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Topic: Strict Avalanche Criterion

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Avalanche effect

Confusion and diffusion

Boolean function

Truth function

Rijndael

List of cryptography topics

List of Boolean algebra topics

Passive wiretapping

The Alphabet Cipher

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Serpent (cipher)

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Data Encryption Standard

	Avalanche effect - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The avalanche effect is evident if, when an input is changed slightly (for example, flipping a single bit) the output changes significantly (eg, half the output bits flip).
		The Strict Avalanche Criterion (SAC) is a property of boolean functions of relevance in cryptography.
		A function is said to satisfy the strict avalanche criterion if, whenever a single input bit is complemented, each of the output bits should change with a probability of one half.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Avalanche_effect (401 words)

	Citations: The strict avalanche criterion: Spectral properties of Boolean functions and an extended definition - Forr'e ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The strict avalanche criterion: spectral properties of booleans functions and an extended de nition.
		Here we may assume that an assignment to a subset of the input bits represents any partial knowledge that a cryptanalyst may have about the key or plaintext, and if the property P is preserved under this assignment, the characteristics of the function are not biased by this partial knowledge.
		....include the Strict Avalanche Criterion (SAC) and correlation immunity, both of which are explored in detail by Lloyd [3] The SAC in its zeroth order form as defined by Webster and Tavares [8] requires that changing one input bit of the S box should have an even chance of changing the output.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /context/87646/0 (2906 words)

	Security Forums :: View topic - Authentication, the Forgotten, Should-be Predominant.
		Indeed, the whole justification for avalanching is gone if there is another way that might be even better, less prejudice rule.
		Avalanching itself can or might not induce unrecoverable noise through fragile complication whereas it can surely have a place in less extraordinary circumstances.
		I think wtshaw may be referring to the idea that you can use the pseudorandom-like ("avalanche") properties of a block cipher to detect errors, instead of using a MAC.
	www.security-forums.com /viewtopic.php?p=146576 (3247 words)

	Strict Avalanche Criterion \| Head Injury Criterion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Pulling up quality life aquatic criterion information from millions of websites can be a major task.
		Lots of hard work went into creating this website about criterion collectionikiru19522pc take your time and visit our links because it will be time very well spent.
		Finding the most relevant strict avalanche criterion sites is difficult.
	djzx.info /strict-avalanche-criterion.htm (283 words)

	S-Box Design: A Literature Survey
		The strict avalanche criterion was introduced by Webster and Tavares [7] in order to combine the ideas of completeness and the avalanche effect.
		The Strict Avalanche Criterion and the Perfect Nonlinearity Criterion are generalized in a Propagation Criterion of degree k.
		"The Strict Avalanche Criterion (SAC) was introduced by Webster and Tavares [10] in connection with a study of the design of S-boxes; a Boolean function is said to satisfy the SAC if complementing a single input bit results in changing the output bit with probability one half.
	www.ciphersbyritter.com /RES/SBOXDESN.HTM (6597 words)

	(X. Zhang, Y. Zheng) GAC - the Criterion for Global Avalanche Characteristics of Cryptographic Functions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Abstract: We show that some widely accepted criteria for cryptographic functions, including the strict avalanche criterion (SAC) and the propagation criterion, have various limitations in capturing properties of vital importance to cryptographic algorithms, and propose a new criterion called GAC to measure the global avalanche characteristics of cryptographic functions.
		We also introduce two indicators related to the new criterion, one forecasts the sum-of-squares while the other the absolute avalanche characterist- ics of a function.
		Lower and upper bounds on the two indicators are derived, and two methods are presented to construct cryptographic functions that achieve nearly optimal global avalanche characteristics.
	www.jucs.org /jucs_1_5/gac_the_criterion_for (126 words)

	Constructing Symmetric Ciphers Using the CAST Design Procedure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Discussion: As discussed in [17, 18] (and echoed in [25]), "avalanche" refers to the property that approximately half the output bits change when any small change is made to the input (i.e., a small input change causes an "avalanche effect" which results in a large, unpredictable change in the output).
		Remark 7: In practice, close proximity to highest-order SAC appears to be readily achieved for the CAST round function without the requirement that operations b, c, and d be XOR addition and even without the requirement that perfect s-boxes be used as the columns for corresponding output bits.
		Note that the avalanche property relates to any specific input change; the SAC, on the other hand, is an average calculated over the full input space.
	cryptome.sabotage.org /cast.html (12489 words)

	New Bounds on the Number of Functions Satisfying the Strict Avalanche Criterion - Youssef, Cusick, Stanica, Tavares ...
		Introduction The Strict Avalanche Criterion (SAC) was introduced by Webster and Tavares [11]...
		New bounds on the number of functions satisfying the strict avalanche criterion.
		9 The strict avalanche criterion: Spectral properties of boole..
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /youssef96new.html (559 words)

	Desing Of Substitution Blocks Satisfying Strict Avalanche Criterion (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Substitution blocks are often used as nonlinear transformations in both stream ciphers, block ciphers and one-way hash functions.
		One of the most important properties of substitution blocks is their ability to transform small changes of input into large output changes, which is measured by the Strict Avalanche Criterion, the SAC.
		16 Improving the Strict Avalanche Characteristics of Cryptograp..
	citeseer.comp.nus.edu.sg /437689.html (315 words)

	Information and Computation Bibliography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The main contribution of this paper is to reveal a number of interesting properties of balance and nonlinearity, and to study systematic methods for constructing Boolean functions that satisfy some or all of the three criteria.
		We also present methods for constructing balanced Boolean functions that are highly nonlinear and satisfy the strict avalanche criterion (SAC).
		A technique is developed to transform the vectors where the propagation criterion is not satisfied in such a way that the functions constructed satisfy the propagation criterion of high degree while preserving the balance and nonlinearity of the functions.
	theory.lcs.mit.edu /~iandc/References/seberryzz1995:1.html (281 words)

	Pluto Scarab â” Strict Avalanche Criterion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Since we don't (yet) know of a mixing function that obeys SAC exactly, we can instead create one that actually does a 50% coin flip (simulated).
		The truth table of this function is shown so you can confirm that SAC is actually satisfied.
		A four-bit mixing function that exactly satisfies the strict avalanche criterion.
	bretm.home.comcast.net /hash/4.html (1192 words)

	Citations: The strict avalanche criterion: Special properties of boolean functions and extended definition - Forre ...
		The strict avalanche criterion: Special properties of boolean functions and extended definition.
		....(SAC) We can give an equivalent description of SAC: let f be a function on Vn.
		The 0 1 balancedness, the nonlinearity and the avalanche criterion are important criteria for cryptographic functions [1] 3] 4] 13] Definition 5 A (1, 1) matrix H of order h will be called an Hadamard....
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /context/217137/0 (282 words)

	Confusion and diffusion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Diffusion is associated with dependency of bits of the output on bits of the input.
		In a cipher with good diffusion, flipping an input bit should change each output bit with a probability of one half (this is termed the Strict Avalanche Criterion).
		Substitution (a plaintext symbol is replaced by another) has been identified as a mechanism for primarily confusion (see S-box); conversely transposition (rearranging the order of symbols) is a technique for diffusion, although other mechanisms are also used in modern practice, such as linear transformations (e.g.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Confusion_and_diffusion (233 words)

	Cryptology ePrint Archive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Boolean functions on $GF(2)$ which satisfy the Strict Avalanche Criterion ($SAC$) play an important role in the art of information security.
		In this paper, we extend the conception $SAC$ to finite fields $GF(p)$.
		A necessary and sufficient condition is given by using spectral analysis.
	eprint.iacr.org /2005/361 (63 words)

	An upper bound on the number of functions satisfying the Strict Avalanche Criterion - O'Connor (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		An upper bound on the number of functions satisfying the Strict Avalanche Criterion (1994)
		0.4: GAC - the Criterion for Global Avalanche Characteristics of..
		18 The strict avalanche criterion: spectral properties of boole..
	citeseer.comp.nus.edu.sg /28202.html (393 words)

	94031601.HTM
		There are two desirable properties in a mixing: non-linearity (see all the papers on bent functions, which are functions a maximum Hamming distance from any affine function) and the Strict Avalanche Criterion.
		Which means that, over all possible values of the other n-1 bits, changing one inut bit has a 50% probability of changing each output bit.
		(Higher-order SAC constraints require this to hold for subsets of the set of excluded input bits.
	www.ciphersbyritter.com /NEWS/94031601.HTM (984 words)

	Security Forums :: View topic - Just How Secure ARE Those 128-bit Keys?
		For an updated, refined, and extended version, please refer to the parts one and two, of the article entitled, "Caveat Lector: Ideal-to-Realized Security Assurance In Cryptographic Keys."
		All in all, it can be costly to change Twofish keys, so precomputation is recommended.
		This echoes the realization that cryptography is not the solution; it is merely part of a solution that demands proper implementation in every regard.
	www.security-forums.com /viewtopic.php?t=8325 (3168 words)

	Desing Of Substitution Blocks Satisfying Strict Avalanche Criterion (ResearchIndex)
		Desing Of Substitution Blocks Satisfying Strict Avalanche Criterion (1997)
		1.3: Desing Of Substitution Blocks Satisfying Strict Avalanche..
		@misc{ stanek-desing, author = "Martin Stanek and Daniel Olejar", title = "Desing Of Substitution Blocks Satisfying Strict Avalanche Criterion", url = "citeseer.ist.psu.edu/stanek97desing.html" }
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /stanek97desing.html (339 words)

	Tinyness: An Overview of TEA and Related Ciphers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Some work has been done on experimentally discovering distinguishers for reduced round versions of TEA.
		Hernández et al., 2001], TEA is tested for the Strict Avalanche Criterion.
		Distinguishing TEA from a random permutation: Reduced round versions of TEA do not have the SAC or do not generate random numbers.
	www-users.cs.york.ac.uk /~matthew/TEA (2289 words)

	Pluto Scarab â” Hash Functions â” References (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		A Resursive Construction Method of S-boxes Satisfying Strict Avalanche Criterion, Kwangjo Kim, Tsutomu Matsumoto, Hideki Imai, 1990
		S-Box Design: A Literature Survey, Terry Ritter, 1997
		Design of Substitution Blocks Satisfying Strict Avalanche Criterion, Martin Stanek and Daniel OlejÃ¡r
	bretm.home.comcast.net /hash/11.html (78 words)

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