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Topic: Structure and agency

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The WSCR Archive: Colin Hay: "What Place for Ideas in the Structure-Agency Debate? Globalisation as a 'Process Without a Subject'" Consequently, as with the question of structure and agency, whilst it may be useful to distinguish analytically between the material and the ideational, it is important that an analytical strategy does not crystallise into an ontological dualism. Structure and agency, though analytically separable, "are in practice completely interwoven (we cannot see either metal in the alloy only the product of their fusion)". Sociologists, he suggest, have spent two hundred years on the issue of structure and agency. www.raggedclaws.com /criticalrealism/archive/cshay_wpisad.html

Role and Structure of the Agency The Agency is an independent, quasi-judicial tribunal that makes decisions on a wide range of economic matters involving federally-regulated modes of transportation (air, rail and marine), and has the powers, rights and privileges of a superior court to exercise its authority. It represents the Agency before the Courts, including the Federal Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court of Canada, when Agency decisions are submitted to the appeal process. The Agency is made up of up to seven Members, including the Chairman (who is also the Chief Executive Officer), and the Vice-Chairman, as well as up to three temporary Members. www.cta-otc.gc.ca /about-nous/role_and_structure_e.html

DIALECTIC OF STRUCTURE AND AGENCY The dialectic of agency and structure, based on Steven Lukes’s methodology, means the nature of agents “is both active and structured;” there is a web of possibilities for agents “to make choices and pursue strategies within given limits” (Luke 1977, 29). Skocpol emphasis three structural conditions as being conducive to social revolution: “(1) well-organized and autonomous peasant communities, (2) a dominant class of absentee agricultural rentiers who are highly dependent on the state, and (3) a semi-bureaucratized state that falls behind in military competition with rival states” (Sewell 1985, 57). In sum, structural relations between Iran’s semi-periphery state and regional and the global core states as well as actions or non-actions of the core states affected the causation of the revolution. www.ehsanshariati.com /articles/NewPublication/TazehayeNashr/mmahdavi.htm

>For Structure Archer rejects all forms of conflation because they deny the autonomy and independent effects of structure and agency, calling for the reduction of one to the other or their collapse into the duality of structure, meaning that agency and structure are sides of the same unitary process. Structure and agency are mutually constitutive but fundamentally unequal, despite claims to the contrary, because structures are virtual and become real only when instantiated by agency. How social theorists conceptualize the relationship between individuals and society or, in current terminology, agency and structure, determines their methodologies and their understanding of the nature of social reality and social change. www.colorado.edu /Sociology/gimenez/work/alethia.html

Organization Studies: Social structure and managerial agency in India Managers gain their agency by exploiting the tensions that stem from the internal ambiguity and plurality of the rules governing the reproduction of social structure, and from the contradictions which are imported by actors through their multiple organizational memberships. Giddens (1981), in drawing upon Saussure's work in structural linguistics to define the concept of structure, writes 'when I speak a sentence, the sentence is generated by, and understood by, the listener in terms of "absent totality", which refers to the rest of the language to be either spoken or understood. However, in the study of human action and its influence on the formation of structure, there is a major problem with the identification and description of the linkages between the micro level of the individual, to the relatively more macro level of societal systems which, in their turn, influence the nature of individual action. www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m4339/is_n3_v18/ai_19774027

ST15_MST11_Sum_Agency.doc Structuration Theory Structuration theory focuses on the mutual constitution of structure and agency. She thinks it is useful for social scientists to understand structure and agency as independent, because it makes it possible to analyze the interrelations between the two sides. Anthony Giddens (1938-) argues that structure and agency are a duality that cannot be conceived of apart from one another. highered.mcgraw-hill.com /sites/dl/free/0072825782/112405/ST15_MST11_Sum_Agency.doc

Agency Structure The Indiana Arts Commission is a state agency funded by the Indiana General Assembly and the National Endowment for the Arts. The Commission is empowered to hire an executive director to administer the agency, implement the strategic plan, and hire staff as needed. The Commissioners establish the agency's policies and goals, plan its direction for the future **, and approve all grant awards and programs. www.state.in.us /arts/about/structure.html

State Agency for Refugees :: Structure The registration — and - reception centers are the territorial units of the Agency for registration, accommodation, medical checks, social and medical assistance and conducting procedures for granting the respective status to aliens seeking asylum until entry into force of the decision relating to the application for asylum. The transit centers are the territorial units of the Agency for registration, accommodation, medical checks and conducting accelerated procedures for aliens seeking asylum. The integration centers are the territorial units of the Agency for Bulgarian language training, vocational training and other activity indispensable for the integration of alien asylum-seekers or granted asylum in the Republic of Bulgaria. saref.e-gov.bg /?cat=18

SOCY 401 (S2002) - Structure/Agency Quotes Structures tend to appear in social science discourse as impervious to human agency, to exist apart from, but nevertheless determine the essential shape of, the strivings and motivated transactions that constitute the experienced surface of social life." Structures are enacted by what Giddens calls 'knowledgeable' human agents (i.e., people who know what they are doing and how to do it), and agents act by putting into practice their necessarily structured knowledge. Structures are at risk, at least to some extent, in all of the social encounters they shape - because structures are multiple and intersecting, because schemas are transposable, and because resources are polysemic [have multiple meanings for different participants] and accumulate unpredictably." www.millersv.edu /~schaffer/courses/s2002/soc401s2002/HOs/sewell-quotes.htm

Jacobson-Widding, Anita: The Structure and Agency of Uppsala Anthropology It is, I think, a development in which the personal and the cultural blend in a pattern of interplay between structure and agency. Several of the young anthropologists at the department are also trying to adopt new methods of discourse analysis and systematic observation of interaction, in order to come to grips with the issue of how "structure" and "agency" may relate to each other in various cultural contexts. But even if certain cultural structures were "given", the particular responses to them among Uppsala anthropologists had their own specific developments that were largely determined by the personalities and situations that happened to dominate the Uppsala scene at this point. www.anthrobase.com /Browse/home/hst/cache/Jacobson-Widding.htm

Agency Structure The Environment Agency of the Republic of Slovenia is organised by field of operation, relative to the demands, type, scope and interlinking of tasks. The implementation and coordination of demanding assignments in all areas of public relations at the Environment Agency of the Republic of Slovenia are the responsibility of an independent public relations adviser, who is directly responsible to the director general. The Environment Agency of the Republic of Slovenia is headed by director general. www.arso.gov.si /english/about_the_agency/agency_structure

Selective Service System: About the Agency Region II serves as a base of operations for the Agency's field structure in the Southeastern and South Central portions of the United States, including Houston, Miami, and Atlanta. - serves as a base of operations for the Agency's field structure in the Western part of the United States, including Los Angeles and Denver. - serves as a base of operations for the Agency's field structure in the Northeastern and Midwestern portions of the United States, including New York City and Chicago. www.sss.gov /struct.htm

Agency In sociology, agency refers to the ability of an actor (usually a person, but can also be a business) to organize future situations and resource distribution. In philosophy, law, and other fields, agency is the status of an agent. This process of organziation is constrained by the actions and intent of other actors (aggregately referred to as structure). www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/a/ag/agency.html

Structure and agency in Childs Structure and agency are not merely opposing binaries, they are interacting forces within society. In contrast, the term dialectic implies the interdependency of structure and agency. The complexity of the relationship between structure and agency is too often ignored. web.mala.bc.ca /helenbrown/H475MWDiscussion/00000008.htm

SOC 401 (Dr. Schaffer, Fall 2001): Structure/Agency Handout Here, the interdependence of structure and agency as social forms allow for evaluation of the degree of “freedom” in a society as well as of the “justice” of a society Continuum version: “structure&; and “agency” represent ideal forms of social practices; every society can be placed on a continuum from “pure structure” to “pure agency” In this notion, these two concepts are opposed: If there is agency in a society, then the structure is presumed to be weak; if there is a strong structure, individuals only act to serve the reproduction of the social order muweb.millersville.edu /~schaffer/courses/soc401f2001/HOs/struc-agency.htm

Theories of Agency Individuals consent in some initial pre-social state to a foundational understanding of their social rules and institutions; those rules have binding force on individuals and exist outside of their agency until such time as sufficient numbers of individuals choose to withdraw their understood consent to the legitimacy of social structures. Structure exists, and has determinant force, but a conscious heuristic decision that what individuals choose to do, or perceive themselves as choosing, is interesting as an object of study--not the individual as a "case study" of a larger whole, but the individual as exceptional or particular. Structure has a temporal determination: it is cumulative over time in a single direction, non-reversibly, and determines the action of agents differently as it evolves; agents cannot undo the history of structure. www.swarthmore.edu /SocSci/tburke1/agency.html

Structure and Agency Thus structure and agency are two attributes of human society that exist in the same time and place and serve to split the nature of humans from their form. The reason sociologists use the term agency to represent form is to emphasis the idea that humans have free will and engage in a decision making process, thus acting as the agents of social co-operation. Agency then simply means the mechanisms which deliver structure, individuals are those mechanisms. web.ukonline.co.uk /god.nailed/Note1.htm

Culture Zap: Agency vs. Structure This indicates that assimilation is an interplay between social structure and human agency- a person gets a taste of structure, and pushes themselves to adapt to it beyond their current degree of assimilation in to the structure. A structure is magnetic, and agency is metallic. I don’t want to get in to all this agency vs. structure equals identity stuff, but by placement in structure, her agency is kicking in. culturezap.blogspot.com /2005/01/agency-vs-structure.html

U.S. Police Agency Structure and Organization In other states (Michigan for example), a state police agency may be assigned to a single city or county, and for all practical purposes, is a local police agency. Some of the first State Police agencies were the Texas Rangers (1835), the Colorado Mounted Rangers (1861), the PA Capitol Police (1895), the Arizona Rangers (1901), the New Mexico Mounted Police (1905), but the Pennsylvania Constabulary (1905) are usually recognized in most textbooks as the first full-service, non-volunteer agency. Railway police agencies are generally counted at the county level, but hospital, port, airport, and tunnel police agencies are often counted at the local level. faculty.ncwc.edu /toconnor/polstruct.htm

Rogue Agency Structure Structure makes drum and bass music that breathes electro-jazz beats with an infectious bassline groove. He has also gained international respect for his skill, style, and trained ear for production and blending together a remarkable set, in addition to working as a visual designer for some of the UK and Europe's hottest dance labels. His live performances are as breathtaking and enigmatic as the person behind the music. www.rogueagency.us /artists/structure/index.php

OSW - Agency Structure The Lead Agencies are organisations in the OSW partnership which lead on the co-ordination and delivery of services in the individual London subregions. The Lead Agencies play a role in "engaging" homeless people in their area and encouraging them to access the OSW programme, by building networks with local hostels and daycentres and promoting the OSW partnership. The Lead Agencies also play a part in supporting and assisting the OSW partners operating in their subregions, helping them to deliver quality services and build capacity. www.osw.org.uk /structure/structureagency.asp

SSRN-Board Structure and Agency Costs by Meziane Lasfer In contrast, for high growth firms, the relationship between board structure and firm value is weak, suggesting that board structure does not always mitigate the agency conflicts. The purpose of the paper is to test the hypothesis that board structure and its impact on value is a function of firm's growth opportunities. The results suggest that imposing the same board structure for all companies independently of their specific characteristics is likely to reduce the value of firms that may be forced to depart from optimal corporate governance structures which have been successful. papers.ssrn.com /sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=314619

NASDAQ Notes New Ownership Structure for Agency The NASDAQ Insurance Agency LLC is a full-service corporate insurance broker specializing in Directors and Officers liability insurance. Formed in 2000, the agency works with current and future NASDAQ-listed companies. The NASDAQ Insurance Agency a wholly owned subsidiary of The NASDAQ Stock Market. www.insurancejournal.com /news/national/2005/01/04/49258.htm

Organisational Structure, Highways Agency It is the main focal point in the Agency for regional planning, liasing with Government Offices for the regions, regional development agencies (to support such initiatives as EU-funded regeneration schemes), and liasing with local authorities. The Highways Agency is managed by a board of Directors, which comprises the Chief Executive, three non-executive Directors and nine executive Directors. Manages the Agency's land holdings, including acquisition of land and property, payment of appropriate compensation, management of acquired property (to maximise social benefits and value for money), and, where necessary, disposal of property and land. www.highways.gov.uk /aboutus/org_struc.htm

Environment Agency - Water industry structure The Agency is one of two water quality regulators; the other, the Drinking Water Inspectorate (DWI), regulates the quality of water supplied to customers. The Environment Agency is the environmental regulator for the water industry. The Water Act 1989 led to the privatisation of the water authorities and gave rise to ten water and sewerage companies, all owned by parent companies. www.environment-agency.gov.uk /subjects/waterquality/289209/289415?lang=_e&textonly=on

Structure, Agency and the Internal Conversation -- Margaret S. Archer Thus the internal conversation is seen as being the missing link between society and the individual, structure and agency. The central problem of social theory is 'structure and agency'. The process of mediation between structure and agency www.frontlist.com /detail/0521535972

Agency Structure The organizational structure of the agency proceeds from the Board to the Director of Parole and the Director's Executive Office to four operational divisions, each managed by a Division Director. Field Operations, which is responsible for parolee supervision and comprises four-fifths of the agency workforce, is the largest division. The Risk Reduction Services Unit assists in the transition of the offender from prison to the community by providing structure for the parolee, and by educating and enlisting support from the community and faith-based organizations in that mission. www.pap.state.ga.us /agency_structure.htm

Termpapers on How Does Anthony Giddens Attempt to Reconcile 'Structure' and 'Agency' in His Sociological Theory? Either the definitions of 'structure' and 'agency' are seen as being open for sociological debate or, the relationship between 'structure' and 'agency' is seen as being a problem area in the final analysis. The fact that we are being asked to describe how Anthony Giddens attempts to reconcile 'structure' and 'agency' into his sociological theory suggests one of two assumptions. Giddens, A., (1984) The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration, Cambridge: Polity Press. www.custompapers.net /research/How_Does_Anthony_Giddens_Attem-163438.html

Structure and agency - Art History Online Reference and Guide Anthony Giddens gave shape to the structure and agency debate with his 'Constitution of Society'. Theories of structure and agency attempt to answer the question of action: How is it that I can do what I want with others when their goals are different, and often incompatible with mine? Recent work has accepted that agency is a matter of social organization, not of the ultimate causes of motivation. www.arthistoryclub.com /art_history/Structure_and_agency

TxRC: Agency Structure The Executive Secretary is responsible for establishing operating policies and procedures for the agency and ensuring the agency's regulatory responsibilities are carried out. Deputy Director Sammy Jackson oversees this Division, which is responsible for all of the Commission's regulatory functions that are not restricted to live racing and the agency's support functions. The Executive Secretary represents the agency before the Legislature and other governmental agencies. www.txrc.state.tx.us /new_agency/divisions/div-index.html

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