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Topic: Strowger Automatic Telephone Exchange Company

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	Strowger
		Electromechanical or Step by Step (SxS) Automatic telephone exchange equipment using the principles initially suggested by Almon (Brown) Strowger.
		Almon (Brown) Strowger, whose patents of 1891 were used for the first commercial installation of an automatic telephone exchange in 1892.
		A BRT Locomotive[?] named Almon B Strowger[?] after the inventor of the automatic telephone exchange.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/st/Strowger.html (144 words)

	Telephones Past and Present: The Strowger Automatic Phone (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		According to various unsubstantiated stories, Strowger was suspicious that the local manual exchange operator, who was the wife of one of his competitors, was deliberately switching Strowger's calls to her husband's company.
		Also added to Strowger's arsenal of technology was the employment of dial tone, busy tone, no-number tone, and ring tones by the newer Strowger systems and automatic exchange stations; this remedied the old problem with Strowger machines, how at times calls could be connected to busy calls.
		Strowger retired in the late 1890's and his selectors and company was licensed and sold to various corporations.
	members.aol.com /serogi/museum/Strowger.html (400 words)

	HISTORY OF STROWGER AUTOMATIC TELEPHONE COMPANY
		The company developed by holding demonstrations of the system across the USA and in Europe, using its subsidiary the Automatic Telephone Exchange Company, later renamed the Automatic Electric Company.
		In 1901 the Automatic Electric Company was formed to continue the exploitation of the Strowger system, while the Strowger Automatic Telephone Exchange remained only to hold the patents, issuing rights to the new company.
		The company was incorporated Oct. 14, 1907, under the name of Theodore Gary Investment Company and in 1919 changed, in a corporate reorganization, to the name of Theodore Gary and Company.
	web.ukonline.co.uk /freshwater/histstro.htm (860 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Each telephone was connected to the exchange by five wires, of which only one (using an earth return) was for the conversation itself.
		While simple in concept, uniselectors gave automatic exchanges a new economic edge: first selectors - complex and expensive pieces of electromechanical equipment - could be placed in a common pool, instead of one being permanently attached to a single line.
		While part of telephone transmission is now carried out by microwave links and optical fibres, a network consisting of thousands upon thousands of tonnes of copper wires -one pair for each line - still radiates out from each exchange to the telephones it serves.
	cayfer.bilkent.edu.tr /~cayfer/ctp204/network1/switch.html (5638 words)

	Through the Wires: Telephony
		Company of Buffalo, New York, was formed in November 1898 by Walter Wilhelm, an electrician who tried several times to sell his transmitter to the Bell System.
		The entire Columbia Telephone Company was assembled and manufactured by the company in its New York factory.
		Telephone advertisements began to appear during the year of 1894 for the company.
	library.thinkquest.org /27887/gather/history/telephony.shtml (914 words)

	telephone
		By doing so, the companies were able to provide highly personalized service in which the operator knew all her subscribers by name and which services they desired.
		He bitterly suspected the telephone operator (in which one account claims to be the wife of the competition) of sending his calls to the rival undertaker.
		Although many smaller telephone companies installed and operated the new automated systems, the Bell System, which was by far the largest telephone company, refused to switch from manual systems.
	www.lclark.edu /~soan221/99wlc/telephone.htm (2975 words)

	Strowger - Switching Concepts
		Strowger did not invent the idea of automatic switching; it was first invented in 1879 by Connolly & McTigthe but Strowger was the first to put it to effective use.
		The complete working exchange was carefully removed by members of the Telecomms Heritatge Group who intend to preserve it and reassemble it as a working exhibit somewhere.
		In the forground of the photo are the lead acid batteries; all Strowger exchanges had battery power supplies to protect them in the event of a power cut.
	www.seg.co.uk /telecomm/automat1.htm (1293 words)

	HISTORY OF ATM
		Strowger means several things to people: to the public at large he is remembered at the man who invented the automatic telephone to avoid losing business to a rival; to telephone engineers world-wide his name denotes a type of switching mechanism which even a hundred years after its invention is still used in most countries.
		Strowger gave his name not only to a telephone switching system but also to a group of companies, the most famous of which for most of its existence has been based in Chicago and was known as Automatic Electric (now GTE Automatic Electric, a major subsidiary of General Telephone and Electric).
		The purpose of the new Automatic Telephone Exchange Company was to market the apparatus made by the Strowger company and in the USA it acted as agent of the Strowger firm on a royalty basis.
	web.ukonline.co.uk /freshwater/histatm.htm (13588 words)

	130 Years of the Telephone - BellSouth Interconnection Services
		Atlanta's first telephone arrived and was installed in the new 'Atlanta Railroad Depot' connecting it to the dispatcher's office in the 'Western and Atlantic Railroad' building nearby.
		James M. Ormes was sent to the Southeastern states by Bell Telephone Company in 1878 to survey the potential for telephone expansion in that region, and to head off the growing competition of Western Union Telegraph Company, which was entering the telephone business.
		Strowger, a mortician, developed the method of direct dialing because he felt exchange operators were diverting his business calls to his competitors.
	interconnection.bellsouth.com /info_and_events/phonehistory.html (1467 words)

	A (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		There is no portrait of Strowger in the famous collection of great telecommunication personalities which the ITU published faithfully until 1968.
		He conceived a strong animosity to telephone operators suspecting them of having diverted the calls of the bereaved family to one of his competitors, and decided on a drastic remedy, to do away with tell operators altogether.
		The first patent applied for by Strowger did in fact include the principle of the two-motion selector which made his name, but it was only one of the features which he claimed as innovations.
	republika.pl /tele2001/Strowger2.html (606 words)

	Strowger's Invention (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Strowger Award is named for Almon Strowger, a Kansas City undertaker in the 1890s who suspected telephone operators were diverting incoming calls to his competitors.
		Strowger developed an automated switchboard that could bypass human operators.
		He was issued a patent on March 11, 1891 for the first automatic telephone exchange.
	www.mcclureschool.info /strowger/invention.htm (51 words)

	History of Telecommunications from 1874 to 1930
		This company delivered and installed 50000 telephones within the first three years and was soon the world's largest telephone company known as "American Telephone and Telegraph Company".
		This way of manual exchange was the only way of making telephone calls until in 1889 Almon B. Strowger invented a system that allowed each individual telephone subscriber to establish their own telephone connections.
		In 1892 A. Strowger founded his "Strowger Automatic Telephone Exchange Company" which was the first telephone exchange without operators to establish connections.
	www2.hs-esslingen.de /telehistory/1870-.html (2087 words)

	Telephone World - Step-By-Step Telephone Switching Systems
		Strowger sold his patents in 1896 and sold Strowger Automatic Electric in 1898.
		Strowger died in 1902 of a brain aneurism.
		In 1901, the Strowger Company licensed the technology to the Automatic Electric Company.
	www.dmine.com /phworld/switch/sxs.htm (609 words)

	Telegraph
		Whenever a caller asked to be put through to Strowger, she would instead deliberately put the call through to her husband, his competitor.
		After spending years complaining to his local telephone company, Strowger found a way to solve this problem by developing the first automated telephone switch out of electromagnets and hat pins.
		Strowger filed his patent application on March 12, 1889, and it was issued on March 10,1891 as patent No. 447,918.
	www.sparkmuseum.com /TELEPHONE.HTM (656 words)

	[No title]
		It was Strowger's step-by-step switching system of the late 19th century that transformed the telephone into a truly useful communications network, allowing any telephone subscriber to initiate a conversation with any other subscriber without a complex process of operator connection.
		The DNS Response The telephone network supports more than simple voice conversations, and any serious attempt to bridge the telephone network and the Internet also should be able to also handle various forms of text messaging and paging services as well as document transmission undertaken as faxes.
		What were seen as telephone network functions such as no answer and busy redirect, call forwarding, number translation, and conference calls can all be implemented as edge applications driven by user scripts, rather than what we now see in the telephone network as value-added network-based services.
	ispcolumn.isoc.org /2002-05/enum.txt (4163 words)

	Holistic Junction: Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The wife of a competing undertaker was an operator at the local (manual) telephone exchange.
		In an effort to get rid of her, Strowger invented the first automatic, electromechanical switchboard and, together with his cousin, produced the first model in 1888.
		Strowger joined forces with Joseph B. Harris and Moses A. Meyer to form "Strowger Automatic Telephone Exchange" in October 1891.
	www.holisticjunction.com /displayarticle.cfm?ID=2189 (2168 words)

	History
		Over the next few years, the telephone manufacturing divisions of Stromberg-Carlson were moved to Charlottesville into what was the US Instruments plant.
		Formed in 1869 as a telephone company in Cleveland, Ohio.
		Formed in 1901 as an offshoot of Strowger Automatic Electric Telephone Exchange Company in Chicago, Ill. The company made telephone equipment.
	www.crystalradio.net /soundpowered/history/index.shtml (1010 words)

	Timeline
		Alexander Graham Bell panted his telephone and demonstrated his telephone to Queen Victoria who ordered a line from Osborne House in the Isle of Wight to Buckingham Palace in London.
		Almon B. Strowger invented a ‘step-by-step’ automatic system and all early automatic exchanger were based on ‘Strowgers’ principle, using a dialing disc, which became known as a DIAL which was in use throughout the world until the advent keypad in the 1980’s
		Strowger founded his ‘Strowger Automatic Telephone Exchange Company’ which was the first telephone exchange without operatos to establish connections.
	www.ecls.ncl.ac.uk /online/archive/B/timeline.htm (498 words)

	NeTReL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		This started when Almon B. Strowger, an undertaker in Kansas City, was suspecting that a competing undertaker's wife, who worked as an operator at the local telephone company's manual switch, was directing business to her husband!
		He developed a model for automatic switching for which he was awarded a patent in 1891 (US Patent No. 447918, awarded on 10/6/1891), and he started the company 'Strowger Automatic Telephone Exchange' in the same year.
		Strowger switch is no doubt one of the greatest innovations in the world of networking/telecommunications, and Strowger can be considered the father of automatic switching.
	conrel.sice.umkc.edu (416 words)

	Historical figures in telecommunications
		Bell was only 29 when he invented his telephone but he went on to make other inventions in communications as well as in aeronautics.
		Almon B. Strowger invented an automatic telephone exchange in 1889.
		He therefore had the idea of switching telephone calls automatically and his work on this idea led to the installation of the first commercial automatic exchange in the world at La Porte (Indiana) in the United States.
	www.itu.int /aboutitu/HistoricalFigures.html (1176 words)

	Automatic Electric Company - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Because ATandTs Bell System used Western Electric equipment exclusively, automatic switches proliferated in independent exchange carriers in the 1920s, well before the Bell System adopted similar technology.
		In 1989, the assets of the company were placed into a joint venture between ATandT and GTE called AG Communications Systems (the A and G respectively standing for the partners' names).
		Coincidentally, this company is now controlled by Lucent Technologies.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Automatic_Electric_Company (309 words)

	Daily Notes: November 2002 Archives
		A.E.'s steppers let Automatic Electric and the independent telephone companies keep close to Bell System's subscribership levels until the early 1920s.
		Almon Strowger is the father of automatic telephone switching (internal link).
		On August 31, 1891 Strowger Automatic Telephone Exchange Company was founded with half the stock controlled by Almon Strowger and nephew Walter S Strowger.
	www.privateline.com /mt_dailynotes/2002/11 (964 words)

	Automatic Telephone Exchange Company (Limited) of Washington and London - West Virginia 1897 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		This item is hand signed by the Company's President (A. Davis) and Assistant Secretary (A. Tyrer) and is over 109 years old.
		Theodore Gary & Company is an investment company which is the head of a group of telephone operating and manufacturing companies worldwide in character.
		The company was incorporated Oct. 14, 1907, under the name of Theodore Gary Investment Company and in 1919 changed, in a corporate reorganization, to the name of Theodore Gary & Company.
	www.bbod.com /auteexcolwev.html (1224 words)

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