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Topic: Strong AI

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	PlanetMath: strong AI thesis
		Strong AI advocates usually drop the consistency requirement from the definition of the strong AI thesis (Mooney, 1999), however this is of no great benefit, because taken together Penrose's second Gödelian argument and the "weakened" strong AI thesis will imply that we are inconsistent algorithms.
		According to minority of strong AI advocates, the thesis of consistency is not part of the proper definition of the strong AI thesis.
		This is version 12 of strong AI thesis, born on 2007-05-21, modified 2007-07-18.
	planetmath.org /encyclopedia/StrongAIThesis.html (601 words)

	Chinese Room Argument [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		According to weak AI, according to Searle, computers just simulate thought, their seeming understanding isn't real (just as-if) understanding, their seeming calculation as-if calculation, etc.; nevertheless, computer simulation is useful for studying the mind (as for studying the weather and other things).
		Contrary to "strong AI", then, no matter how intelligent-seeming a computer behaves and no matter what programming makes it behave that way, since the symbols it processes are meaningless (lack semantics) to it, it's not really intelligent.
		Strong AI (they really do think) or Weak AI (it's just simulation).
	www.iep.utm.edu /c/chineser.htm (3035 words)

	Strong AI
		Strong AI Strong AI This web-site is about the construction of a piece of software that, wen run on a sufficiently powerful computer, communicates with the real world that we inhabit using standard peripherals like keyboard and display.
		Strong AI and weak AI are terms to distinguish between different goals that can be set when trying to implement models of intelligent behavior.
		Strong AI aims at an artificial system that can be safely designated as "intelligent" in some definition of the word.
	www.sollunae.net /strong-ai (874 words)

	[No title]
		The strong AI thesis implies that the existence of certain still unspecified computational processes would be __________sufficient for the existence of intentionality, sufficient for the existence of states and processes with a meaningful content.
		In a series of remarks embedded in his 1980 papers Searle reveals that he interprets the strong thesis in such a way that no very strong connection is required between P and the behaviour, as long as the behaviour produces a formal pattern of structure manipulations of an appropriate sort.
		I believe his refutation of the strong strong AI thesis, though presented obscurely and without deep analysis, is successful, but that his refutation of at least the weakest strong AI thesis has failed, though not for the reasons given by most of his critics.
	www.cs.bham.ac.uk /~axs/misc/searle.strong.ai.1985 (7440 words)

	At the Interface - Volume 2, Number 2
		Thus, any clash between AI and theology is not a reflection of the classic antagonism between science and religion, but--where Strong AI is contrasted with Strong theology--rather a clash between human pretension and what traditionally has been taken as God's exclusive province: the creation of life.
		While Strong theology may have to bear up under what often is utter disdain from the Strong AI camp, AI may be well-advised on its part to learn to be creatively humble.
		AI as militant atheism and materialism can well dialogue with Strong theology, each to reveal their positions and stances, but at root are incompatible.
	web.media.mit.edu /~bolt/media-lab-only/vol2_no2.html (2582 words)

	Artificial intelligence - Article from FactBug.org - the fast Wikipedia mirror site
		With the development of practical techniques based on AI research, advocates of AI have argued that opponents of AI have repeatedly changed their position on tasks such as computer chess or speech recognition that were previously regarded as "intelligent" in order to deny the accomplishments of AI.
		Strong AI is a term introduced by John Searle in 1980 in his article "Minds, Brains, and Programs".
		Strong AI is frequently the subject of science fiction stories and plays a major role in futurist speculations.
	www.factbug.org /cgi-bin/a.cgi?a=1164 (2656 words)

	What is Strong AI?
		STRONG AI "Strong AI" is a term frequently heard in discussions concerning artificial intelligence.
		Clearly, since strong AI is originally a Searlean term, there is an argument to be made that if one says that one believes in strong AI then one is committed to Searle's characterization of one's view.
		However, one might advocate the position that something like strong AI might be possible, even though it seems unlikely that it has yet been realized.
	www.ptproject.ilstu.edu /STRONGAI.HTM (418 words)

	AI Paper - Scott Crocheron (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Weak AI refers to the value of a computer as a mechanism in the study of minds.
		On the other hand, strong AI claims that a computer is not a tool to study the mind, but actually a mind itself.
		Strong AI claims that a properly programmed computer has accomplished understanding if it produces certain output of formal (syntactic) elements.
	www.scottcrocheron.com /aipaper.htm (1479 words)

	Strong AI - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In contrast to strong AI, weak AI refers to the use of software to study or accomplish specific problem solving or reasoning tasks that do not encompass (or in some cases, are completely outside of) the full range of human cognitive abilities.
		Many among these critics are proponents of Weak AI, claiming that machines can never be truly intelligent, while Strong AI proponents simply state that true self-awareness and thought as we know it may require a specific kind of "program" designed to observe and take into account the processes of one's own brain.
		Beyond general AI we speak of strong AI if a machine approaches or supersedes human intelligence, if it can do typically human tasks, if it can apply a wide range of background knowledge and has some degree of self-consciousness.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Strong_AI (2334 words)

	Find out about Artificial Intelligence. Click Here! \| Cyberlink
		Strong artificial intelligence deals with the creation of some form of computer-based artificial intelligence that can truly reason and solve problems, a strong form of AI is said to be sentient, or self-aware.
		Ultimately Strong AI depends upon whether information processing machines can include all the properties and attributes of the human mind such as consciousness and reasoning.
		Weak AI however, is independent of many of the issues and attributes that constitute Strong AI and there can be no doubt that many of the features of modern computers such as multiplication or database searching could have been considered 'intelligent' not so long ago.
	www.cyberlink.co.za /?q=node/11 (1124 words)

	Definition of Strong AI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Most people here seem to believe in "Strong AI" in the sense that human-level intelligence (and maybe even human consciousness) can be reduced to low-order symbolic manipulations (manipulations of binary bits, if you will).
		Strong AI is a statement about a type of program that is sufficient for intelligence.
		In fact, I was told that one of the most ardent critics of Strong AI, Patricia Churchland, has no problem with the belief that neural nets or their derivatives may come to emulate human intelligence.
	www.cryonet.org /cgi-bin/dsp.cgi?msg=4297 (334 words)

	The Importance of Connectivity to Strong AI
		In strong AI, because the programmed computer has cognitive states, the programs are not mere tools that enable us to test psychological explanations; rather, the programs are themselves the explanations." In other words, the mind is a calculating machine, and any calculating machine of similar qualities will give rise to consciousness in the same way.
		In a sense, the concept of strong AI would suggest this mountain of computers would ultimately feel what it is like to be human and conscious.
		Strong AI holds that consciousness is an emergent property of certain computational systems.
	www.physicsforums.com /showthread.php?p=442254 (9004 words)

	Generation5 Forum - Strong or Weak AI?
		You say the AI will only be as smart as its information, but to utilize information on any level you have to have some means (algorithm) of processing it.
		The divide between weak and strong AI is one of those things where many people have many different definitions.
		Strong AI is the approach of making computers think like (or on the same level as) humans.
	www.generation5.org /forums/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=309 (1736 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Searle seems to define strong AI most closely with the work of Roger Schank, who in 1977 worked toward developing a computer program that could understand stories in the manner in which humans understand them.
		I’m not certain, myself, of a well-codified definition of strong AI, but for me it is the quest for a computer that has mental states and is capable of learning things that have not been explicitly input.
		For me, strong AI needs to be able to think independently; it needs to be able not only to reach conclusions that are not explicitly stated in its starting premises; it also needs to be able to form premises in order to reach a conclusion.
	www.msu.edu /~susse/CS-TomBourguignon.2.doc (1165 words)

	Strong Artificial Intelligent System
		Strong AI is able to learn like a human.
		strong AI able to learn any kind of information and be able to apply this information in any related situation.
		Strong AI is able to learn from society, for instance by reading.
	www.dennisgorelik.com /ai/StrongAI.htm (97 words)

	Artificial Intelligence System developer's guide
		Strong AI cannot be created from scratch, because it’s pretty complex.
		Strong AI developer has to extensively use already developed software and hardware.
		AI learning summary, day 1 – This short summary was written by Franka Reena based on 2 hours conversation about strong AI.
	www.dennisgorelik.com /ai/overview.htm (228 words)

	Philosophy of Mind - Functionalism - Strong and Weak AI
		Artificial Intelligence (or AI) is the concept that it is possible for a machine to "think".
		Strong AI argues that it is possible that one day a computer will be invented which can be called a mind in the fullest sense of the word.
		Weak AI, on the other hand, argues that computers can only appear to think and are not actually conscious in the same way as human brains are.
	www.philosophyonline.co.uk /pom/pom_functionalism_AI.htm (143 words)

	Notes on Artificial Intelligence
		Advocates of strong AI insist that it is possible to createa program running on a digital computer which not only behaves as if it were thinking,but actually does think.
		Weak AI advocates say that it is possible to run aprogram on a digital computer which will behave as if it were a thinking,conscious entity, i.e., computers can simulate minds (but are notminds and have no intentionality).
		I.e., Searle’s objection to strong AI is fine as far as it goes;he’s right that a mere computer can’t have a mind becauseit doesn’t have semantics.
	instruct.westvalley.edu /lafave/Notes_on_AI.html (2379 words)

	Artificial intelligence - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		AI divides roughly into two schools of thought: Conventional AI and Computational Intelligence (CI), also sometimes referred to as Synthetic Intelligence to highlight the differences.
		The first working AI programs were written in 1951 to run on the Ferranti Mark I machine of the University of Manchester: a draughts-playing program written by Christopher Strachey and a chess-playing program written by Dietrich Prinz.
		In many strong AI supporters’ opinion, artificial consciousness is considered as the holy grail of artificial intelligence.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Artificial_intelligence (1959 words)

	The Speculist: Strong AI Soon?
		If we think of the [U.S.] government as an AI system, we see that it is not under direct control of any human, yet it has millions of nerves of pain and pleasure that feed into it from humans.
		It is possible to create (design may be too strong a word) a system that is controlled in a distributed way by billions of signals from people in its purview.
		The problem seems to me that as each of these "AI" problems are solved, the definition of AI changes, pushing it farther and farther out into the future, to harder and harder problems.
	www.blog.speculist.com /archives/000709.html (1212 words)

	Strong AI vs. Weak AI - GameDev.Net Discussion Forums (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		When I think of Strong AI, I think of a well rounded "human-like" AI that is able to perform all of these tasks on some level - the level at which they can be performed being dependent on the the AI's level of intelligence.
		The terms "strong vs weak AI" was probably first used by some incompetent AI researchers who were trying to give some credibility to their work.
		Strong AI could potentially make the production of Weaker AI easier and so while the initial investment is the difficult part the results could produce "good" AI far quicker and easier than programming in every eventuality as with Weaker AI.
	www.gamedev.net /community/forums/topic.asp?topic_id=418050 (3492 words)

	Chinese Room Argument [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		According to weak AI, according to Searle, computers just simulate thought, their seeming understanding isn't real (just as-if) understanding, their seeming calculation as-if calculation, etc.; nevertheless, computer simulation is useful for studying the mind (as for studying the weather and other things).
		Contrary to "strong AI", then, no matter how intelligent-seeming a computer behaves and no matter what programming makes it behave that way, since the symbols it processes are meaningless (lack semantics) to it, it's not really intelligent.
		That their behavior seems to evince thought is why there is a problem about AI in the first place; and if Searle's argument merely discountenances theoretic or metaphysical identification of thought with computation, the behavioral evidence - and consequently Turing's point - remains unscathed.
	www.utm.edu /research/iep/c/chineser.htm (3035 words)

	The Software for the Singularity
		The behavior of a strong AI might depend heavily on how it was brought up, at least at the beginning.
		It might be an AI evolved from scratch or IA (intelligence amplification) with devices that augment the human brain to a growing extend up to the point where the biological brain just serves as a link to hold everything together.
		Since the development of strong AI is a matter that effects all humans, every human should have a right to participate, decide and contribute.
	rkoch.org /papers/singsoft.html (3386 words)

	AI Horizon: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
		Weak AI philosophers believe that computers, as advanced as they may get, will only be able to seem intelligent.
		Strong AI philosophers believe that computers someday can be as intelligent as humans.
		Classicalism, also known as the top-down approach, approaches AI from the standpoint that human minds are computational by nature, that is, we manipulate data one piece at a time (serially) through a built in circuitry in our brains.
	www.aihorizon.com /essays/generalai/intro.htm (476 words)

	[No title]
		One obviously false version of the strong AI thesis is the claim that there exists an algorithm (as yet uknown) such that ANY instantiation of that algorithm would constitute an intelligent agent.
		Weaker strong AI claims say that not just any instantiatation, but only instantiations with certain additional features besides having the structure of a trace of the algorithm would suffice.
		So, instead of the relatively barren discussion as to whether the strong AI thesis is true or false we should get down to the intricate task of unraveling the different sorts of concepts of mind and the different sorts of requirements for mechanisms that can produce them.
	www.cs.bham.ac.uk /~axs/misc/strong.ai.searle (3143 words)

	Philosophy of AI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		AI is impossible because of Godel's theorem (or here) on the limits of logical systems.
		AI is hard, and even if machines do get intentions, life will be much, much harder for them than us.
		Dennett shows how Strong AI is simply the consequence of ordinary scientific materialism, and any alternative better fit into evolutionary materialism as well as AI does.
	www.compapp.dcu.ie /~humphrys/Notes/AI/philosophy.html (952 words)

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