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Topic: Syllable stress

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	Word Stress
		Stressed syllable is longer in duration, higher in pitch, and louder in volume.
		Duration is the primary attribute to the prominence of a syllable.
		Usually 2 syllable nouns (90%+) have the stress on the first syllable; 2 syllable verbs (60%+) have the stress on the second.
	oak.ucc.nau.edu /tn24/wordstress/wstresstext.html (292 words)

	WORD-LEVEL PROSODICAL MARKING OF CONSONANT DURATION AND SPECTRAL BALANCE - Title
		The stress value of a consonant was defined to be the stress of the following vowel in word initial and word medial position, and to be the stress on the preceding vowel for word final consonants.
		The spectral slope of a speech segment is determined by the underlying phoneme and by the syllable stress and is itself a perceptual cue for syllable stress (Sluyter, 1995 a, b; Sluyter and Van Heuven, 1996; Sluyter et al., 1997).
		Phonetic correlates of stress and accent, HIL dissertations 15, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Leiden.
	fonsg3.let.uva.nl /Proceedings/Proceedings21/RobVanSon/RobVanSon.html (7731 words)

	Chapter 5 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Main stress is found on the first or second syllable depending on the number of syllables of the word: in even-numbered words, main stress is on the first syllable, in odd-numbered words it is on the second syllable.
		The position of main stress is determined on the basis of the assignment of rhythm, leading to a difference in the position of mains tress between odd- and even-numbered words.
		That is, stress is on the first heavy syllable in the domain (=penultimate position); if there are two light syllables, there is a shift to antepenultimate position just in case this antepenultimate syllable is heavy, cf.
	www.let.leidenuniv.nl /ulcl/pil/stresstyp/chapter_5.htm (4454 words)

	Stress and Accent
		Stress is a large topic and despite the fact that it has been extensively studied for a very long time there remain many areas of disagreement or lack of understanding.
		However, it is usually claimed that in the case of French there is no possibility of moving the stress to different syllables except in cases of special emphasis or contrast, since stress (if there is any that can be detected) always falls on the last syllable of a word.
		It seems likely that stressed syllables are produced with greater effort than unstressed, and that this effort is manifested in the air pressure generated in the lungs for producing the syllable and also in the articulatory movements in the vocal tract.
	www.personal.rdg.ac.uk /~llsroach/phon2/mitko/stress.htm (602 words)

	[No title]
		Syllable weight and CV representation alone were able to predict the stress of 4970 extant Spanish words to a significant degree, especially if some phonemic information was included.
		The data presented thus far indicate that stress placement is calculated on the basis of phonemic similarity to existing words, and not to elements of the CV tier or syllable weights.
		Therefore, an on-line process of stress placement is generally not needed except when novel words are encountered, or in cases in which noise in the system leads to a temporary inability to remember which syllable is stressed.
	linguistics.byu.edu /faculty/eddingtond/stress2.html (6303 words)

	Word Stress (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		A stressed syllable is perceived as louder and as having a higher pitch than the other syllables in the word.
		This line has ten syllables but the first (stressed) syllable of "shoulders" is the seventh position and violates condition 2, above, because it is an odd-numbered stressed syllable that is not preceded or followed by a stressed syllable or a pause.
		Syllable eight, the first syllable of "music," is not considered a beat because it is preceded by the pause after syllable seven.
	www.usc.edu /dept/LAS/english/courses/dilligan/English425/prosody.htm (1264 words)

	(Type a title for your page here) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		In systems where main stress is always found on a fixed syllable with reference to one of the edges of words, irrespective of the form of that syllable.
		Y the position of main stress is determined on the basis of syllable-quantity, syllable-prominence, rhythmically strong positions or diacritically marked syllables, i.e.
		Rhythmic feet are assigned in such a way that the syllable that is stressed in the stress domain is also stressed in the rhythm domain (see also chapter 5, section 5.2.1.).
	www.let.leidenuniv.nl /ulcl/pil/stresstyp/stressmn.html (6891 words)

	Syllable Stress and Accent Marks in Spanish (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		A syllable in Spanish contains one vowel or diphthong.
		In order to separate a weak/weak or strong/weak pair into two syllables, it is necessary to use a written accent mark:
		Rule 1: Most words in Spanish are stressed on the penultimate (next-to-last) syllable.
	people.uncw.edu /johanssonm/about/syllable.htm (169 words)

	Scansion
		All these kinds of stress may play a role in the creation and deciphering of metrical stress, and in the relationships between meter and spoken rhythm in a poem or line.
		Starting off with a stressed syllable and a verb, for example, is one of the most common ploys in the tradition.
		Remember that while some syllables of secondary stress may be 'promoted' or suppressed by the relative strength and weakness of syllables near them, meter cannot change the pronunciationof a word.
	mason.gmu.edu /~stichy/Scansion.html (4618 words)

	Stress System Database (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		A language which generally exhibits stress on the third syllable of a word, for example, may have some words with fewer than three syllables, and stress clearly cannot be assigned to these short words on the basis of the SPC "3L" which describes the third-syllable stress observed in longer words in the language.
		In a language with final stress, for example, stress is determined relative to the right edge of a word, so this is the near edge and the beginning of a word is the far edge.
		A stress system which places stress on the leftmost heavy syllable, for example, might be described with the SPC "12..89/9L" or "12..89/1L", or something similar, depending on the location of stress in words with no heavy syllables.
	www.cf.ac.uk /psych/ssd (2644 words)

	Syllable-stress metres (from prosody) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		It has been shown that the metre of “Vertue” is determined by a pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables arranged into feet and that a precise number of feet determines the measure of the line.
		This emphasis in pronunciation may be merely phonetic (i.e., noticeable to the listener, but not meaningful), as it is in French, where it occurs regularly at the end of a word or phrase; or it may serve to distinguish meanings, as in English, in which,...
		To understand the terminology of syllables, feet, and meters, it is helpful to see lines of poetry.are two lines from Shakespeare's Henry V. Pronouncing them reveals that there are ten syllables making up five feet in each line.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=50846 (981 words)

	Syllable-stress lines (from poetry) -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		The human being responds to physical and psychological stress with a combination of psychic and physiological defenses.
		If the stress is too powerful, or the defenses inadequate, a psychosomatic or other mental disorder may result.
		The sounds and syllables of language are combined by authors in distinctive, and often rhythmic, ways to form the literature called poetry.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article?tocId=206710&ct= (835 words)

	Vowel duration
		Latvian employs syllable rhythm, contrastive vowel quantity, fixed stress, and pitch inflections on syllables, commonly known as syllable intonations; Russian employs stress-based rhythm and variable stress; it lacks contrastive vowel quantity and has no analogue to syllable intonations [1, 2].
		In general, languages employing syllable rhythm would be expected to exhibit a higher proportion of vocalic intervals and less variable consonant intervals than languages employing stress-based rhythm.
		The Grabe metric is based on the insight that stressed and unstressed vowels in languages employing stress rhythm vary widely in duration, whereas the durations of vowels in syllable rhythm languages vary less.
	oak.cats.ohiou.edu /~bond/ICPhS.html (1690 words)

	stress-fonemic
		Stress would be phonemic if changing just the stress pattern in a spelling changed its meaning.
		If stress is phonemic, if it distinguishes the meaning of several word pairs, then it is an important feature for a transcription system to have.
		In many cases, the stress is on the root syllable which makes the problem less severe than it would initially appear.
	victorian.fortunecity.com /vangogh/555/Spell/stress-fonemic.html (4407 words)

	Use of accent marks in Spanish (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Examles: mártir [MAR-tir ends in an r and the stress falls on the penultimate syllable] cárcel [CAR-cel ends in an l and the stress falls on the penultimate syllable] The stress falls on any vowel more than two syllables from the end of the word.
		Examples: propósito [pro-PO-si-to is stressed on the third-from-the-last syllable] dándoselo [DAN-do-se-lo is tressed on the fourth-from-the last syllable] The stress falls on a weak vowel (i or u) which comes immediately before or after a strong vowel (a, o, u).
		Examples: día [DI-a, the stress falls on an i which is immediately followed by an a] actúo [ac-TU-o, the stress falls on a u which is immediately followed by an o] Note: Unless accented, the letters i and u become semi-consonants when the come in contact with other vowels.
	www.amen.net /lb/english/accents.htm (607 words)

	word stress
		then you find the stress for "romantic" is on the 2nd syllable, but the stress for "hamburger" is on the 1st syllable, so you choose " D " - different.
		stress nouns on the first syllable, and verbs on the second syllable.
		but for their noun equivalents, stress them on the first part.
	members.tripod.com /chifenchen/stress.htm (227 words)

	[No title]
		A stretch of stressed and unstressed syllables is grouped into a foot.
		Recall heavy and light syllables: Light syllable: syllable with a short vowel and no coda Heavy syllable: syllable with a short vowel and coda or long vowel/diphthong (and coda) Light syllable: C0V Heavy syllable: C0VV, C0VVC, C0VC, C0VCC Basically a heavy syllable has a rhyme with two or more timing slots.
		Often stress is assigned to a long vowel or heavy syllable.
	www.stanford.edu /~colleenr/ling113/Handout13.doc (457 words)

	564Main
		In French, in which stress plays little part, meter was a matter of counting syllables.Yet the Norman Invasion, in 1066, and the subsequent period in which French was the language of England's law and of the ruling class, had brought the two together, complicating both the English language and its literary possibilities.
		The native strong-stress tendency (in which syllables are not counted) thus periodically reasserts itself, roughening the "smooth numbers" of syllabically regulated lines.
		Emily Dickinson, whose signature form is the hymnal stanza, also wrote poems in which the stress count is regular but the distribution of stresses is not--poems, in other words, that move back toward the ancestor of the hymnal stanza, the strong-stress ballad stanza, now reborn as an elegant intellectual stanza.
	mason.gmu.edu /~stichy/564readings2.htm (4961 words)

	definition of syllable
		In other terms, it is a vowel or a diphtong, either by itself or flanked by one or more consonants, the whole produced by a single impulse or utterance.
		Adjoining syllables in a word or phrase need not to be marked off by a pause, but only by such an abatement and renewal, or reenforcement, of the stress as to give the feeling of separate impulses.
		To pronounce the syllables of; to utter; to articulate.
	www.brainydictionary.com /words/sy/syllable227258.html (229 words)

	R is for Rhyme
		Nonetheless, native speakers of languages that rely on stress (as opposed to languages that rely on pitch) know what stress is when they hear it.
		A syllable can be given various levels of stress; the most stressed syllable in a word is said to have primary stress, the next-most secondary stress.
		Even though rhyming secondary stresses is acceptable, it's usually more satisfying (and often more challenging) to rhyme a word from its primary stress on.
	www.kith.org /logos/words/upper/R.html (702 words)

	Word stress - 7-syllable words (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		) = syllable division; (`) = primary accent; (') = secondary accent
		Unaccented syllable + secondary accent + unaccented syllable + unaccented syllable + primary accent + unaccented syllable + unaccented syllable (· + · · * · ·)
		Secondary accent + unaccented syllable + secondary accent + unaccented syllable + primary accent + unaccented syllable + unaccented syllable (+ · + · * · ·)
	web.udl.es /usuaris/m0163949/wordstr7.htm (82 words)

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