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	Stroop Test
		The Stroop effect's sensitivity to changes in brain function may be related to its association with the anterior cingulate.
		A paper version of the task involves showing words that are the names of colors, although the actual words are printed in a color of ink different from the color name they represent.
		The ShockWave version of the Stroop test was developed for Nova with assistance from Rick Mahurin of the Battelle Seattle Research Center and is used with permission.
	www.snre.umich.edu /eplab/demos/st0/stroopdesc.html (687 words)

	The Reverse Stroop Effect
		The task is to point to a color by moving a mouse cursor to a patch of color corresponding to the desired response.
		In the Stroop (Color) condition of this experiment, participants were required to respond to the color that the target word was printed in, ignoring the word itself (which named a different color).
		The present task might be regarded as a single-trial-analyzable version of a sorting task, but the analogy to sorting is actually no stronger than that of naming to sorting.
	www.swarthmore.edu /SocSci/fdurgin1/ReverseStroop/PBRStroop.html (3792 words)

	Stroopbiog
		Stroop retired in 1967, and spent 1967-1968 as Dean of Ohio Valley College in Parkersburg, Virginia, after which he took up the position of Emeritus Professor of Biblical Studies at David Lipscomb College (now University) until his death on September 1, 1973 at the age of 76.
		J. Ridley Stroop and Zelma Stroop are buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in Nashville, Tennessee.
		Stroop's dissertation research was carried out in the Jesup Psychological Laboratory under the supervision of Professor Joseph Peterson, who was clearly influential in Stroop's choice of a dissertation topic (see the footnote and introduction to Stroop, 1935a).
	www.arts.uwaterloo.ca /~cmacleod/Research/Stroopbiog.htm (2223 words)

	CRISP Volume 9 No. 17
		In the emotional Stroop task the affective meaning of the stimuli can divert attention away from the processing of the task-relevant feature of the stimuli, but this does not lead to a response that is incompatible with the required response.
		In addition, participants performed an emotional Stroop task in which their speed for identifying the color of death words (by pressing an appropriate key on a computer keyboard) was compared to their speed for identifying the color of emotionally neutral words.
		Further, the Stroop and Simon tasks differ in the extent to which the response is related to the affective content of the stimuli.
	www.uiowa.edu /~grpproc/crisp/crisp.9.17.html (6167 words)

	UNLV Psychology Subject Pool Information for Researchers
		The Stroop Task that you completed today, which involved the naming of the color of a given word, was originally designed to measure a cognitive construct known as automatic processing.
		This specific task that you performed is termed an Emotional Stroop Task, and specifically measures the automatic value of words that are associated with given emotions.
		This task is regarded as a proven measure of emotional and cognitive functioning, and is used with a variety of research populations.
	www.unlv.edu /study/subjectpool/Summer2003/debriefingform.htm (465 words)

	COGNITIVE BIASES IN PANIC DISORDER: A COMPARISON BETWEEN COMPUTERISED AND CARD STROOP TASK. Soledad Quero, Rosa M. ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Among the most important cognitive experimental tasks used in recent years to evaluate the existence of these biases in processing is the Stroop colour-naming task (Stroop, 1935), in its revised version by Mathews and MacLeod (1985).
		For each colour of the emotional Stroop task there was a corresponding key of the same colour on the keyboard, and for the lexical decision task participants had to press the "yes" key if a word appeared and the "no" key in the event of a non-word being presented.
		It may be that if a verbal response is requested, the Stroop interference is greater due to the fact that the stimuli used in the task are words (verbal stimuli) (Martínez and Marín, 1997).
	www.psychologyinspain.com /content/full/2001/4.htm (4590 words)

	BACKGROUND ON THE STROOP EFFECT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Stroop then compared the naming of colors for a list of solid color squares with the naming of colors for a list of words printed in incongruent colors.
		In summary, the difficulty of removing the interference effect of the Stroop task has led some researchers to claim that the brain is wired to recognize words without effort.
		What this means for the Stroop task is that if two pathways are active simultaneously and the pathway that leads to the response is stronger (naming words), no interference occurs.
	www.rit.edu /~gssp400/sbackground.html (522 words)

	Learning and Automaticity: A Connectionist Explanation of the Stroop Effect
		In such tasks, called Stroop tasks, it is easy to set up a situation where the color words may be written in different colored inks, which in some cases will conflict.
		The task units are used to gate (or selectively attend) to the appropriate pathway.
		While the network is a multilayer architecture the weights between the input units and hidden units and the biases of the hidden units are fixed (indicated by the pink arrows) to implment the selection mechanism.
	www.itee.uq.edu.au /~cogs2010/cmc/chapters/Stroop (1543 words)

	Psycoloquy 10(025): Exploring Individual Differences in Stroop Processing With Cluster Analysis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Perhaps one reason why relatively little individual difference research has been conducted on the Stroop task is because these studies have generally focused on the amount of interference, rather than the factors that contribute to it.
		In the first study, a color-word Stroop task using the duration approach developed by Koch and Brown (1992; Koch and Brown, submitted) was used to examine individual differences in RT.
		Color-word Stroop stimuli were presented on a CRT monitor using Graves and Bradley's (1988) timing and screen control routines that allow the PC to be used as a tachistoscope and record response times with millisecond accuracy.
	www.cogsci.ecs.soton.ac.uk /cgi/psyc/newpsy?10.025 (4052 words)

	Journal of Vision - Intact task switching in schizophrenia with a novel Arrow-Stroop task, by Lee, Sato, & Park
		Task switching refers to an ability to switch flexibly from one behavior to another behavior in response to environment contingencies and is associated with the integrity of the prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices.
		Task switching and cognitive control have been suggested to be impaired in schizophrenia.
		In the Arrow task, participants were required to respond to the direction of the arrow regardless of its color.
	www.journalofvision.org /3/9/720 (311 words)

	fMRI Study of Development in Stroop Color-Word Task
		We used the classic Stroop interference task with fMRI to investigate neuromaturational processes underlying cognitive development in individuals ranging in age from early childhood to young adulthood.
		Stroop imaging studies with adults have shown brain activation in activation in the right middle frontal gyrus (MFG), left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), left parietal region, and left insula.
		In accord with past Stroop task neuroimaging research, we hypothesized that development of executive processes involved in the Stroop interference process would be localized to these regions.
	spnl.stanford.edu /healthy_brain/studies/hb_study_03.htm (333 words)

	Abstracts: Dr Dinkar Sharma - Department of Psychology, University of Kent (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		A theoretical model of the emotional Stroop effect is produced that distinguishes between two effects: emotional capture and emotional lingering.
		In a simulation study, it is shown that under certain circumstances the emotional lingering hypothesis predicts a paradoxical reversal of the emotional Stroop effect.
		In Experiment 2, subjects performed three tasks with a different level of processing required of either the prime (task 1 and task 2) or both prime and target (task 3).
	www.kent.ac.uk /psychology/department/people/abstracts/sharmad.htm (1449 words)

	WebExp2: The Stroop Effect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Stroop task, described by J.R. Stroop in 1935, gives insight into attention and interference in cognition.
		The task of the participant is to speak the name of the colour in which each word is written.
		Stroop put the two tasks together such that the quicker or perhaps more intuitive task interferes with the slower task.
	fordyce.inf.ed.ac.uk /stroop.shtml (337 words)

	BBC - Child of our Time 2005: Article - Animal Stroop
		The animal-stroop task is one task that has been developed specifically for use with children.
		Therefore, just as with the coloured word version of the Stroop task, children have to inhibit the response based on the face in order to correctly name the body of the animal.
		Research conducted using this task has found that children experience the same pattern of difficulties with the animal-stroop task that adults have with the coloured word Stroop task.
	www.open2.net /childofourtime/2005/animalstroop2.html (569 words)

	The Guilty Knowledge Test and the modified Stroop task in detection of deception: an exploratory study. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Guilty Knowledge Test and the modified Stroop task in detection of deception: an exploratory study.
		The modified Stroop task required color-naming of colored words related to the mock crime or an irrelevant crime.
		Control of language use: cognitive modeling of the hemodynamics of Stroop task performance.
	www.accelerated-learning-online.com /research/guilty-knowledge-test-modified-stroop-task-detection-deception.asp (597 words)

	Roid, Christopher Koch, Joetta Gobell, & Gale H. (1999) Exploring Individual Differences in Stroop Processing With ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Stroop, J. 'Studies of intereference in serial verbal reactions.' Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 643-662.
		Toma, R. J., and Tsao, Y. 'Interference effects in the picture-word Stroop task.' Perceptual and Motor Skills, 61, 223-228.
		Wilder, L. 'A developmental viewpoint concerning the Stroop color-word and verbal interference.' Speech Monographs, 36, 114-117.
	psycprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk /archive/00000660 (4030 words)

	Untitled
		The task of the subject is to respond as quickly as possible to the color the word or symbol is printed in regardless of what the word reads.
		The Stroop effect is defined as the longer reaction times needed to name the color in which incongruent words are printed compared to neutral stimuli.
		The attention focusing hypothesis, on the other hand, actually suggests that any task that can be performed well by focusing attention (such as both word reading [attending to the word¹s meaning] and color naming [attending to the word¹s color]) should be facilitated.
	www.fredonia.edu /studentexpo/milaPSY.htm (785 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, (NAS Colloquium) Neuroimaging of Human Brain Function (1998)
		A common criterion is a predetermined level of significance for a statistic, such as the Student t (1) or Kolmogorov-Smirnov (2) statistic, under the null hypothesis that the distribution of a voxel’s values during the behavioral control task is identical to that during performance of the experimental task(s).
		Averaging over task blocks or individual stimuli assumes stationarity of brain responses and reduces the sensitivity of fMRI analyses to changes in brain activation occurring during only one or more portions of a trial (5).
		The CTR component time course suggested that the true hemodynamic response or brain activation during each 40-sec Stroop task block was not constant, but tended to decline after 20 sec on task, and had an unexpectedly long (8-sec) rise time.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309060273/html/41.html (6871 words)

	Testing facial feedback hypothesis by the method of the emotional stroop task (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Sixty-three students participated in the experiment in which the emotional stroop task was given immediately after posing happy, angry, or neither happy nor angry faces.
		Several studies using this task have recently shown that patients with panic or phobic disorders tend to take longer to name the colour of negative words than that of positive words, suggesting that the particular facial activities would influence their particular affective responses.
		The results demonstrated that, although there was no difference in reaction times between negative and positive words in the negative condition, the reaction times for negative words were significantly longer than those for the positive ones in the positive condition.
	www.marcocosta.it /ecfe2003/node46.html (291 words)

	Introduction of new neuropsychological tests: (demos available
		Another problem I have with the Stroop is that it is not as sensitive as one might hope in detecting attentional control problems (in Carter et al.
		This task really seems to be correlated with absentmindedness (as measured by subjective reports and the cognitive failures questionnaire).
		A practical problem in administering the Stroop task is when head injured clients have visual perception problems, which are quite common after stroke or TBI.
	home.hetnet.nl /~fckovacs/newteste.html (3148 words)

	Neuroscience for Kids - The Stroop Effect
		The famous "Stroop Effect" is named after J. Ridley Stroop who discovered this strange phenomenon in the 1930s.
		This "Counting Stroop Effect" was described originally by Bush, G. et al., The counting Stroop: An interference task specialized for functional neuroimaging--validation study with functional MRI.
		Stroop left the laboratory not long after he published his studies on his "effect" and joined the faculty at David Lipscomb College, a small Christian college in Nashville, TN.
	faculty.washington.edu /chudler/words.html (488 words)

	MODIFIED STROOP TASK EVALUATING FIFTH GRADERS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Current research on the Stroop task emphasizes the interference that automatic processing of words has on the more mentally “effortful” task of just naming the colors (Butcher, 2000).
		The task of making an appropriate response, when given two conflicting signals, has tentatively been located in part of the brain called the anterior cingulate.
		The average time for females for the Stroop Test was 11.074 seconds and average time for the normal test was 5.1665 seconds.
	clearinghouse.mwsc.edu /manuscripts/434.asp (1085 words)

	Control of language use: cognitive modeling of the hemodynamics of Stroop task performance. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Aspects of single-word production and perception in the Stroop task are discussed in relation to the wider problem of the control of language use.
		An investigation of the value of spin-echo-based fMRI using a Stroop color-word matching task and EPI at 3 T. An emotional Stroop effect to malingering-related words.
		The emotional Stroop: a comparison of panic disorder patients, obsessive-compulsive patients, and normal controls, in two experiments.
	www.accelerated-learning-online.com /research/control-language-cognitive-modeling-hemodynamics-stroop-task.asp (564 words)

	Neuroscience for Kids - Pain and Attention
		(The original color word Stroop task was not used because it requires that subjects move their heads while talking; this interrupts the brain scanning process.) During the counting Stroop, subjects saw between one and four words written on a screen.
		At the end of the task, the participants were asked to rate the painful stimulus on a scale of 1 to 10.
		The researchers compared the brain responses in these areas when the counting Stroop task was difficult to the brain activity when the task was easy.
	faculty.washington.edu /chudler/patt.html (761 words)

	Imaging how attention modulates pain in humans using functional MRI -- Bantick et al. 125 (2): 310 -- Brain
		The counting Stroop is a distraction task in which subjects press buttons as fast and as accurately as possible to indicate the number of words presented.
		The explanatory variables of the Stroop task and pain were modelled within GLM independently and as a non-linear interaction between the two variables.
		The negative interaction reveals areas that are less active when pain and the Stroop task are occurring simultaneously than would be predicted by the simple addition of the responses to both stimuli alone.
	brain.oupjournals.org /cgi/content/full/125/2/310 (5324 words)

	Stroop Task Coglab
		The "control" condition in this study is actually an enhancement condition; that is, when the word name and ink color match, ink naming RT is even faster than when when the stimulus is a nonword or color patch.
		How might that pattern of Stroop results (ink naming fastest for word/ink match, slowest for word/ink mismatch, in between for nonword/ink) be explained in terms of automatic spreading activation?
		Stroop interference designs have also been used to evaluate other types of phenomena: for example, phobic patients generally show slower ink naming times (Stroop interference) when asked to name ink colors of words related to their phobia compared to phobia-unrelated words.
	campus.murraystate.edu /academic/faculty/paula.waddill/PSY622/stroopHW3.htm (631 words)

	Computerized and traditional stroop task dysfunction in HIV-1 infection.
		Computerized and traditional stroop task dysfunction in HIV-1 infection.
		Response set expectancies on the Stroop-RT were manipulated by presenting 50% of trials in homogenous blocks and randomly varying the stimulus type during the remaining trials.
		Significant interference effects were apparent on the paper-and-pencil version of the Stroop, but were not as prominent on the Stroop-RT.
	www.aegis.com /aidsline/1999/sep/A9990670.html (447 words)

	Practical skills Cognitive Psychology
		In today's session you will perform the Stroop task and experience a number of visual illusions as a preparation for the lecture about "Perception and Attention".
		Furthermore, there is time to write a brief report about the Stroop task and prepare your presentation for the next session.
		In fact, once it has become automatic, a task requires little conscience effort and thus permits attention to be focused on another task in order to control it.
	www.cs.unimaas.nl /lacroix/KCP20042005/Stroop_and_VisualIllusions.htm (884 words)

	Spatially independent activity patterns in functional MRI data during the Stroop color-naming task -- McKeown et al. ...
		This paper was presented at a colloquium entitled "Neuroimaging of Human Brain Function," organized by Michael Posner and Marcus E. Raichle, held May 29-31, 1997, sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences at the Arnold and Mabel Beckman Center in Irvine, CA.
		Stroop task block, plus several transiently task-related components
		3 superimposes the four 80-sec task cycles of the ICA CTR component for both Stroop trials.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/95/3/803 (4689 words)

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