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	Structural Adjustment Program
		Structural Adjustment Policies are economic policies which countries must follow in order to qualify for new World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) loans and help them make debt repayments on the older debts owed to commercial banks, governments and the World Bank.
		In the dozens of countries where the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank have imposed structural adjustment programs (SAPs), the people who have seen deterioration in their standards of living, reduced access to public services, devastated environments, and plummeting employment prospects have not been passive.
		The following selection of notable struggles in the last 20 years of fighting structural adjustment follows was culled largely from the work of George Caffentzis and Silvia Federici of the Committee for Academic Freedom in Africa (CAFA) and by 50 Years Is Enough in Washington, DC.
	www.whirledbank.org /development/sap.html (1483 words)

	Róbinson Rojas: Notes on structural adjustment programmes. The Róbinson Rojas Archive.- RRojas Databank (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Structural Adjustment Programmes is the name for this comprehensive economic policies imposed on or accepted by the ruling elites in less developed societies.
		The main aim of structural adjustment programmes is to transform all the economies in the world into capitalist economies inserted in one system under the management of international capital.
		Of course, the origin of structural adjustment policies has to be sought not merely in the deteriorating international economic environment of the 1970s, but also in the evolution of policy thinking within the World Bank, the latter evolving from the evolution of economic thinking within the elite groups in the US and the UK.
	www.rrojasdatabank.org /stradj1.htm (3919 words)

	Structural adjustment - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Structural adjustment is a term used to describe the policy changes implemented by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank in developing countries.
		Structural adjustment includes internal changes (notably privatization and deregulation) as well as external ones, especially the reduction of trade barriers.
		Due to the near universality of Third World debt, a popular criticism is that the structural adjustment's terms became a template for the governance of much of humanity.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Structural_adjustment (763 words)

	Structural Adjustment
		The structural adjustment loans African countries were offered to deal with their downward economic spirals differed in several important respects from the lending they were used to receiving from the IFIs.
		The remaining two perspectives on adjustment's lackluster performance accept the soundness of both the theory underlying structural adjustment and the policy objectives that emerge in applying that theory to the African context.
		Differential results in structural adjustment are then attributed to the ways that different reforms and different regime configurations interact and the effect these interactions have on the ability of national leaders to sustain reform-minded coalitions.
	www.uncc.edu /stwalker/foraid/Chapter4.htm (8934 words)

	Structural adjustment environment
		However, the types of structural adjustment measures that the Bank and Fund condition to low interest loans too often fail to promote a sustainable economy, and instead lead to increased income equality and poverty, social disruption, and environmental degradation.
		Structural adjustment virtually always requires countries to reduce state expenditures with the aim of balancing the budget.
		Structural adjustment as the Bank and Fund prescribe it leads to poverty, unsustainable economies, and environmental degradation.
	www.thirdworldtraveler.com /50Years_Enough/StrucAdjust_environ.html (1168 words)

	Structural Adjustment Programs
		Structural Adjustment loans (SALs) began to be provided to debtor countries in the last years of the McNamara era.
		Since structural adjustment programs covered so many dimensions of economic policy, agreeing to an SAL was virtually to turn over the control of a country's economy to the World Bank and the IMF.
		An indication of the sharp disparity between the expected and the actual results of a structural adjustment program is provided by the case of Chile in the 1980s.
	www.converge.org.nz /pirm/structur.htm (1246 words)

	The World Bank & The IMF
		That is, economies under adjustment are stuck in a low-level trap, in which low investment, increased unemployment, reduced social spending, reduced consumption, and low output interact to create a vicious cycle of stagnation and decline, rather than a virtuous circle of growth, rising employment, and rising investment, as originally envisaged in World Bank theory.
		Structural adjustment loans from the World Bank and the IMF were given to indebted countries to enable the latter to make their immediate interest payments to the western commercial banks.
		Structural adjustment also worsened what was already a very skewed distribution of income, with the result that today, the top 20 percent of the continent's population earn 20 times that earned by the poorest 20 percent.
	www.zmag.org /ZMag/articles/july94bello.htm (2256 words)

	STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMS (SAPS) IN GHANA
		This economic turnaround is attributed to the implementation of structural adjustment policies under the auspices of international financial institutions (IFIs), especially the twin Bretton Woods institutions: the IMF and the World Bank.
		It is very clear from the foregoing that the sustainability of structural adjustment in Ghana could, to a large extent, be attributed to the undemocratic nature of the erstwhile PNDC.
		Its seems, however, that the indifference of the institutions to the political excesses of dictators who willingly implemented their sponsored adjustment policies in the 1980s, implied tacit support, either by omission or commission, to rapacious and ruthless dictators who were bent on attaining their political and economic agendas.
	www.westafricareview.com /vol1.1/boafo.html (9319 words)

	Africa: Structural Adjustment and Rights (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		In short, a realignment of economic structures is much a matter of realignment of power structures, which more often than not, will be resisted by powerful social and political groups within a given country or powerful forces in the global economy.
		This requires structural changes in the field of primary commodity trade, by giving the least developed better access to Northern markets, encouraging more processing of their commodities before export, extending the preferential treatment now accorded them.
		Structural adjustment with transformation at the national level must emphasize economic growth that is oriented toward improvement in human development.
	www.africaaction.org /docs99/sap9905.htm (2697 words)

	WHO \| Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs)
		Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) are economic policies for developing countries that have been promoted by the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) since the early 1980s by the provision of loans conditional on the adoption of such policies.
		They are designed to encourage the structural adjustment of an economy by, for example, removing “excess” government controls and promoting market competition as part of the neo-liberal agenda followed by the Bank.
		The Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility is an IMF financing mechanism to support of macroeconomic policies and SAPs in low-income countries through loans or low interest subsidies.
	www.who.int /trade/glossary/story084/en/index.html (416 words)

	IMF Structural Adjustment Programs: The globalization of poverty 05 December 2005
		A Survey of the Impacts of IMF Structural Adjustment in Africa by Robert Naiman and Neil Watkins, April 1999.
		In actuality the amount of foreign exchange that must be generated to meet interest payments and the structural adjustment policies which have been imposed with the loans have had a negative impact on the lives of the vast majority.
		The impact of IMF structural adjustment policies on Tanzanian agriculture by Ross Hammond.
	www.doublestandards.org /sap1.html (5766 words)

	Implications of structural adjustment for household food security in Africa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		In general, adjustment measures included exchange rate devaluation, fiscal policy restructuring, monetary discipline and interest rate rationalization, as well as an array of institutional reforms that involved redefining the role of the state and public enterprises engaged in a range of activities including control of agricultural input and product marketing.
		Nonetheless, a picture of the impact of adjustment is emerging, although it is clearly not applicable to all countries in all aspects.
		Equally important in assessing the effects of adjustment is the question of who benefited from distortions and thus who lost when distortions were (or, in many cases, it is hoped will be) reversed.
	www.fao.org /docrep/U8050t/u8050t04.htm (4297 words)

	Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) alert on IMF and World Bank lending to Tanzania
		Key macroeconomic and structural adjustment issues were addressed in secret negotiations, occuring in parallel to the PRSP consultations.
		Macroeconomic and structural policies cannot be designed in a participatory fashion to serve poverty reduction goals because, for the most part, they are formulated in secret.
		Monitoring and reporting tools and structures need to be developed which are transparent and participatory, so to ensure that the funds released as a result of debt relief are allocated and used as planned, to fit the vision and objectives of the PRSP programme.
	www.hartford-hwp.com /archives/36/347.html (4240 words)

	Economic recession, structural adjustment and health (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		ANY examination of the impact of the relationship between macro-economic change, including structural adjustment programmes, and health should be informed by a historical and contemporary understanding of the economic, social and technical factors influencing health outcomes.
		Given the foregoing, it is clear that in assessing the impact of structural adjustment on health services and health status, it is necessary to analyse the impact of factors operating both inside and outside the health sector, and that a range of health outcomes must be examined.
		The first group of structural adjustment policy components are those things which influence the balance of payments.
	www.twnside.org.sg /title/sap-ch.htm (2173 words)

	50 Years Is Enough Network
		In the two regions with the most structural adjustment experience, per capita income has stagnated (Latin America) or plummeted (Africa).
		Structural adjustment has also contributed to rising income and wealth inequality in the developing world.
		In the rural sector, the export orientation is often associated with the displacement of poor people who grow food for their own consumption, as their land is taken over by large plantations growing crops for foreign markets.
	www.50years.org /action/s26/factsheet2.html (391 words)

	americas.org - Structural Adjustment and Debt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The adjustment condition is integral to a plan the Group of Seven industrialized nations hatched in June in Cologne, Germany, and to the leading debt-reduction bill in Congress.
		The effects of adjustment have been documented by, among others, the Structural Adjustment Participatory Review Initiative Network, whose national chapters are conducting assessments on four continents.
		The leader of efforts to tie debt reduction to structural adjustment is the U.S. government, which dominates the G7 and the multilateral lending agencies.
	www.americas.org /item_323 (1157 words)

	BusinessWorld Internet Edition
		In 1998-99, criticism of the IMF rose to a crescendo and went beyond its stubborn adherence to structural adjustment and its serving as a bailout mechanism for international finance capital to encompass accusations of its being non-transparent and non-accountable.
		Thus, it was its finding itself abandoned and isolated, not a change of heart, that accounted for Michel Camdessus' remarkable disavowal of the structural adjustment approach at the IMF-World Bank meeting in late September and his declaration of the IMF's adherence to the new poverty-reduction approach proposed by its sister institution.
		It goes to the nature and structure of the two institutions itself: Secrecy, non-accountability and an incapacity to learn appears to be inherent to the two institutions, James Wolfensohn and his NGO liaison John Clark's reformist energies notwithstanding.
	www.zmag.org /CrisesCurEvts/Globalism/bello.htm (1985 words)

	Time for Reform of Structural Adjustment: Third World Countries Strangled by Debt
		For example, in his article, "Structural Adjustment in Africa: A Failing Grade So Far," Sayre P. Schatz points out that the African countries who have most ardently complied with the Bank and the Fund's "free-trade" mandates are not necessarily those who have achieved the highest GDP's.
		Although proponents of adjustment assert that these cuts are irrelevant because of subsequent increases in private sector alternatives, they fail to consider the specific needs of the poor.
		They believe that structural adjustment need not be eliminated completely, but that social and environmental impact assessments must be conducted by independent and/or non-profit organizations prior to the implementation of SAP's, to make them more sensitive to local problems and the special situation of the poor.
	www.cjd.org /paper/struc.html (2191 words)

	Research on Globalization: Structural Adjustment and Women (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Globalization imposes on developing countries certain reform and adjustment programs in order to improve their competitiveness and degree of integration into the world economy, as explained above.
		Structural adjustment is one of the main facets of globalization within developing countries.
		The conceptual framework of the impact of economic policies on women lies in the writings that find that the choice of policy instruments in ERSAP and their impacts are all male biased.
	www.aucegypt.edu /src/globalization/structuraladjust.htm (433 words)

	SSRN-What Explains the Success or Failure of Structural Adjustment Programs? by David Dollar, Jakob Svensson
		To select promising candidates for adjustment, the World Bank must do a better job of understanding which environments are promising for reform and which are not.
		To improve its success rate with adjustment lending, the World Bank must become more selective and do a better job of understanding which environments are promising for reform and which are not.
		That is likely to lead to fewer adjustment loans, unless there is a significant change in the number of promising reformers.
	papers.ssrn.com /sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=569231 (554 words)

	A Survey of the Impacts of IMF Structural Adjustment in Africa: Growth, Social Spending, and Debt Relief, by Robert ...
		The monetary and fiscal austerity measures required by structural adjustment have often led to recession.
		The SAPRIN review of Uganda's experience with adjustment found that "cost-sharing," where patients are expected to pay for a portion of their health care or education, has led to less access for the poor to health care and public education.
		The claim from the IMF and World Bank is that structural adjustment is beginning to pay off, at least in macroeconomic terms.
	www.cepr.net /publications/debt_1999_04.htm (8898 words)

	CNES: Update on World Bank Structural Adjustment Lending Policy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The extent of the international concern about World Bank structural adjustment policies was evident in the hundred-plus organizations that signed on to the letter within the very short (four day) deadline posted.
		There is little guarantee that a consultation on structural adjustment would result in any significant changes in the World Bank's policies, particularly due to the fact that the policies are so central to the World Bank's conception of its mandate and because the scope of the consultation is so limited.
		The revised adjustment lending policy may attempt to remove the current cap on structural adjustment lending that limits it to 25 percent of the World Bank's portfolio averaged over 3 years.
	www.servicesforall.org /html/tools/letter_world_bank_gci.shtml (1180 words)

	AWID - How are current structural adjustment lendi...
		This report entitled, Structural Adjustment’s Gendered Impacts: the Case of Serbia and Montenegro was written by Elaine Zuckerman, President of Gender Action, and Aleksandra Vladisavljevic, from the Economic Policy Initiative of the Association for Women's Initiatives, Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro and 2003 Network of East West Women Economic and Social Policy Fellow.
		On the 25th anniversary of World Bank structural adjustment lending, Gender Action is unrolling its gendered impacts of structural adjustment program with its first case study in Serbia and Montenegro.
		Globally, during 1999 and 2002 structural adjustment loans (SALs) constituted more than half of total Bank lending and in every year since 1998 it surpassed the Bank’s own 25 percent ceiling on SAL spending.
	www.awid.org /go.php?stid=871 (3096 words)

	Structural adjustment, dialogue, and U.S.-Japan economic relations - W. Allen Wallis' address before the Executive ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		As painful as this process of adjustment may be to individual companies, overall it strengthens our economies and helps them reach higher levels of growth by promoting the more efficient and more productive.
		In our market systems, adjustment is, and must be, a natural part of economic life.
		Policies that inhibit adjustment to change interfere not only in the domestic economy but also in the global economic relationship among countries.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1079/is_v87/ai_5050014 (870 words)

	Structural Adjustment Programmes and Foreign Debt
		The section of the report dealing with the question of who is affected states that the segment of the population affected negatively by SAP are: women, children, families, youth, peasants, agricultural labourers, urban workers, and domestic entrepreneurs.
		In the section addressing "adjustment with a human face", the report notes that, in response to its critics, who charge that adjustment has heightened poverty, the World Bank now incorporates social protection and safety net programmes, known as "social dimensions of adjustment", designed to shield the poor from the ill effects of structural adjustment.
		The second session of the open-ended working group (WG) on structural adjustment programmes and economic, social and cultural rights was held from 1 to 3 March 1999.
	www.hri.ca /fortherecord1999/vol1/sap.htm (1758 words)

	Structural Adjustment—a Major Cause of Poverty - Global Issues
		The irony is that structural adjustments were prescribed by the IMF and the World Bank due to debt repayment concerns in the first place.
		Yet, as seen in the structural adjustment initiatives and other western-imposed policies, the developing nations are effectively being forced to cut back these very same provisions that have helped the developed countries to prosper in the past.
		The failure of structural adjustment has been so dramatic that some critics of the World Bank and IMF argue that the policies imposed on African countries were never intended to promote development.
	www.globalissues.org /TradeRelated/SAP.asp (11353 words)

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