical with the root (nouns which form stems without any derivational suffixes or thematic vowels are known as root nouns).
	www.geocities.com /caraculiambro/Caraculiambro/Stress.html (3907 words)

	Accent -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		The word accent is often used interchangeably with stress, though some prosodists use accent to mean the emphasis that is determined by the normal meaning of the words while stress is used to mean metrical emphasis.
		The emphasis on the accented syllable relative to the unaccented syllables may be realized through greater length, higher or lower pitch, a changing pitch contour, greater loudness, or a combination of these characteristics.
		A fixed stress accent is found in the West Slavic languages as well as Macedonian, in contrast to Proto-Slavic, Serbo-Croatian, Slovene, Bulgarian, and the East Slavic languages.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-9315772?tocId=9315772 (696 words)

	FanFiction.Net : Dictionary & Thesaurus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		[1913 Webster] Note: Many English words have two accents, the primary and the secondary; the primary being uttered with a greater stress of voice than the secondary; as in as'pira[bprime]tion, where the chief stress is on the third syllable, and a slighter stress on the first.
		Modulation of the voice in speaking; manner of speaking or pronouncing; peculiar or characteristic modification of the voice; tone; as, a foreign accent; a French or a German accent.
		To express the accent of (either by the voice or by a mark); to utter or to mark with accent.
	www.fanfiction.net /dictionary.php?word=accent (494 words)

	Search Results for accent - Encyclopædia Britannica
		The emphasis on the accented syllable relative to the unaccented syllables...
		Accent and contrast enliven arrangements that may be so balanced, orderly, and harmonious as to be dull.
		In prosody, a rhythmically significant stress on the syllables of a...
	www.britannica.com /search?query=accent&submit=Find&source=MWTAB (431 words)

	Bishop Abstract
		accent and its patterns of distribution in the Kuninjku dialect of Bininj Gun-wok (BGW), a polysynthetic language spoken in Northern Australia.
		However, contrary to many stress accent languages described in the literature, pitch is the single consistent correlate of accent in the Kuninjku dialect of BGW.
		Accent type in this dialect may be more accurately described as "metrical accent", a term which captures the attraction of the postlexical accent to metrical strength without the correlative assumption of phonetic stress.
	www.ling.ohio-state.edu /events/speakers/abstracts/Summer_2004/372.html (312 words)

	Accent (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In this sense, accent is distinguished from the more general term stress, which is more often used to refer to all sorts of prominence (including prominence resulting from increased loudness, length or sound quality).
		Stress has been defined by Bolinger as the 'landing site for accent', and it is not always easy (especially if you are not a native speaker of English) to choose the exact 'landing place' for accent or, in other words, to determine the correct stress.
		always have a stress (a stressed syllable), and that the stress is on the first syllable if the word is a noun or on the second syllable if it is a verb.
	www.univ-pau.fr /ANGLAIS/phon2/ProjetPhon2/PB/accent.html (1205 words)

	Stress Accent and Pronunciation
		The Latin system of stressing the third or second syllable from the last is the same as we use in English, so this often helps when in doubt.
		Actually the prose stress system is present,although covert, in Latin poetry, and sometimes creates an interesting artistic off-balance effect which the poet intends.
		The literary influence of Greece won out, stressed poetry was confined to grammarians' examples of ancient practices and the satiric Atellanian verses traditionally chanted by soldiers leading a military victor home in triumphal procession.
	community.middlebury.edu /~harris/LatinBackground/Stress.Pronunciation.html (702 words)

	The written accent in Spanish.
		Spanish requires written accents on syllables of words when the general rules of word stress are broken.
		(with the accent, sounds like 'a-oon' but without the accent it would sound like 'ow-n', where the 'ow' is similar to the sound we make when we step on a nail).
		However, the accent is still written when the sentence is not a true question but refers to one and the question word is given stress within the sentence.
	www.englishspanishlink.com /deluxewriter/punctaccents.htm (1025 words)

	Hebrew Accent Marks
		The “tonic” syllable is the syllable that receives the stress or accent; the “pretonic” syllable is the syllable before the tonic syllable, and the “propretonic” syllable is the syllable before the pretonic.
		Note: You do not need to memorize the names of these accent marks; however, when you see one of them in your reading of the Tanakh, accent the syllable where the mark appears (for example, the silluq in the last word of the pasuk (verse) tells us to accent the pretonic syllable: ha-a-rets).
		In general, unless otherwise indicated by some sort of accent mark, assume that the Hebrew word you are looking at is accented on the last syllable.
	www.hebrew4christians.com /Grammar/Unit_Three/Word_Accents/word_accents.html (656 words)

	Illustration of accent
		Cooper and Meyer (1960) define accent as "a stimuli (in a series of stimuli) which is marked for consciousness in some way." They regard accent as a relational concept and as axiomatic in that it is understandable experientially but undefined causally.
		These accents are an accent of climax, an accent of image shift, and an accent of discontinuity.
		Lester (1986) defines accent as a point of emphasis or initiation, which is considered strong in relation to its surroundings.
	www.music.indiana.edu /som/courses/rhythm/illustrations/accent.html (395 words)

	Against Marking Accent Locations in Japanese Textbooks
		The fact that native listeners do hear an accent on a devoiced syllable indicates that associating an accent invariably with a high pitch cannot be an accurate description of the language.
		He thus claimed that the F0 data by themselves are not sufficient for determining the accent pattern, and that since, in his data, the amplitude peak fell on the accented syllable in the words in which the F0 fall was delayed, both F0 and amplitude are distinctive features in the Japanese accentual system.
		She found that native Japanese listeners perceive an accent on a syllable when the syllable is followed by a falling F0 contour, even though the F0 peak of the accented syllable is no higher than the following syllable.
	socrates.berkeley.edu /~hasegawa/Accent/accent.html (2760 words)

	Pronunciación: Stress & Written Accent Marks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		STRESS RULES: These rules tell you which syllable to stress (in your voice) to pronounce them correctly.
		ACCENT MARKS: Written accent marks are used for 2 reasons.
		Accent marks are also used to indicate that a word does NOT follow the STRESS rules above.
	powayusd.sdcoe.k12.ca.us /teachers/dkemp/Pronunciacionandaccentmarksnotes.htm (310 words)

	STRESS AND ACCENT RULES
		Words that deviate from the norm must carry a written accent mark, known as the acento ortográfico, to indicate where the stress of the word falls.
		Use a written accent to place the stress on the ultimate [the last] syllable when a words ends in a vowel [a e i o u] or n or s.
		Use a written accent to place the stress on the penultimate [the one before the last] syllable when a word ends in a conosonant other than n or s.
	www.csuchico.edu /flng/spanish/acentos/accentrules.htm (283 words)

	Griffen, Literary Assumptions PIPA Volume 2 (1999)
		Of course, this development was certainly supported by the stress accent in the English language adopted after the various invasions by the now dominant low-land Britons (those who had spoken Latin during the Roman period).
		While some linguists claim that the final syllable maintained pitch and stress accents and that the stress then shifted to the preceding syllable, others claim that the final syllable maintained pitch accent and that stress accent later developed on the preceding syllable.
		We should recall that while the pitch accent is always on the final syllable, the stress accent is usually on the preceding syllable, but occasionally on the final syllable.
	www.eiu.edu /~ipaweb/pipa/volume2/griffen.htm (2721 words)

	[No title]
		The markers delimiting the sonorant sections of accented syllables were displayed by attaching the relevant label file to the fundamental frequency window.
		First of all, the terminological confusion surrounding the terms stress, accent and intonation phrase was discussed and the use of these terms in the present study was defined.
		This may be confusing, as ‘long’ and ‘short’ may be taken to refer to a phonological distinction in vowel length as in bat vs. bard rather than to a distinction in relative syllable prominence as in baton vs. butter.
	www.phon.ox.ac.uk /~esther/ch2.doc (2244 words)

	English Pronunciation: Sentence Stress (EnglishClub.com)
		Like word stress, sentence stress can help you to understand spoken English, especially when spoken fast.
		You remember that word stress is accent on one syllable within a word.
		Sentence stress is accent on certain words within a sentence.
	www.englishclub.com /pronunciation/sentence-stress.htm (314 words)

	accents (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Note that words that are stressed on any syllable other than the last or next-to-last will always show a written accent.
		The written accent is also used to distinguish two words with similar spelling and pronunciation but different meaning.
		Accent marks are placed over relative pronouns or adverbs that are used interrogatively or in exclamations.
	www.library.csi.cuny.edu /users/marcus/accents.html (403 words)

	Recent studies have shown differences between rule-based and memorized linguistic phenomena
		Both early and late bilinguals will be included in order to investigate the proposal that, in the phonological domain, some types of learning (rule-based) are subject to a critical period whereas other types of learning (associative or memorized) are possible throughout the life span.
		The acoustic measures of duration, fundamental frequency, and amplitude as well as airflow and air pressure will be compared in stressed vs. non-stress syllables in minimal pairs such as pérmit/permít.
		The data collected in these experiments will be analyzed for an effect of age of acquisition as well as an effect of accent type (rule-governed vs. lexicalized).
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~guion/l2prosody.html (474 words)

	The Pronunciation of Ancient Greek (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Eventually it lost its pitch accent, and today it is pronounced by the Greeks with a stress accent instead.
		The accent does not indicate any stress (i.e., increased loudness or lengthening of the vowel) on that syllable; it only indicates a change in pitch.
		This fact indicates very strongly to me that the pitch accents are meant to indicate a rising and falling of pitch that was gradual and flowing, rather than sudden and jerking.
	turdpolish.com /greek3.html (888 words)

	Theses in Linguistics at UND: Dyrud 2001 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		According to Beckman (1986), 'stress accent' languages are those that use phonetic attributes other than pitch to indicate a prominent syllable, while 'non-stress accent' languages are those that use only pitch to mark a prominent syllable.
		However, it was also found that focus interacts with stress: for two minimal pairs in the data, stress showed a significant effect on both pitch and duration in the [+focus] condition, but on neither pitch nor duration in the [-focus] condition.
		This result suggests that duration does not function independently from pitch as an acoustic correlate of stress in Hindi-Urdu, and that the language is more accurately classified as having non-stress accent instead of stress accent.
	www.und.nodak.edu /dept/linguistics/theses/2001Dyrud.htm (352 words)

	Eon-Suk Ko
		I claim that Seoul is a pitch accent language while Chonnam is a stress one, according to the definition of Beckman (1986).
		The stress assignment rule of Chonnam I propose is head initial unbounded, with an initial L tone extrametrical.
		The duration of the vowel is concomitantly lengthened if the stressed syllable is underlyingly specified as H, but not if L. Thus, Chonnam shows that both underlying tones and metrical structure are necessary and interactive components of the grammar of phonological prominence as has been also proposed for languages such as Huave (Noyer 1991).
	www.ling.upenn.edu /Events/PLC/plc23/ko.html (833 words)

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