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	Strowger Inc :: Manufactures Representatives - About Us
		Strowger filed his patent application on March 12, 1889, and it was issued on March 10,1891 as patent No. 447,918.
		Strowger's company was eventually consumed by the giants of the telecommunications industry; having been owned at one time or another by ATandT, Verizon/GTE and Lucent.
		The oldest still operating Strowger mechanical switch is at a traditional summer boys camp in the mountains of northeastern Pennsylvania.
	www.strowger.com /about_us.php (0 words)

	Almon Strowger (Site not responding. Last check: )
		With this help the Strowger Automatic Telephone Exchange Company was formed and it installed and opened the first commercial exchange in (his then home town of) La Porte, Indiana on November 3, 1892, with about 75 subscribers and capacity for 99.
		Strowger was a man of some wealth at his death and was reported as owning at least a city block of property.
		Strowger sold his patents in 1896 for $1,800 and sold his share in the Automatic Electric Company for $10,000 in 1898.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Almon_Strowger.html (1097 words)

	Southpinellas: Newfound fame good news for cemetery
		Marking Strowger's grave in Greenwood Cemetery is a simple, white stone of the kind often used to note the last resting place of Civil War soldiers.
		Strowger apparently was a bit of a crank.
		Strowger sold his patents for $1,800 in 1896 and his share in the Automatic Electric Co. for $10,000 in 1898, according to Lesher.
	www.sptimes.com /2002/09/11/news_pf/SouthPinellas/Newfound_fame_good_ne.shtml (721 words)

	Strowger Inc :: Manufactures Representatives
		Strowger represents a small number of well chosen manufacturers of telecom equipment.
		We establish market presence as Strowger; selling to customers under the Strowger banner, looking like "just another distributor", while simultaneously working to build brand awareness to create larger deals.
		The Strowger team has over 100 years of sales, marketing, business development and technology experience.
	rd.business.com /index.asp?epm=s.1&bdcq=Strowger&bdcr=1&bdcu=http://www.strowger.com/&bdcp=&partner=2662601&bdcs=nwuuid-2662601-B8C431E8-F8F9-4F89-1D0D-B94E578F6485-ym (219 words)

	Strowger Telecomms Page
		Until the 1990's, much of the telecomms infrastructre of the UK still relied on electromechanical switching, based on principles invented by Almon B. Strowger.
		Old Strowger exchanges were something to see, touch and hear - nowadays, modern exchanges are just anonymous silent blue cabinets.
		COPYRIGHT These pages are Copyright reserved and may not be reproduced or distributed in any form, in part or whole including text, images, sounds files and layout.
	www.seg.co.uk /telecomm (0 words)

	Switches, Switchboards, and Central Offices
		Strowger was an undertaker in Kansas City and in 1891, irritated beyond endurance because he thought he was being given wrong numbers by central office operators, he decided to take the matter in hand and do something about it.
		Strowger moved into telephony from the undertaking business because, as the near-legend has it, he was convinced that some local telephone operators, their power over him having cone to their heads, were deliberately giving wrong numbers and busy signal reports to his customers in order to drive him out of business.
		Strowger’s dial system was the first in operation, but the Bell companies, too late to be considered truly innovative -- a shortcoming which too often typified the Bell companies between 1887 and 1907 -- took over the idea and improved it vastly.
	www.telephonetribute.com /switches.html (3149 words)

	[No title]
		Strowger's transition to technological inventor is explained by a story which may well be apocryphal.
		Strowger's idea was to install a cylinder like this at the telephone exchange.
		Strowger's solution was to make all selectors (other than the first) available to every line.
	cayfer.bilkent.edu.tr /~cayfer/ctp204/network1/switch.html (5638 words)

	The Early Years of the Strowger System by R.B. Hill
		Strowger is said to have constructed the first crude model of his switch from a cardboard collar box and a paper of pins.
		Strowger filed his patent application on March 12, 1889, and it was issued on March 10,1891 as patent No. 447,918.
		Early in 1908, the first Strowger straight two-wire system, in which the ground was eliminated, was installed at Pontiac, Ill. This was accomplished by the use of a sluggish, or slow-release, relay which, when energized by a current, held its contacts closed for a short period after the circuit through its winding had been broken.
	www.privateline.com /Switching/EarlyYears.html (3562 words)

	Almon Strowger - definition erklärung bedeutung glossar zu Almon Strowger (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Strowger entwickelte zwar die Idee, arbeitete jedoch nicht allein, sondern nahm die Hilfe seines Neffen William und anderer in Anspruch, die sich mit Elektrizität auskannen und das Geld hatten, seine Konzepte zu realisieren.
		Strowger selbst scheint an der weiteren Entwicklung nicht beteiligt gewesen zu sein.
		Strowger starb im Alter von 62 Jahren in St. Petersburg (Florida) an Aneurysma, nachdem er an Anämie gelitten hatte.
	www.adlexikon.de /Almon_Strowger.shtml (1030 words)

	Technology Review: No Operator, Please (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The details are in dispute, but most historians agree that Almon Strowger was spurred into action by his suspicion that callers who asked for his mortuary were being connected to his competitors.
		Strowger equipment, such as the 1905 dial phone, at right, was manufactured by the newly formed Automatic Electric Company.
		Strowger retired to Florida six years after he opened his first exchange, selling his patents for $1,800 and his stake in the company for $10,000.
	www.technologyreview.com /read_article.aspx?id=12037&ch=biztech (405 words)

	IDSA -- About ID
		In 1889, convinced that the Bell "central exchange" was diverting his incoming calls to a rival embalmer, Strowger invented the automatic switchboard system, which was controlled by a number-dialing system.
		In Strowger's 1897 model telephone, however, the rotary dial had not holes, but depressions similar to gear teeth, along about 170 degrees of the edge of the dial disc.
		Strowger patents presumably expired in 1914, and he or his company is never heard from again.
	new.idsa.org /webmodules/articles/anmviewer.asp?a=313&z=62 (425 words)

	A
		There is no portrait of Strowger in the famous collection of great telecommunication personalities which the ITU published faithfully until 1968.
		Like Bell, Strowger was not a professional inventor, but a man with a keen interest in things mechanical.
		The first patent applied for by Strowger did in fact include the principle of the two-motion selector which made his name, but it was only one of the features which he claimed as innovations.
	tele2001.republika.pl /Strowger2.html (606 words)

	[No title]
		Strowger noted that the competitor's wife was the switchboard operator for the local telephone system.
		Strowger's invention was a ten-position rotary selector switch with a pivot- ing central arm that could rotate to connect with any of ten electrical con- tacts.
		A Strowger switch must determine on the basis of the first digit dialed whether to set up a local call or to select a trunk line for a call to another ex- change.
	massis.lcs.mit.edu /archives/reports/number.crisis.in.zone.1 (4604 words)

	David Thornburg : Why Net Neutrality Matters (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Strowger was so incensed he invented the amazing eponymous Strowger switch that allowed people to make connections themselves through the use of a rotary dial.
		Strowger's invention is no longer used (although I wouldn't be surprised to be proven wrong on this assertion), as most calls are now digitally routed to their destination, but the central advantage stays the same.
		Strowger was angry enough to invent a breakthrough technology to force fairness to the world of phone calls.
	www.districtadministration.com /pulse/commentpost.aspx?news=no&postid=17625 (595 words)

	Almon Strowger
		Strowger wird übereinstimmend als Bestattungsunternehmer von City bezeichnet der das automatische Telefonvermittlungssystem erfand.
		Strowger entwickelte zwar die Idee arbeitete nicht allein sondern nahm die Hilfe seines William und anderer in Anspruch die sich Elektrizität auskannen und das Geld hatten seine zu realisieren.
		Strowger starb Alter von 62 Jahren in St. Petersburg an Aneurysma nachdem er an Anämie gelitten hatte.
	www.uni-protokolle.de /Lexikon/Almon_Strowger.html (824 words)

	Today is November 3rd 2006 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Now, imagine if you will, that you lived in the mid to late 1800’s like Almon Strowger did, and you had to make a phone call.
		Or, perhaps, if you happened to be a customer of Almon Strowgers’, then you’d ask the operator to connect you to the undertaker.
		Strowger believed that the phone operator in his town would intentionally redirect some of phone calls there were intended for his business but instead were connected to the other undertaker in town.
	www.ghg.net /jfox/kacc/11_03_06.htm (769 words)

	Telephone World - Step-By-Step Telephone Switching Systems
		Strowger sold his patents in 1896 and sold Strowger Automatic Electric in 1898.
		Strowger died in 1902 of a brain aneurism.
		This was considered to be a simpler and cheaper version of the Strowger Step by Step, and was commonly used in rural areas of the mid-western United States.
	www.dmine.com /phworld/switch/sxs.htm (609 words)

	Telephone exchange Information
		Depending upon the answer, the operator might plug the plug into a local jack and start the ringing cycle, or plug into a hand-off circuit to start what might be a long distance call handled by subsequent operators in another bank of boards or in another building miles away.
		On March 10, 1891, Almon Strowger, an undertaker in Topeka, Kansas, patented the Strowger switch, a device which led to the automation of the telephone circuit switching.
		Because the pulses in a Strowger switch exchange took time, having a phone number with lots of 8s or 9s or 0s meant it took longer to dial.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Telephone_exchange (4750 words)

	What's a network provider to do? Revenues from switched voice are still falling. Is broadband the answer to ...
		Instead of a system in which a set number of subscribers requested manual interconnections through an operator--and where the addition of new subscribers to the existing mesh was complex--Strowger's switch brought direct dialling and easy subscriber base expansion.
		It could be said that the introduction of IP is a similar step-change, except this time the operator may not have been handed something wholly positive.
		Strowger's switch removed the manual operator and made expansion simpler.
	findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0IUL/is_11_38/ai_n15379475 (909 words)

	Privateline.com Telephone History: Page 5: 1892 to 1913
		Almon Brown Strowger (pronounced STRO-jer) was born in 1839 in Penfield, New York, a close suburb of Rochester.
		Strowger contended that an operator at the new telephone exchange had intentionally directed the call to a competitor -- an allegation that gave rise to tales that the operator was either married to, or the daughter of, a competing undertaker."
		So Strowger was working on the problem for quite some time and was no novice to telephone theory.
	www.privateline.com /TelephoneHistory2/HistoryA2.html (2168 words)

	Events in Telecommunications History - 1922 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Strowger exchanges became the backbone of the UK telephone network and remained a key component for over 50 years.
		It had been thought that there might be difficulties using the Strowger system in very large cities such as London where numbers of large exchanges, and consequently a great number of inter-exchange calls, created a highly complex interconnected network.
		This was a Strowger system with a number storage and translation facility which could 'direct' telephone calls through the complex network of circuits linking exchanges in large cities.
	www.btplc.com /Thegroup/BTsHistory/1912to1968/1922.htm (836 words)

	Computers Today November 1997 [Telecom Line: Tapping, the Necessary Evil] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Almond B. Strowger was an undertaker and had a telephone in its early days, when calls were put through by operators.
		One of the telephone operators was befriended by Strowger's business rival and calls requiring a hearse and coffin, meant for Strowger, were being diverted by the eavesdropping operator to Strowger's rival.
		It was this trouble and business loss that spurred the intelligence of Strowger to invent the automatic telephone switch which goes by his name (the Strowger automatic telephone exchange).
	www.india-today.com /ctoday/111997/telecom.html (704 words)

	Through the Wires: Telephony
		To make a phone-call people would pick-up the telephone and tell the operator to connect his or her call to another certain person.
		In this same year, on March 10, he was given a patent for his invention, the "eleven digit dial," which led to the eleven digit desk telephone (telephone that contained eleven digits).
		The Bell System suddenly became interested in the dial, as it was expanding, and purchased a license to fabricate a dialing apparatus.
	library.thinkquest.org /27887/print_it/telephony.htm (902 words)

	VeriSign: Vision so good, it's scary - TechUpdate - ZDNet (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Strowger was an undertaker who fell prey to a competitor that bribed a Lily Tomlin-like switchboard operator to reroute the calls intended for Strowger's company to the competitor.
		Strowger learned the hard way that the manually switched infrastructure couldn't be trusted.
		In a world where physical circuits are giving way to digital networks that rely on the successful routing of packets instead of radio signals, that same sort of trust lives at the heart of VeriSign's mission.
	techupdate.zdnet.com /techupdate/stories/main/0,14179,2879127,00.html (1221 words)

	Telephone
		The inventor, Almon Strowger, was an undertaker in Kansas City in the late 1800’s.
		Whenever a caller asked to be put through to Strowger, she would instead deliberately put the call through to her husband, his competitor.
		After spending years complaining to his local telephone company, Strowger found a way to solve this problem by developing the first automated telephone switch out of electromagnets and hat pins.
	www.sparkmuseum.com /TELEPHONE.HTM (656 words)

	More about 'Strowger System'.
		In order to continue searching for the term strowger system, checking out the Connected Earth website is recommended.
		It's a complete multi-media experience, which gives you the power to choose from straightforward descriptions, more in-depth study, images of exhibits in 3D, spoken or written material from people who used to work in the telecommunications industry, short film sequences, and ingenious animations providing easy-to-understand explanations of the way that technology operates.
		Connected Earth is the place to continue your exploration of the subject strowger system.
	www.connected-earth.com /content/strowger_system.html (304 words)

	THG-Strowger
		Strowger is an electromechanical telephone switching system, known by the name Strowger in Britain and some English-speaking territories, and as 'step' or Step-by-Step (SxS) in North America.
		Almon Brown Strowger is the man credited with inventing this system in the late 19th century.
		As with so many 'inventions', the development work was not his entirely unaided work, but his was the first fully automatic switch to achieve commercial success and he certainly made the system what it is today.
	www.thg.org.uk /strowger/index.htm (474 words)

	Investigating 'Almon Strowger'.
		If you wish to search for the term almon strowger, a visit to the Connected Earth website should be rewarding.
		It is a truly multi-media experience, which gives you the power to choose from comprehensive narratives, more thorough research, three dimensional pictures of objects, reminiscences in oral and written form from those who used to work in the telecommunications industry, short film sequences, and simple explanations or interactive animations of the way that things work.
		In addition to looking for information that is of specific interest to you, you're free to wander through one of the site's nine galleries.
	www.connected-earth.com /content/almon_strowger.html (298 words)

	Welcome to the Camp Shohola Communications & Technology Center.
		Strowger, using technology developed in the late 1890's and early 1900's.
		It is similar to the one on permanent display at the American History Museum of the Smithsonian Institute in Washington, D.C. The switch on the shelf was constructed by Tom Gibson from salvaged parts of an old 1940's, 740C, ATandT switch dismantled in 1974.
		The single connector switch mounted on an old test stand is an original Strowger switch manufactured in 1908, shortly before Joseph Harris licensed the technology and merged the companies.
	www.shohola.com /kd3fg (1415 words)

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