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Topic: Structural violence

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Violence

Johan Galtung

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	Structural violence: the invisible violence in our communities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		We argue that structural violence differs from the other types of violence in that power relations within structural violence are less visible and exist in various forms infused in the existing social hierarchies.
		Structural violence is also suggested to have a transactional relationship with other types of violence, such as interpersonal (i.e.,domestic violence and childhood sexual abuse) and intrapersonal (i.e., suicide attempts and drug overdose) violence.
		Furthermore, structural violence and its effects disproportionately impact marginalized populations (Christie, 1998) (i.e., welfare recipients) and are typically manifested in the differential rates of mortality, morbidity, and incarceration rates among such groups.
	apha.confex.com /apha/129am/techprogram/paper_25670.htm (353 words)

	Theories of Violence
		Nearly all mainstream or traditional explanations of violence begin as “ad hoc” explanations that try to account for the observed regularity of various forms of isolated and self-contained violent events in such singular entities as gender, class, or ethnicity as these are, in turn, related to differences in biology, psychology, sociology, culture, and mass communication.
		At its core, my approach to violence maintains that the key to understanding the dialectics of violence and nonviolence can be discovered, on the one hand, in the adversarial and mutualistic tendencies of social intercourse and, on the other hand, in the reciprocal relations of violent and nonviolent properties and pathways.
		This model argues that both the properties of and pathways to violence or nonviolence, across both the spheres of interpersonal, institutional, and structural relations and the domains of family, subculture, and culture, are accumulative, mutually reinforcing, and inversely related.
	www.greggbarak.com /custom3_2.html (6776 words)

	HFG \|\| Harry Frank Guggenheim Foundation
		A major challenge for contemporary violence studies is to untangle these structural roots of violence and develop a sociological imagination for perceiving violence in structures as well as in individual behavior.
		In the realm of economic violence, labor riots, such as the Haymarket Affair in Chicago in 1886 or the Homestead Strike in Pennsylvania in 1892, are readily construed as examples of offensive violence.
		He concludes, pointedly, that the cultural bias against structural perceptions of criminal violence is rooted in the desire of the upper class to distance itself from wrongdoing.
	www.hfg.org /hfg_review/4/cunningham-2.htm (1279 words)

	HS Working Papers: Paper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Whereas direct violence and war are very visible, structural violence is almost invisible, embedded in ubiquitous social structures, normalized by stable institutions, and regular experience.
		Worse yet, even those who are victims of structural violence often do not see the systematic ways in which their plight is choreographed by unequal and unfair distribution of society's resources or by human constraint caused by economic and political structures.
		Structural violence can also occur in a society if institutions and policies are designed in such a way that barriers result in lack of adequate food, housing, health, safe and just working conditions, education, economic security, clothing, and family relationships.
	www.kon.org /hswp/archive/consumerism.html (3610 words)

	[No title]
		STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE AGAINST CHILDREN George Kent University of Hawai’i September 23, 2005 Historically, the field of peace studies has focused on direct violence, but it is now coming to a deeper appreciation of the importance of indirect or structural violence.
		Structural violence is harm imposed by some people on others indirectly, through the social system, as they pursue their own preferences.
		Structural violence is accomplished by political repression, through which people with power gain benefits for themselves at the expense of others who have less political power.
	www2.hawaii.edu /~kent/svac2005.doc (8877 words)

	Al-Ahram Weekly \| The violence of poverty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		I am contrasting 'structural' with 'behavioural violence', by which I mean the unnatural deaths and injuries that are caused by specific actions of individuals, such as deaths attributed to homicide, suicide, soldiers at war, capital punishment and so on." This idea is aptly described in Gilligan's book Violence: Reflections On a National Epidemic.
		Structural violence -- not covered by any of the majoritarian, corporate, ruling-class protected media -- is invisible to us, and because of its invisibility, it is all the more insidious.
		Worse still, in a thoroughly capitalist society, much of that violence becomes internalised, turned back on the self, because, in a society based on the priority of wealth, those who own nothing are taught to loathe themselves, as if something is inherently wrong with them, instead of the social order.
	weekly.ahram.org.eg /1998/400/in5.htm (838 words)

	ANALYZING CONFLICT AND VIOLENCE
		Violence is sometimes viewed as a rapid application of physical energy that disrupts established patterns and structures.
		The view advocated here, however, is that defining violence broadly (as doing harm to others in the pursuit of one's own preferences), creates space for drawing the distinction between direct and structural violence, for comparing them, and for exploring their interrelationships.
		As indicated earlier, structural violence is indirect, in contrast to the sort of direct violence suffered by those caught in the revolutions and international wars.
	www2.hawaii.edu /~kent/ANALYZ3.html (8600 words)

	polylog / themes / focus / Johan Galtung: Violence, War, and Their Impact. On Visible and Invisible Effects of Violence
		The big variations in violence are easily explained in terms of culture and structure: cultural and structural violence cause direct violence, using violent actors who revolt against the structures and using the culture to legitimize their use of violence as instruments.
		Violence and war are seen as an eruption with a beginning and an end and no other consequences than those that are visible at the end of the violence: the killed, the wounded, the damage.
		Thus, violence and war are seen as an eruption with a beginning and an end and no other consequences than those that are visible at the end of the violence: the killed, the wounded, the damage.
	them.polylog.org /5/fgj-en.htm (5996 words)

	[No title]
		How people act and live is shaped in large part by the social structures in which they find themselves.[1] Social justice is, in part, a matter of ensuring that these structures and institutions do in fact satisfy basic human needs.
		Social structural changes are an integral part of transitioning to peace, as well as addressing the injustice that may have fueled conflict in the first place.
		Malfunctioning social structures can sometimes be reformed through nonviolent protest and peaceful political mobilization.[45] History provides many examples of political and social movements that aimed to radically change existing political and socioeconomic structures.
	www.beyondintractability.org /essay/social_structural_changes (4357 words)

	Wi'am- Palestinian Conflict Resolution Center (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The violence referred to by the Israelis, and their ally, is insurgent violence, which is the result of the systemic violence that has plagued the Palestinian people for many years at the hand of their occupier.
		Structural violence, environmental violence, and state sponsored violence are all part of the system being used to continue to subject the Palestinians to the de facto apartheid that is currently in place.
		Structural violence is that which is carried out directly by the occupier and its agents against the occupied people.
	www.planet.edu /~alaslah/us/writings/violence.htm (1600 words)

	Structural Violence & the Autonomy of Morals
		Structural violence is violence that does not hurt or kill through fists or guns or nuclear bombs, but through social structures that produce poverty, death and enormous suffering.
		Structural violence may be political, repressive, economic and exploitative, it occurs when the social order directly or indirectly causes human suffering and death.
		And the ideologies and cosmologies that defend the unjust structures and patterns, are examples of cultural violence.
	goinside.com /01/6/morals.html (1386 words)

	Damocles, Feb 10, 2003
		While reading Galtung and his concepts on structural violence in the human realms, I was struck by the absence of a reference to the natural world.
		One of his goals is to expand the concept of violence as in making distinctions such as psychological and structural violence and arguing for their significance as versions of violence.
		Structural violence is a result of inequality and power.
	www.gse.harvard.edu /~t656_web/peace/Damocles/Feb_10.htm (2410 words)

	Robert Gilman - Structural Violence
		Hunger and poverty are two prime examples of what is described as "structural violence," that is, physical and psychological harm that results from exploitive and unjust social, political and economic systems.
		The total number of deaths from all causes in 1965 was 62 million, so these estimates indicate that 23% of all deaths were due to structural violence.
		For example, the level of structural violence is 60 times greater than the average number of battle related deaths per year since 1965 (Sivard 1982).
	www.context.org /ICLIB/IC04/Gilman1.htm (1171 words)

	HFG \|\| Harry Frank Guggenheim Foundation
		The intrusion of violence into the traditionally safe havens of school and church has intensified public concern about violence and brought it to the attention of most segments of the population.
		Consistent with the social construction of morality, a task confronting violence studies curricula is the formulation of an improved moral stance toward violence in society.
		According to Gilligan, American violence is the result of our collective "moral choice" to maintain those social policies that in turn maintain our uniquely high level of violence; and I call that choice a moral choice because it is very explicitly rationalized, justified, and legitimized on moral grounds, in moral terms (1996:23).
	www.hfg.org /hfg_review/4/cunningham-pr.htm (2781 words)

	Structural violence - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Structural violence, a term which was first used in the 1970s and which has commonly been ascribed to Johan Galtung, denotes a form of violence which corresponds with the systematic ways in which a given social structure or social institution kills people slowly by preventing them from meeting their basic needs.
		Structural violence inevitably produces conflict and often direct violence including family violence, racial violence, hate crimes, terrorism, genocide, and war.
		The violence in structural violence is attributed to the specific organizations of society that injure or harm individuals or masses of individuals.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Structural_violence (312 words)

	OJPCR 1.5 -- A Civil Action
		Structural violence, or that violence which is embedded in procedures, laws, cultural norms, and bureaucratic red tape, "is as destructive and immoral as physical violence and should be avoided and loathed by those who preach nonviolence" (Mathiot 248).
		One of the most obvious ways that the issue of structural violence was avoided or greatly diluted in the movie was that the film portrays the case as being more about strong personalities of powerful men, and the illegal or unethical decisions that these men opted to take.
		The violence mythos is based upon control as exploitive force, dualism, hierarchy, detachment, and the mind/body split, all abstracted elements of trauma experience and symbolized in her mythology (4).
	www.trinstitute.org /ojpcr/revharr.htm (2269 words)

	Structural Violence Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Structural violence, however, is almost always invisible, embedded in ubiquitous social structures, normalized by stable institutions and regular experience.
		Structured inequities produce suffering and death as often as direct violence does, though the damage is slower, more subtle, more common, and more difficult to repair.
		Structural violence is problematic in and of itself, but it is also dangerous because it frequently leads to direct violence.
	www.psych.ubc.ca /~dleighton/svintro.html (1962 words)

	Idaho Mountain Express:The Hidden Violence of Structural Violence
		The preceding are examples of what is known as "structural violence," a mostly hidden, mostly unacknowledged form of violence having to do with the everyday, normal functioning of institutions and policies of society.
		Structural/cultural violence, whether it be a police policy of racial profiling, a federal government practice of irradiating its citizens in the name of national defense while lying about the consequences, destroying the environment in the service of business interests, or any attitude or action that disenfranchises a particular group of people is violence.
		Peace is the opposite of violence, and the first step towards peace is the dismantling of the structures and cultures of violence, whether they be national, local or individual.
	www.mtexpress.com /2001/01-01-10/01-01-10dorworth.htm (761 words)

	Notes: Aiding Violence: The Development Enterprise in Rwanda
		In Rwanda in the 1990s, the interaction between structural violence and racism created the conditions necessary for genocidal manipulation by the elites to be successful" (138).
		While it's certainly easy to make a connection between "structural violence" and the "acute violence" of the genocide based purely on the terminology used, it is at this point that any arguments indicting development projects seem to lose ground.
		Instead, he finds three elements necessary for understanding: frustration from "structural violence," "strategies of manipulation by elites," and "widespread attachment to racist values in society." Specifically, it is the interaction of these processes "that allowed the genocide to occur in Rwanda" (223).
	www.garretwilson.com /books/aidingviolence.html (1688 words)

	STRUCTURES OF SUBORDINATION: WOMEN OF COLOR AT THE INTERSECTION OF TITLE VII AND THE NLRA. NOT
		The critique implicit in the concept of structural violence entails a commitment to structural justice, defined here as a commitment to the evolution of institutional arrangements in which relations of domination can be effectively transformed through the agency of those whom the society subordinates.
		In this Article, I invoke the concept of structural violence as a vehicle for understanding the ways in which legal interpretation constructs institutional power and the way the organization of institutional power obstructs our liberation from the relations of oppression that are constituted through the socially constructed categories of race and gender.
		If, as I argue, the structures erected through legal interpretation organize our social, political and economic alternatives in such a way that our transformative agency is systematically excluded from the system, then exploitation is institutionalized and violence is structural.
	personal.law.miami.edu /~iglesias/struct1.html (3600 words)

	D
		structural violence into the following two categories: 1) premature death attributed to inequitable life opportunities and 2) a reduced quality of life in which human potential is diminished (130).
		patriarchal structural violence as the “structural violence that happens to girls or women because of their gender” (120).
		Economic structures and institutions that promote son preference include those “such as dowry payments or ‘bride price’...[those] that pay women less for equitable work, fail to account for nearly half of women’s work worldwide, and routinely discriminate against women in the labor market” (131).
	classweb.gmu.edu /hwjeong/week5b.htm (796 words)

	Talk:Structural violence - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		"In explaining how structural violence affects the health of subaltern or marginalized people Paul Farmer writes, "Their sickness is a result of structural violence: neither culture nor pure individual will is at fault; rather, historically given (and often economically driven) processes and forces conspire to constrain individual agency.
		Finally, if this edit is reversed, you may want to consider removing structural violence from the page of violence, altering the article "violence" to conform to victim responsibility, or perhaps just writing a better and more relevant entry.
		In academia, structural violence is primarily cited with his name.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:Structural_violence (571 words)

	Middle East and Europe: Overcoming direct and structural violence: truth and peacemaking in the Palestinian experience
		Television captures the direct violence and most often the violence of the powerless and the hopeless and it is qualified as terror.
		One distinct weakness of the concept of violence in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is the basic assumption of symmetry, which views contending parties in conflict as being equal.
		The goal of those who use violence, whether it be freelance or state supported, is to fill our mental and emotional space with rage, fear, powerlessness and despair, and to cut us off from the sources of life and hope.
	www.globalministries.org /mee/me051504.htm (1377 words)

	RMPJC: A Look at Structural Violence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Direct violence occurs when one person or group inflicts harm directly on another; rape, murder, assault are examples.
		Structural or indirect violence is harm that happens because of the way the human world is put together; examples are poverty, homelessness, harm because of race, gender, sexual orientation.
		A note on violence: Hierarchical structures are not new and they have always held within themselves the potential for violence, say, between the haves and the have-nots, the slaves and their masters, and so on.
	www.rmpjc.org /19/95/pjsv.html (527 words)

	Structural Violence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		"Structural violence" is the causing of harm by inflexibility and rigidity of the rules of the structure in dealing with difference.
		Labeling is an example of the structural violence of the language of the social system.
		It is structurally violent because it defines someone's identity with respect to another's rules and perceptions of behavior.
	www.csudh.edu /dearhabermas/cnstrctviol.htm (356 words)

	Breaking the Silence on Violence
		Ouyporn spoke of this situation as a kind of "structural karma" in that prevailing attitudes about women, their power and their worth build a structure (or more precisely a culture) into which both women and men are inculcated.
		In this way, to confront the roots of direct violence in their structural and cultural forms means also to confront one's own unconscious patterns of belief, thought and action in our daily lives.
		Concerning the experience of fear and emotional paralysis in the face of violence, the group used some of the Buddhist teacher Joanna Macy's practices in her workshops dealing with despair and empowerment.
	www.bpf.org /tsangha/tsm03report/meetingreport.html (1770 words)

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