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Topic: Stridulation

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	Stridulation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Stridulation is the production of sounds by an insect by rubbing together two parts of its body, referred to as the stridulatory organs.
		Stridulation is believed to be for attracting a mate, or as a form of territorial behaviour.
		Stridulation in stag beetle larvae (Lucanus cervus L.) by Dr. Eva Sprecher-Uebersax, January 2002.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Stridulation (125 words)

	stridulation - definition by dict.die.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Note: The crickets stridulate by rubbing together the strong nervures of the fore wings.
		Many grasshoppers stridulate by rubbing the hind legs across strong nervures on the fore wings.
		The green grasshoppers and katydids stridulate by means of special organs at the base of the fore wings.
	dict.die.net /stridulation (101 words)

	Control of Cricket Stridulation by a Command Neuron: Efficacy Depends on the Behavioral State -- Hedwig 83 (2): 712 -- ...
		During stridulation, the neuron activity is modulated rhythmically in the chirp rhythm.
		Release and inhibition of calling-song stridulation in "aroused" crickets
		During stridulation and during the silencing reaction, the interneuron activity remains at ~33 spikes/s.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/83/2/712 (6583 words)

	swaziland.ca - Stridulation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Control of Cricket Stridulation by a Command Neuron: Efficacy Depends on the Behav...
		thermometer, the stridulation rate (# of chirps per 15 seconds) was determined for all 6 crickets at 5...
		Stridulation Sounds of Black Fire Ants (Solenopsis richteri) in Different Situatio...
	www.swaziland.ca /Stridulation/reference/fullview/wikipedia/174868 (214 words)

	Habronattus
		Courtship, stridulation, stridulatory apparatus: Maddison, Stratton 1988a: 199-211.
		: Maddison, Stratton 1988a: 199-211 - courtship, stridulation, stridulatory apparatus.
		: Maddison, Stratton 1988a: 199-211 (courtship, stridulation, stridulatory apparatus).
	salticidae.org /salticid/catalog/Habnatt.htm (3414 words)

	Corollary Discharge Inhibition of Ascending Auditory Neurons in the Stridulating Cricket -- Poulet and Hedwig 23 (11): ...
		Corollary Discharge Inhibition of Ascending Auditory Neurons in the Stridulating Cricket
		The maximum spike frequency of AN1 to individual 4.5 kHz, 100 dB SPL stimuli presented during silent stridulation was plotted as a dot against the average wing movement.
		The corollary discharge mediates presynaptic inhibition of auditory
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/23/11/4717 (5093 words)

	Untitled Document
		For example, Professor Hickling of the University of Mississippi, has recorded four stridulous sounds made by the Black Fire Ants (Solenopsis richteri) in four different situations, one of which was when a microphone was plunged into their mound to hear what they sounded like.
		The beetle is equipped with a stridulatory apparatus consisting of a pars stridens on the coxa or hip of the middle leg (three legs for our stag beetles) and the plectrum which is on the trochanter (one of the three leg bones) of the hind legs.
		As Dr. Eva Sprecher-Uebersax says, there is no unanimity on the function of stridulation in the stag beetle, though she does say "a function of defense, protection or orientation in the substrate is considered improbable." Perhaps it is for "expressing their claim of space" to the larvae and other creatures around.
	www.willamette.edu /~blong/Words/Stridulate.html (849 words)

	How fish produce sounds: Animals and Sound in the Sea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Sounds made by stridulating are usually concentrated at the higher end of the spectrum, from approximately 1,000 to 8,000 Hz.
		Stridulation is when a fish rubs two body parts together to produce sound (sort of like the way a cricket makes sound).
		While these are just some examples of fish that produce sound by stridulation, there are hundreds more that have their own unique style.
	www.dosits.org /animals/produce/1f.htm (1041 words)

	Stridulation Sounds of Black Fire Ants (Solenopsis richteri) in Different Situations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Normal movement sounds of a group of ants with occasional bursts of stridulation sound from a single ant.
		Sounds of ants attacking a caterpillar with stridulation sound from a single ant.
		Distress signals emitted by a single major worker with a caught antenna.
	home.olemiss.edu /~hickling (119 words)

	When Ants Squeak: Science News Online, Feb. 5, 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Ants stridulate with the hindmost body section, the gaster, explains systematist Philip Ward at the University of California, Davis.
		Entomologists argue about whether this pattern means stridulation evolved several times in ants or whether the Adam and Eve of ant ancestors rasped to each other but some descendants lost the ability.
		Roces and Hölldobler noted that cutters stridulate extrafast when they come to the end of their task and heave the leaf fragment into carrying position.
	www.sciencenews.org /20000205/bob12.asp (2317 words)

	BioTK - News details
		When recording false stridulation, the cricket was placed upside down in a Plasticene well and its ventral cuticle was removed to expose the abdominal and thoracic ganglia.
		As a consequence, during silent stridulation, the ON1 response to acoustic stimuli was maximally inhibited during wing opening.
		In a group of stridulating male G. bimaculatus, where individuals are spaced apart by two meters on average, the ability to hear during singing will be an advantage.
	www.biotk.com /news_details.php?id=94 (951 words)

	Orthoptera of Cornwall & the Isles of Scilly: Native Species
		No stridulation, but males drum on leaves to produce a faint sound which is not easy to hear, and inaudible at more than a few metres.
		Its stridulation is a series of short ‘chuckles’, easily heard by ear, although a bat detector will increase the range.
		Its stridulation is similar to the Common Green, but quieter and of shorter length, typically 10 seconds or less.
	www.erccis.co.uk /species/orthopteranative.htm (1658 words)

	Stridulation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Stridulation in stag beetle larvae (Lucanus cervus L. By Dr.
		The function of stridulation is not yet clear.
		The sounds are possibly directed to larvae of the same species for the purpose of holding together or expressing claim of space.
	maria.fremlin.de /stagbeetles/stridulation.html (356 words)

	Function of Acoustic Alarm Signals
		Attraction by triggerfish to stridulating lobsters will be tested by playback of stridulation and tracking the fish's position relative to the speaker.
		When attacked, spiny lobsters loudly stridulate with a specialized apparatus at the base of the antennae.
		Other triggerfish may be attracted by stridulation which then competitively interfere with each other's predatory attacks.
	bio.fsu.edu /~bouwma/PEB_stridulation.html (400 words)

	Dr. Hartmut Schuetze: (german) PhD-Thesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The interneurons that are active throughout stridulation belong to 8 known types of neurons already identified in other grasshopper species as being core or premotor parts of the stridulation pattern generator.
		Five of the stridulation interneuron types are rhythmically active during the step-wise downstroke, the other types could not be tested.
		Probably the stridulation pattern generator is as a whole tonically inhibited during flight.
	itb1.biologie.hu-berlin.de /~schuetze/Diss.htm (297 words)

	Bush-cricket calls
		The call may be ventriloquial, as on my local cliffs there were occasions at night when the stridulation was audible, but the detector registered nothing when pointed in the direction of the calling.
		The stridulation heard on the detector can be likened to an old electronic typewriter.
		Whilst the stridulation is discernable by ear, it is much more easily heard with a detector, and from over 15 metres.
	www.erccis.co.uk /species/cricketcalls.htm (915 words)

	Stridulation
		I am particularly obliged to you for your observations on the stridulation of the two sexes of Lamellicorns.
		Muller's observations on this point; but the reference is clearly to Darwin's observations on Necrophorus and Pelobius, in which the stridulating rasp was bigger in the males in the first individuals examined, but not so in succeeding specimens.
		The whirring of cicadas; the shrill stridulation of a vast number and variety of field crickets and grasshoppers, each species sounding its peculiar note; the plaintive hooting of tree frogs--all blended together in one continuous ringing sound--the audible expression of the teeming profusion of Nature.
	www.cooldictionary.com /words/Stridulation.word (233 words)

	Close encounters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Ants stridulate just as skiffle musicians play their washboards: by rubbing a set of ridges attached to the posterior abdomen.
		One of the reasons that previous researchers believed that ants sense stridulation through the ground rather than the air is that ants trapped under subsided soil can stridulate to bring others to the rescue.
		In the near field, which extends perhaps ten centimetres or so from a stridulating ant, the speed of the sound impulse falls rapidly from a high value very close to the source to the lower value that is characteristic of normal sound waves in air.
	www.mindswap.org /2002/nature/001019-1.xml (654 words)

	Science News: When Ants Squeak
		One of the more unusual notions about stridulation arose in 1995 when Flavio Roces and Bert Holldobler of the University of Wurzburg in Germany reported that leaf-cutting ants tend to stridulate as they slice off snippets of tender leaves.
		Roces and Holldobler noted that cutters stridulate extrafast when they come to the end of their task and heave the leaf fragment into carrying position.
		Ants may not pick sounds of stridulations out of the air as people do, but--in theory at least--ants may respond to airborne vibrations if scientists make the right noise.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1200/is_6_157/ai_59535214 (1444 words)

	The writings of Charles Darwin on the web (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Cricket, field—, stridulation of the; pugnacity of male.
		Harris, T.W., on the Katy-did locust; on the stridulation of the grasshoppers; on Oecanthus nivalis; on the colouring of Lepidoptera; on the colouring of Saturnia Io.
		Leconte, J.L., on the stridulant organ in the Coprini and Dynastini.
	pages.britishlibrary.net /charles.darwin/texts/descent/descent_index.html (10881 words)

	A role for muscarinic excitation: Control of specific singing behavior by activation of the adenylate cyclase pathway ...
		The mean duration of stridulation at a specific stimulation site was set to 100% as follows: using the first stimulation of a series (A-C), muscarine alone (D), and muscarine before SQ22536 (E).
		onset of stridulation was slower and its duration prolonged (22).
		A functional contribution of muscarinic excitation to the cephalic control of stridulation was not obvious because muscarinic
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/151131998v1 (3262 words)

	Literature on Hylotrupes bajulus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		abstract-- The stridulation of Hylotrupes bajulus (L.) is examined with respect to ethology and functional morphology.
		Only the vibrational component of stridulation is an effective signal in the intraspecific communication of H. bajulus.
		It is a part of aggressive behaviour, where it constitutes menacing or impressing elements.
	www.wcrl.ars.usda.gov /cec/insects/baj-lit.htm (4372 words)

	mAChRs in the Grasshopper Brain Mediate Excitation by Activation of the AC/PKA and the PLC Second-Messenger Pathways -- ...
		M and were injected with identical pulse parameters to the same site within the protocerebrum where stridulation was stimulated with muscarine at regular intervals of 5 min.
		stridulation were not altered by preceding injections of zaprinast
		of stridulation by mAChRs evoked by inhibition of "inhibitory
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/87/2/876 (7480 words)

	Session 4: Jan 21 Lecture BIO 422/ZOO2216, 2002
		Bailey, W.J. (1970) The mechanics of stridulation in bush crickets (Tettigonioidea, Orthoptera).
		Morris, G. and Mason, A. Covert stridulation: novel sound generation by a south american katydid.
		Turning now to sound generation by tegmino-tegminal stridulation in Ensifera (Ensifera is a suborder of Orthoptera incorporating Gryllidae (crickets) and Tettigoniidae (katydids)); en route an explanation of Q and the distinction between resonant and non-resonant sound generation.
	www.erin.utoronto.ca /~w3bio422/install4.htm (3376 words)

	Chapter Stressful <i>to</i> Strife of S by Webster's Dictionary (1913 Edition)
		The act of making shrill sounds or musical notes by rubbing together certain hard parts, as is done by the males of many insects, especially by Orthoptera, such as crickets, grasshoppers, and locusts.
		Stridulous; able to stridulate; used in stridulating; adapted for stridulation.
		a form of croup, or laryngitis, in children, associated with dyspnœa, occurring usually at night, and marked by crowing or stridulous breathing.
	www.bibliomania.com /2/3/257/1210/24149/6.html (226 words)

	[No title]
		No evidence of sonic muscles or an elastic spring mechanism was noted in the channel catfish, though pectoral stridulation was observed and the sounds analyzed.
		Channel catfish rotate a large knob at the base of the pectoral spine in the pectoral girdle channel to produce stridulatory sound.
		This indicates that during short sweeps the pectoral spine is moving more slowly through its arc of movement in the pectoral channel than it is during long sweeps.
	www.connaughton.washcoll.edu /research.activities/student_abstracts/98vance2.doc (473 words)

	Stridulation of Tomicus piniperda in laboratory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		They immediately try to find places to bore in by wedging their way under bark flakes so that they can get a good grip when they bite and chew their way into the bark.
		After an hour an equal number of males were released and these immediately begin to stridulate and can be heard without the aid of a microphone/amplifier.
		I'm recording the stridulatory sounds in a "sound proof" box with controlled photoperiod.
	www.wcrl.ars.usda.gov /cec/lab/stridu.htm (121 words)

	Bioacoustics content 5: lecture Jan 23, 2002
		Because they take on the temperature of their surroundings and because this affects stridulation, temperature is an important consideration when working with the sounds of ectotherms (poikilotherms).
		(This paper includes an early and clear explanation of cricket stridulation.) He studied 27 species of cricket taken from 5 subfamilies in reaching generalizations about temperature effects on their songs.
		Their explanation of what happens: when Gryllus stridulates, the subalar air volume resonates at the tooth-scraper interaction rate.
	www.erin.utoronto.ca /~w3bio422/install5.htm (3183 words)

	Katydid, she didn't! - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The edges of the wings produce the music; the underside edge is rough, the upper edge has a scraper.
		At times, the entire population of common katydids will begin stridulating in unison; the sound possibly covering the location of any one male protecting it from nocturnal predators.
		Katydid stridulation varies across the range of the insects.
	www.killerplants.com /renfields-garden/20030618.asp (377 words)

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