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Topic: Structural rule

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	Structural rule - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In proof theory, a structural rule is an inference rule that does not refer to any logical connective, but instead operates on the judgements or sequents directly.
		A logic without any of the above structural rules would interpret the sides of a sequent as pure sequences; with exchange, they are multisets; and with both contraction and exchange they are sets.
		Removal of cut rules, known as cut elimination, is directly related to the philosophy of computation as normalization (see lambda calculus); it often gives a good indication of the complexity of deciding a given logic.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Structural_rule (244 words)

	GSA 2000 abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Shackleton's Rule ("structural facing") is a useful tool for elucidating structural relationships and structural history in complexly folded terranes.
		Problems regarding the use of structural facing arise when cleavage is not approximately axial planar or contemporaneous with folding.
		An additional use of structural facing is to interpret multiple stages of deformation.
	www.uwm.edu /~dyanna/GSA2000.html (212 words)

	"A Universal Rule for the Distribution of Sizes", by Nikos A. Salingaros and Bruce J. West.
		A dramatic confirmation of this is the observation of departures from the scaling rule with the onset of pathology.
		Two very different derivations of the multiplicity rule were given: the first follows as a consequence of allometric growth; the second from a variational calculation that determines a scale-free process.
		The multiplicity rule was applied to discuss three separate aspects of urbanism: (1) the distribution of path lengths and widths; (2) the distribution of project funding; and (3) the distribution in the size of urban units.
	www.math.utsa.edu /ftp/salingar.old/Universal.html (6968 words)

	TIP: Theories
		Structural learning theory also assumes that "working memory" holds both rules and data (i.e., rules which do not act on other rules); the memory load associated with a task depends upon the rule(s) used for the task at hand.
		Structural analysis is a methodology for identifying the rules to be learned for a given topic or class of tasks and breaking them done into their atomic components.
		For example, one subtraction rule students might learn is the "borrowing" procedure that specifies if the top number is less than the bottom number in a column, the top number in the column to the right must be made smaller by 1.
	tip.psychology.org /scandura.html (672 words)

	Apparatus and method for automated natural language translation - Patent 5528491
		The objective of structural conversion is to transform a given parse tree (i.e., a syntactic structure tree) of the source language sentence to the corresponding tree in the target language.
		In grammar-rule-based structural conversion, the domain of structural conversion is limited to the domain of grammar rules that have been used to obtain the source-language parse tree (i.e., to a set of nodes that are immediate daughters of a given node).
		The coordinate structure expert 180 measures the semantic distance between B and C, and that between A and C to determine which mode of coordination combines two elements that are closer in meaning.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5528491.html (5665 words)

	VMA - Finite Element Analysis for Ship Structural Design (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Main features; easy and flexible structure definition of hull cross sections, automatic generation of 3D structural arrangement, rule based determination of scantlings, no restrictions with respect to ship type, automatic generation of FE-model and loads in 2D and 3D, direct calculations, assessment of deformations, ultimate strength, fatigue, natural frequencie...
		Shipright uses finite element methods in assessing both the overall and detailed structural capability to withstand static and dynamic loadings assessment of operational considerations such as structural capability to withstand dynamic loadings from partially filled tanks, or the influence of thermal loadings.
		Structural module is based on a F.E. package suitable for preliminary structural design, while the seakeeping module is based on a linear strip theory code integrated with a statistic processor.
	www.bodrum-bodrum.com /vorteks/arsenal/feacodes.htm (570 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		All structural constraints on a given unit of data (attribute, object or collection of objects) should be true before and after all transactions that access the data.
		So, structural rules can be thought of as being a subset of behavioral rules — the subset that are applied by every event (at least, every event thought of so far).
		Where the cost of changing the structural model is high, then you may choose to turn every structural rule into a behavioral rule, even though it means disobeying the SPOD principle and locating the rule in several places.
	www.omg.org /docs/ad/02-12-03.txt (7881 words)

	CAUSALITY - Discussion (Asha) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Bayes rule asserts that if A is relevant to B, then B must be relevant to A, that is, if learning A changes the probability of B then learning B must change the probability of A.
		On page 160 I explain how structural equations serve a dual purpose, observational and interventional, and I argue that it is the inteventional component which distingushes structural equations from algebraic equations.
		Although the literature on structural equation models does not explicitly acknowledge this basic interpretation of structural equations -- a puzzling phenomenon that I explain in Section 5.1 -- it is implicit in the conclusions that scientists draw from SEM studies.
	bayes.cs.ucla.edu /BOOK-2K/asha.html (362 words)

	Information Technology Services
		As stated earlier, the knowns in structural equation modeling are based on information from the distribution of the x and y variables, or the variances and covariances of the measured variables, while the unknowns consist of model parameters.
		The recursive rule, like the null B Rule, is a sufficient condition for model identification, but not a necessary one.
		As these past few rules demonstrate, the parameters of a structural equation model are generally considered identified if the researcher can solve the covariance structure equations for the unknown parameters.
	www.utexas.edu /its/rc/answers/lisrel/lisrel8.html (3380 words)

	The Volokh Conspiracy - Implementing Blakely and Remedies for Structural Rules: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Booker provide an interesting example of the problem with judicial remedies for violations of structural rules — rules that require or forbid a particular relationship, but cannot compel a particular outcome.
		Blakely imposes a structural rule for how legislatures have to do sentencing, much like equal protection decisions impose structural rules on treating alike groups differently.
		It just means jury trial rights that follow the structural rule of Blakely: If a sentencing scheme permits the imposition of greater punishments upon finding a set of facts, then a defendant has a jury trial right to the finding of those facts.
	volokh.com /posts/1105567749.shtml (954 words)

	Freytag v. Commissioner, 501 U.S. 868 (1991)
		These rules reflect the principle that a trial on the merits, whether in a civil or criminal case, is the "main event," and not simply a "tryout on the road" to appellate review.
		The blanket rule that "argument[s] premised on the Con- stitution's structural separation of powers [are] not a matter of personal rights and therefore [are] not waivable," Brief for Petitioners 43-44, would erode this cardinal principle of sound judicial administration.
		Thus, the structural nature of the claim here is not suffi- cient reason to ignore its forfeiture -- and the Court (though it discusses the virtues of structure at some length) does not pretend otherwise.
	straylight.law.cornell.edu /supct/html/90-762.ZC.html (8072 words)

	[No title]
		for the structure, then the {pj} would have to be such that (8) is consistent with the experimental observation.
		The total structural entropy S is proportionately distributed when any two scales i and j have equal contributions Si = Sj to the total entropy S.
		7 How violating the multiplicity rule destroys a city We are going to discuss three cases relevant to urbanism: (1) the distribution of path lengths or widths; (2) the distribution of budgets for urban construction and repair; and (3) the distribution of urban elements according to size.
	www.math.utsa.edu /ftp/salingar.old/Universal.doc (4336 words)

	[No title]
		Thus, one does not abandon these objectives by calling on the Commission to consider if the rules are necessary at all or in their present form, particularly in the face of substantial evidence that they are unsupported by the facts, and that they may actually in some instances harm producers, suppliers and consumers.
		And as in the case of the fin/syn rules, I would point to the number of networks that are either closing in or at the cap as evidence of the difficulty and costs associated with contracting with affiliates.
		The rule is 30 years old, and, as in the case of the rules discussed above, I believe there have been sweeping and pervasive changes in the local video programming market that warrant a more critical analysis of the benefits associated with this rule than has been undertaken in the context of the instant NOI.
	www.fcc.gov /Speeches/Powell/Statements/2000/stmkp013.txt (8160 words)

	Identification in Structural Equation Models
		In structural equation modeling, the knowns consist chiefly of the variances and covariances of the measured variables (but may include other elements as well), while the unknowns consist of model parameters.
		As Bollen (1989) notes, the parameters of a structural equation model are generally considered identified if the researcher can solve the covariance structure equations for the unknown parameters.
		The most well-known rule of thumb for the structural model are the "Rank and Order Conditions." These conditions are necessary and sufficient for identification of the structural model when all of the disturbance terms are allowed to correlate.
	www.gsu.edu /~mkteer/identifi.html (1431 words)

	Programming Kin: Rules
		In this case they permit us to translate information from a form that is abstractly useful (for reasons discussed at considerable length in the Specification section) to categories that people are more accustomed to use when thinking about genealogical relationships.
		The left-hand side of the rule is the result of the rule (called the head), the right-hand side is the definition of the rule (or body).
		This rule exploits the polarity of the child/parent relationship: If X is child to Y, then Y is parent to X. This is a general structural relationship that holds for all Xs and Ys.
	www.era.anthropology.ac.uk /Era_Resources/Era/Kinship/prologRules.html (546 words)

	Mergers & Antitrust: SBC-Ameritech (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Structural regulations in the form of ownership rules attempt to preserve the communication principles of localism, competition and diversity.
		During the past couple of decades, ownership rules have been liberalized within and across different markets allowing firms to own several different types of media properties and further efforts to horizontally and vertically integrate.
		Note in Section I that the court reviews the history of ownership rules and the specifics of the FCC's recent (June 2, 2003) rules that are in question.
	www.jou.ufl.edu /faculty/jbrown/structuralregssq.htm (2110 words)

	Hermit Crab: Pictures
		In this example, since one of the two instances of this variable appears in the rule's output, the features of the other instance of that variable are copied (not spread) to the output.
		The morphological rule is embedded inside a 'sense' in a lexical entry of the LinguaLinks dictionary.
		As it says under the 'remarks' in the picture, the rule parses the base (stem) into the consitutents X[CV][CV] (numbered 1, 2 and 3), where C and V are natural classes of Consonants and Vowels, and X is a variable (whatever is left over, if anything).
	www.sil.org /computing/hermitcrab/pictures.html (543 words)

	Chapter 3: Groundwork - Propositional Sequent-Logic
		The rules of the other set do not deal with specific logical symbols, but rather with 'housekeeping chores', in general, with manipulating of certain formulas within the sequents; these rules are called the 'structural' rules of inference.
		Four of the structural rules 'pair off', defining two 'structural functions' with one member of each functional pair affecting the antecedent and the other the succedent of the sequent.
		The weakening rules permit the addition of an arbitrary wff to either the antecedent or the succedent of a sequent; the contraction rules permit the dropping of duplicated formulas.
	www.clas.ufl.edu /users/jzeman/modallogic/chapter03.htm (5162 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		More notes on type equivalence in C 4/29/2004 BGR The examples in lecture Types-3 show how structures are judged to be type equivalent in C. There are 2 ways to view this.
		We think of structs or unions as using name equivalence, EXCEPT that the structural equivalence rule that allows us to rename types (e.g., typedef struct s A;) works for C structs (see lecture notes).
		We can think that C uses structural equivalence for all types, but when comparing the type constructors for 2 different types, if we encounter the type constructor 'union' or 'struct', then we have to consider those 2 types to be NOT EQUIVALENT.
	remus.rutgers.edu /cs314/s2004/ryder/typeEquiv.txt (162 words)

	The Volokh Conspiracy - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Thus Justice Breyer writes the second half of Booker/Fanfan ruling that the Guidelines are now advisory, not binding law, and that sentencing decisions are to be reviewed by appellate courts under a reasonableness standard.
		First, Justices Scalia and Thomas are open to creating new constitutional rules when they think that something new is needed to restore the function of an old doctrine.
		Faced with a choice between a rule and a mushy balancing test, Justices Scalia and Thomas naturally gravitated to the new rule adopted by the Court in Blakely.
	volokh.powerblogs.com /posts/chain_1105553589.shtml (1758 words)

	A Unifying View of Structural Induction and Computation Induction for Logic Programs (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Abstract: In the framework of Extended Prolog Execution [KandS 86] a rule of Structural Induction is presented.
		For the induction step the new rule takes advantage of a Prolog program synthesized through Proof-Extraction techniques, and rests on extensive use of Negation as Failure Inference for exploiting the information contained in the extracted program.
		We describe how to synthesize Prolog procedures when applying the inference rule and show that they are guaranteed to preserve partial correctness and...
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /66564.html (365 words)

	Poirazi & Mel: Impact of Active Dendrites and Structural Plasticity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		We consider the combined effects of active dendrites and structural plasticity on the storage capacity of neural tissue.
		We calculate much larger storage capacities for cells with nonlinear subunits and show that this capacity is accessible to a structural learning rule that combines random synapse formation with activity-dependent stabilization/elimination.
		In a departure from the common view that memories are encoded in the overall connection strengths between neurons, our results suggest that long-term information storage in neural tissue could reside primarily in the selective addressing of synaptic contacts onto dendritic subunits.
	lnc.usc.edu /abstracts/00.poirazi_mel_memory.html (168 words)

	SEPARATE STATEMENT OF COMMISSIONER MICHAEL K. POWELL Re: 1998 Biennial Regulatory Review
		Before turning to my critique of particular rules, I first will sketch the breadth of change that should compel a more fulsome review of the rules than is represented by this Biennial Review.
		I concur in the Order's conclusion that the Dual Network Rule as it applies to UPN and the WB may no longer serve the public interest and the decision to issue an NPRM to evaluate possible modifications to the rule.
		In conclusion, I do not believe that the Commission has justified its decision that the 35 percent audience reach cap, the newspaper/broadcast cross-ownership rule or the cable/broadcast cross-ownership rule continue to serve the public interest as a result of competition as Section 202(h) requires.
	www.fcc.gov /Speeches/Powell/Statements/2000/stmkp013.html (8266 words)

	Semantics of Programming Languages
		The aim of this course will be to introduce the structural, operational approach to programming language semantics.
		It will show how this formalism is used to specify the meaning of some simple programming language constructs and to reason formally about semantic properties of programs.
		be able to prove properties of an operational semantics using various forms of induction (mathematical, structural, and rule-based)
	www.cl.cam.ac.uk /DeptInfo/CST01/node48.html (180 words)

	On The Completeness Of Classical Tense Display Logic (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Abstract: We give a purely syntactic proof of the completeness of classical tense display logic ffiKt: the sequent X ` Y is provable in ffi Kt iff the formula ø(X ` Y) is a theorem of minimal tense logic Kt.
		Along the way we show how to relate Kracht's structural rule for seriality to Wansing's one.
		Contents 1 Introduction 2 2 A Derivation of the D Rule 2 3 Completeness of CMDL 4 4 Yet Another Way to Display...
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /97126.html (241 words)

	ITU-T Rec. X.750 (10/1996)
		registeredManagementInformationCR CONTENT-RULE ::= { STRUCTURAL OBJECT-CLASS registeredInformation.andid AUXILIARY OBJECT-CLASSES { managementDocument
		registeredManagementRelationshipInformationCR CONTENT-RULE ::= { STRUCTURAL OBJECT-CLASS registeredInformation.andid AUXILIARY OBJECT-CLASSES { managementRelationshipClass
		managementServiceElementsCR CONTENT-RULE ::= { STRUCTURAL OBJECT-CLASS applicationEntity.andid AUXILIARY OBJECT-CLASSES { sMASE
	www.itu.int /ITU-T/asn1/database/itu-t/x/x750/1996/CHANGES.html (268 words)

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