String galvanometer

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Topic: String galvanometer

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	GALVANOMETER - LoveToKnow Article on GALVANOMETER
		The Einthoven string galvanometer is another form of sensitive instrument for the measurement of small direct currents.
		In the construction of a movable coil galvanometer, it is usual to intensify the magnetic field by inserting a fixed soft iron core in the interior of the movabl~coil.
		In the early forms of movable needle galvanometer the needle was either a comparatively large magnet several inches in length, or else a smaller magnet was employed carrying a long pointer which moved over a scale of degrees so as to indicate the deflexion.
	35.1911encyclopedia.org /G/GA/GALVANOMETER.htm (3332 words)

	GALVANOMETER - LoveToKnow Article on GALVANOMETER
		The Einthoven string galvanometer is another form of sensitive instrument for the measurement of small direct currents.
		In the construction of a movable coil galvanometer, it is usual to intensify the magnetic field by inserting a fixed soft iron core in the interior of the movabl~coil.
		The magnet had a mirror attached to it, and a telescope having cross wires in the focus was used to observe the scale divisions of a fixed scale seen reflected in the mirror.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /G/GA/GALVANOMETER.htm (3332 words)

	Selected Twentieth Century Works: E
		The Prinzmetal Einthoven collection includes papers on the first electrocardiograms, taken with the capillary electrometer, in the 1890's, after Einthoven had worked out the calculation of the true curve of the action current of the heart, or the "electrocardiogram", but before he perfected the string galvanometer.
		It was an unwieldy device with a quartz string housed in a magnetic field and a camera attached but it produced remarkably accurate ECGs and from 1902 on he produced a steady stream of important publications, the most notable being the classic paper published in 1908 establishing the string galvanometer as a clinical instrument.
		An important paper from 1906 describes the "telecardiogram" by which Einthoven was able to hook up with patients in the academic hospital over a mile away from his lab; from these "long-distance" clinical electrocardiograms Einthoven gained knowledge of many forms of heart disease.
	www.thebakken.org /library/books/20e.htm (1344 words)

	Willem Einthoven History Summary
		Willem Einthoven was a Dutch physiologist who, in 1924, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his invention of a string galvanometer that he used to produce the electrocardiogram (EKG), a physical recording of the electrical activity of the heart.
		In 1903, he designed the string galvanometer, which measured the changes in the electrical activity of the heart caused by muscular contractions and recorded them graphically.
		Einthoven graduated with a degree in medicine and was appointed professor of physiology at the University of Leiden.
	www.bookrags.com /history/sciencehistory/willem-einthoven-scit-061234 (622 words)

	NATART10.ASC
		Here the light from the =Nernst lamp =N is projected through the hole in the string galvanometer, where it is intercepted by the magnesium shutter =F attached to the strings.
		I have obtained useful photographic records of the movements of a string galvanometer of very small inertia, in the manner shown in =Fig2.
		Of course, numerous theories have been put forward from time to time, but none has met with anything like general acceptance, and there appears to be a widespread feeling that in the present state of our knowledge any such theory is somewhat premature.
	www.soc.cornell.edu /hayes-lexical-analysis/CornellCorpus2000/natrartl/NATART10.ASC (1145 words)

	ECG timeline - History of the electrocardiogram
		Einthoven invents a new galvanometer for producing electrocardiograms using a fine quartz string coated in silver based on ideas by Deprez and d'Arsonval (who used a wire coil).
		French physicist Arsène d’Arsonval in association with Marcel Deprez, improves the galvanometer.
		Instead of a magnetized needle moving when electrical current flows through a surrounding wire coil the Deprez-d'Arsonval galvanometer has a fixed magnet and moveable coil.
	www.ecglibrary.com /ecghist.html (6174 words)

	Willem Einthoven
		In 1903 he devised the first string galvanometer, known as the Einthoven galvanometer; with this instrument he was able to measure the changes of electrical potential caused by contractions of the heart muscle and to record them graphically.
		Einthoven was graduated in medicine from the University of Utrecht and served as professor of physiology at the University of Leiden from 1886 until his death.
		Einthoven continued to develop electrode arrangements, and the present-day standard limb leads were originally described and used by him.
	www.nobel-winners.com /Medicine/willem_einthoven.html (213 words)

	Eugene Lauste
		Lauste later related how the idea, which was to prove the answer to his problem, based on the principle of the string galvanometer, came to him in the early hours of the morning as he lay in bed.
		Lauste did everything himself, designing patterns for castings, all the delicate and precision mechanical work, all the electrical fitments, coils, transformers etc. Between 1910 and 1913 many thousands of feet of synchronised sound and picture tests were shot in the back garden at Brixton.
		Lauste reasoned it should be possible to photograph the sound modulated light beam and reproduce the photographed record by means of the selenium cell.
	www.amps.net /newsletters/issue22/22_lauste.htm (213 words)

	Physics Department Museum Catalogue
		Cambridge String Galvanometer (A andCambridge Scientific Instrument Co.
		Rubidium frequency standard model General Technology Cor., California
		You can use the 'find' function of your browser to search this list.
	www.physics.uq.edu.au /physics_museum/catalog.shtml (319 words)

	MSN Encarta - Willem Einthoven
		Einthoven's most important invention, the string galvanometer, made possible the precise measurements of the electrical activity produced by the beating human heart.
		For his essential contributions to the development of electrocardiography, Einthoven was awarded the 1924 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine.
		Modern electrocardiograph machines, which allow physicians to monitor heart function and to detect damage from heart attacks and other causes, are based on Einthoven's original invention.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761582705/Einthoven_Willem.html (459 words)

	electrocardiography -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The tracing is recorded with an electrocardiograph (actually a relatively simple string galvanometer), and it provides information on the condition and performance of the heart.
		"electrocardiography." Encyclopædia Britannica from Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9032295?tocId=9032295 (430 words)

	"Where Electrical Science Went Wrong"
		A copper disc was cemented on the top of a cylinder magnet, paper intervening, the top being the marked pole; the magnet supported so as to rotate by means of string, and the wires of the galvanometer connected with the edge and the axis of the copper plate.
		Electrical science, which is considered so be completely known, has been ultimately reduced to a completely self-consistent set of equations which are suitably stored in computer memories and are used to design motors, generators, transformers and other sorts of familiar electrical hardware.
		Quite apart from magnetic considerations, conductors on the surface are liable to become displaced around the periphery, aided by the speed of rotation which tends to stretch and loosen the conductors.
	www.padrak.com /ine/INE23.html (430 words)

	MSN Encarta - Willem Einthoven
		Einthoven's most important invention, the string galvanometer, made possible the precise measurements of the electrical activity produced by the beating human heart.
		Einthoven, Willem (1860-1927), Dutch physiologist and Nobel laureate who founded the modern field of electrocardiography.
		As he improved the device and used it on greater numbers of patients, Einthoven came to recognize distinctive electrical activity that corresponded to damage or disturbances in specific areas of the heart.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761582705/Einthoven_Willem.html (459 words)

	Willem Einthoven Biography / Biography of Willem Einthoven World of Biology Biography
		For his invention of the string galvanometer, Einthoven was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1924.
		Although trained in medicine, Willem Einthoven was always very much interested in physics, and his greatest contributions to science involve the application of physical principles to the development of new instruments and techniques in physiological studies.
		As a result of his research, Einthoven was able to detect and identify a number of different kinds of electrical waves associated with a beating heart, waves that he originally labeled as P, Q, R, S, and T waves.
	www.bookrags.com /biography-willem-einthoven-wob (935 words)

	tim's journal: A history of EEG instrumentation
		Hans Berger used Einthoven's string galvanometer to record the electrical activity of the brain in human subjects [4].
		Berger's work was disregarded by physiologists partly ecause it was published in psychiatric journals, and perhaps because of his reputation for eccentricity, seclusiveness and his outstanding belief in psychic phenomena such as telepathy.
		Like Caton, Berger attempted to record electrical responses to sensory stimuli in animals, although it seems that the work he did between 1902 and 1910 was in general unsuccessful.
	torque.oncloud8.com /archives/000142.html (1311 words)

	The Sesquicentennial of the Birth of Gauss
		The inhabitants of Göttingen saw Wilhelm Gauss helping his father and Weber string up the wires over the house-tops, and upon their learning that it was to carry an electrical current, they became excited, so that Weber had to write to the magistrate to explain the purpose.
		They collaborated in 1833 in producing the electro-magnetic telegraph, the signals being given by the deflection of a galvanometer needle.
		Gauss and Weber investigated the science of magnetism very thoroughly, and laid the foundation for the modern study of it.
	www.mathsong.com /cfgauss/Dunnington/1927 (5078 words)

	Willem Einthoven
		To measure the electric currents developed by the heart, he invented a string galvanometer and with its aid produced the electrocardiogram (EKG), a graphic record of the action of the heart.
		For this he received the 1924 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
	www.infoplease.com /id/A0816895 (145 words)

	tim's journal: A history of EEG instrumentation
		Hans Berger used Einthoven's string galvanometer to record the electrical activity of the brain in human subjects [4].
		The rest of the world began to fall in line after 1933 when two English physiologists, Edgar Adrian and Brain Matthews, were able to confirm Berger's observation by recording their own brainwaves using their cathode-ray oscilloscope.
		The development of the triode amplifier for small voltages in radio signaling during World War I made it even easier to record the very small electrical signals in the brain.
	torque.oncloud8.com /archives/000142.html (145 words)

	THE ANALYSIS OF BIOLUMINESCENCES OF SHORT DURATION, RECORDED WITH PHOTOELECTRIC CELL AND STRING GALVANOMETER -- Harvey and Snell 14 (4): 529 -- The Journal of General Physiology
		the velocity constant is almost independent of the total luciferin.
		is a measure of the luciferin molecules which become activated
		The adsorption equilibrium is the same for luciferin
	www.jgp.org /cgi/content/abstract/14/4/529 (224 words)

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