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Topic: Struvite

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	Canine Struvite Bladder Stones
		Struvite stones in the dog are almost always formed because of the urinary changes that occur with specific types of bladder infection: almost always Staphyloccocal infection but occasionally a Proteus infection.
		Struvite is the name given to the crystal composed of Magnesium, Ammonium, and Phosphate.
		Dietary therapy in the prevention of struvite stones is of secondary importance in dogs; the focus is on prevention of infection (the exception being the rare individuals who form struvite stones metabolically).
	www.marvistavet.com /html/body_canine_struvite_bladder_stones.html (1190 words)

	Struvite
		Struvite precipitates out of sewerage sludge and animal waste and can build up in sewers and in sewerage treatment works, causing operational problems and decreased efficiency (Jaffer et al., 2002).
		The physical removal and disposal to landfill of crystallised struvite is expensive and unsustainable.
		Is struvite a suitable alternative to inorganic phosphorus fertilisers in agriculture?
	www2.warwick.ac.uk /fac/sci/whri/research/plantmineralnutrition/struvite (504 words)

	Scale and Corrosion Research
		Struvite is a white crystalline substance consisting of magnesium, ammonium and phosphorus in equal molar concentrations (MgNH4PO4.6H2O).
		Struvite precipitation is controlled by pH, degree of supersaturation, temperature and the presence of other ions such as calcium and can occur when the concentrations of magnesium, ammonium and phosphate ions exceed the solubility product (often denoted as Ksp) for struvite.
		Struvite is most likely to form in areas of increased turbulence as its solubility decreases with pH and its formation is often associated with anaerobic and post digestion processes.
	www.cranfield.ac.uk /sas/water/scale/struvite.htm (1387 words)

	Struvite Recovery
		Struvite or MAP is a white crystalline substance consisting of magnesium, ammonium and phosphorus in equal molar concentrations.
		Struvite recovery from the reject water typically has the highest potential although this is usually limited by the magnesium concentration in the liquor.
		The phosphorus concentration in the reject water flowing in the influent of the struvite reactor is 100 to 110 mg/l with NH -N at 200 to 250 mg/l. In the effluent from the struvite plant the phosphorus concentration is 10 mg/l or less, resulting in a removal efficiency of up to 90%.
	www.stowa-selectedtechnologies.nl /Sheets/Sheets/Struvite.Recovery.html (1232 words)

	Uroliths (Struvite)
		Struvite stone formation may be associated with several factors, including alkaline urine, diet, and genetic predisposition.
		Struvite stones are most often seen in female dogs between the ages of 1 and 8 years of age.
		Dogs prone to struvite stones should be: (1) given fresh, clean water; (2) allowed to urinate as frequently as needed; (3) fed a veterinarian-recommended diet formulated to maintain an acidic urine and lower urinary phosphate and magnesium; and (4) monitored for urinary tract infections.
	www.shilohgtf.com /Uroliths.htm (624 words)

	WSAVA 2001 - Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disorders (Session 1) Sterile Cystitis (Session 2)
		Struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) urolithiasis and urethral obstruction have been induced experimentally in healthy cats by feeding diets containing three to ten times the amount of magnesium found in commercial cat foods.
		Moreover, looking back on earlier studies from this perspective, it seems that struvite stones that were induced to form in the bladder of healthy cats may have led to the misperception that commercial diets were the cause of naturally occurring struvite stone disease.
		Of the eight cats with struvite stones, three were fed veterinary foods designed to dissolve or prevent formation of struvite stones, and one of the seven cats with calcium oxalate stones was fed a veterinary food recommended for cats with calcium oxalate stones.
	www.vin.com /VINDBPub/SearchPB/Proceedings/PR05000/PR00125.htm (2940 words)

	Urine Triple Phosphate crystals, feline and canine struvite - CTDS Vet Lab.
		Struvite crystals are not unusual in normal urine and are usually of no consequence but when they are present in very large amounts, often together with a Staph or Proteus bladder infection, crystals can congeal into stones/calculi.
		In cats the calculi are often part of a protein matrix plug which causes feline urolithiasis syndrome (FUS), a serious cause of blockage in male cats, which have a very narrow distal urethra in the tip of the penis.
		Treatment for persistent struvite calculi is often with a dissolving diet containing urinary acidifiers such as ammonium chloride and ascorbic acid, and low mineral content.
	www.ctdslab.co.uk /triplephosphate.html (208 words)

	Improving management of urolithiasis: canine struvite uroliths - DVM
		Almost all struvite uroliths encountered in dogs occur as a consequence of infection of the urinary tract with urease producing microbes (especially staphylococci).
		Unlike cats, where >95 percent of the struvite uroliths are linked to urinary excretion of excessive quantities of dietary minerals (so-called sterile struvite), we estimate that <2 percent of the canine struvite uroliths form under sterile conditions.
		Struvite uroliths are more commonly retrieved from the lower urinary tract (95 percent) than from the upper urinary tract (5 percent).
	www.dvmnews.com /dvm/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=90577 (873 words)

	Canine Struvite Stones - VeterinaryPartner.com - a VIN company!
		Struvite stones in the dog are almost always formed because of the urinary changes that occur with specific types of bladder infection: almost always a staphylococcal infection but occasionally a Proteus infection.
		In the case of struvite stones, the alkaline pH required for stone formation is caused by the concurrent bacterial infection.
		Struvite is the name given to the crystal composed of magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate.
	www.veterinarypartner.com /Content.plx?P=A&C=&A=460&SourceID= (1199 words)

	eMedicine - Struvite and Staghorn Calculi : Article by Maxwell Meng, MD
		Patients with struvite stones have chronic bacteriuria, and their urine is never sterilized by antibiotics alone; however, appropriate antibiotics should be administered prior to surgical intervention in an attempt to minimize the potential for sepsis during treatment.
		Struvite calculi are composed mainly of magnesium ammonium phosphates, which are solubilized by hemiacidrin due to acidic pH.
		Struvite calculi are effectively broken by ESWL because of the multiple laminations within the stones.
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic2834.htm (5821 words)

	Urolithiasis-Struvite in Dogs
		Struvite uroliths, also referred to as calculi, are stones within the urinary tract composed of the mineral struvite or magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate.
		Struvite uroliths are seen more commonly in females, and the average age of affected animals is six years.
		Struvite uroliths are dense and appear as white objects in the region of the bladder on plain radiographs of the abdomen.
	www.petplace.com /dogs/urolithiasis-struvite-in-dogs/page1.aspx (786 words)

	The Winn Feline Foundation - Health Article
		Struvite uroliths can be found in both male and female cats, but female cats seem to be at higher risk.
		When struvite uroliths are present in kittens under 1 year old, a bacterial infection is often the underlying cause.
		Struvite management diets typically help to produce an acidified urine, while calcium oxalate management diets produce a slightly alkaline urine.
	www.msava.org /Felinestones.htm (1116 words)

	WSAVA 2001 - Current Trends in Urolith Submissions in Canada
		The high prevalence of infection-induced struvite, the prevalence of fine concentric laminations with low porosity and the relatively common occurrence of apatite in struvite uroliths are reasons why dietary dissolution takes longer in dogs compared to cats.
		Current dissolution diets for struvite uroliths are high in fats and salt; care must be taken in feeding such diets to dogs with a tendency towards obesity, pancreatitis, hyperlipidemia, or salt-intolerant conditions such as heart and kidney disease.
		Unlike the situation with struvite in dogs, infection does not appear to be a contributor to oxalate stone formation.
	www.vin.com /VINDBPub/SearchPB/Proceedings/PR05000/PR00155.htm (1347 words)

	Struvite Mineral Data
		Comments: Opaque, white crystal struvite aggregates in earthy matrix.
		Warning: this large pop-up is very compute intensive and may not work well with some computers.
		Ferraris G, Fuess H, Joswig W, Acta Crystallographica, Section B, 42 (1986) p.253-258, Neutron diffraction study of MgNH4PO46H2O (struvite*), and survey of water molecules donating short hydrogen bonds
	webmineral.com /data/Struvite.shtml (334 words)

	feline urinary tract disease in cats
		Struvite stones are stones located in the urinary tract that contain magnesium, ammonium and phosphate.
		Struvite stones are more likely to form if the urine is relatively alkaline, and less likely to form if the urine is slightly acidic.
		If your cat is prone to developing struvite stones, he or she may need to be fed a special diet permanently.
	www.petz.co.uk /vetontheweb/new/article14.html (953 words)

	Urolithiasis, VM 552 SAM Urogenital System (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Struvite crystals are less soluble in alkaline urine and are more likely to precipitate on an organic matrix as uroliths.
		Struvite uroliths are usually wafer or disc shaped and may be difficult to palpate but are usually radiodense.
		Struvite nephroliths can be dissolved using an acidifying diet restricted in protein, magnesium, phosphorus and high in salt, monitoring as for dissolution of bladder stones.
	courses.vetmed.wsu.edu /vm552/urogenital/urolith.htm (4039 words)

	eMedicine - Struvite and Staghorn Calculi : Article Excerpt by: Maxwell Meng, MD
		These so-called struvite stones, named after the 19th-century Russian diplomat Baron von Struve (friend and mentor to 19th-century discoverer Ulex), are also known as triple-phosphate (3 cations associated with 1 anion), infection (or infection-induced), phosphatic, and urease stones.
		Second, even after complete stone removal, struvite stones recur in approximately 10% of patients; if residual stones or fragments are left after treatment, recurrence rates approach 85%.
		Previously, it was believed that asymptomatic struvite stones could be managed expectantly; however, studies have demonstrated that 30% of patients treated conservatively (ie, no surgery to remove stones) died of renal failure or of pyelonephritis and sepsis.
	www.emedicine.com /med/byname/struvite-and-staghorn-calculi.htm (557 words)

	Reducing Struvite & Calcium Oxalate in the Urine of Cats
		As more cats were fed these diets, both for treatment and prevention of struvite, the percentage of cats with struvite stones decreased, but the incidence of calcium oxalate crystals and stones increased.
		The research on diet and struvite formation performed in the 1970's demonstrated that high levels of magnesium oxide in the diet could contribute to the formation of stones.
		Phosphorus: Since phosphorus is a component of struvite, it would theoretically be of value to reduce dietary phosphorus in an attempt to reduce the formation of struvite stones and crystals.
	www.peteducation.com /article.cfm?cls=1&cat=1402&articleid=2729 (1781 words)

	Struvite
		Struvite likes pH >7.5 S.U. On the back side of our centrifuges we add cooling water from our incinerator scrubber to the centrate chute (temperature 140 degrees F and pH about 6.3 S.U. This keeps the struvite in solution through both dilution and temperature.
		You can determine whether struvite is the cause of scaling by retrieving a piece for the scale, calening it carefully with a small amount of distilled water then analysing it for magnesium, phosphate and ammonium.
		Struvite is most unlikely to have anything to do with the problem.
	www.wef.org /TechnicalDiscussions/Topic302-10-1.aspx (1394 words)

	Analysis of 36,032 canine cases shows decline in struvite uroliths - DVM
		In fact, by 2003 the prevalence of calcium oxalate (41 percent) was approximately equal to struvite (40 percent).
		In 2005, calcium oxalate was detected in 41 percent of urolith submissions while struvite was detected in (38 percent).
		Recall that the frequency of feline calcium oxalate and struvite occurrence during the same period was similar.
	www.dvmnews.com /dvm/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=437518 (553 words)

	PCA Health and Genetics - Articles - Bladder Stones
		In dogs, struvite uroliths are primarily associated with a diagnosis of infections caused by urease producing bacteria.
		Once a diagnosis of struvite uroliths has been made, at least 3 therapeutic options are present.
		Struvite uroliths tend to occur in alkaline urine.
	www.papillonclub.org /PapillonHealth/Article-Bladder-Stones.html (849 words)

	Environmental-Expert.com - Prediction of Strutive Formation Potential in EBPR Digested Sludges
		The estimated concentration of orthophosphate is sufficient to stoichiometrically react with all the magnesium and ammonia present in the centrate to form struvite, in the alkaline pH range.
		Struvite precipitates when the needed concentrations of struvite constituents are satisfied and the pH is adequate.
		Struvite solubility decreases with increasing pH and therefore, in general, increasing pH causes struvite to precipitate.
	www.environmental-expert.com /resulteacharticle4.asp?cid=5306&codi=13087&idproducttype=6&level=2 (1287 words)

	Struvite Formation in Heat exchangers
		The struvite is not a problem but potentially, it will have to be dealt with.
		If you are seeing struvite formation it will have to be dealt with as it inhibits heat transfer capacity of your heat exchanger and will eventually make it very difficult and expensive at today's energy prices to maintain temperatures.
		Struvite generates crystals suspended in the digester so the solution is saturated with respect to struvite.
	www.wef.org /TechnicalDiscussions/Topic932-10-1.aspx (695 words)

	Canine Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate (Struvite) Uroliths - College of Veterinary Medicine - University of Minnesota
		In most dogs struvite uroliths occur as a sequela to urinary tract infections with urease producing microbes.
		Uroliths dissolved in an average of 12 weeks in dogs with infection-induced struvite uroliths fed a struvitolytic diet in addition to appropriate antimicrobics.
		We emphasize that female Miniature Schnauzers are at increased risk for infection-induced struvite uroliths and pancreatitis.
	www.cvm.umn.edu /depts/minnesotaurolithcenter/reccomendations/caninestruvite/home.html (667 words)

	Calcium Oxalate and Struvite Uroliths - College of Veterinary Medicine - University of Minnesota
		In those situations where dogs have documented occurrences of both calcium oxalate and struvite urolithiasis, uncontrollable risk factors (defective inhibitors of crystal formation and defective inhibitors of crystal aggregation) may be present.
		This scenario creates a therapeutic paradox in that control of some risk factors for struvite urolith formation is opposite to that recommended for prevention of calcium oxalate urolith formation.
		If struvite urolithiasis is associated with urease-positive urinary tract infections, appropriate therapy should be devised to eradicate the UTI and prevent its recurrence.
	www.cvm.umn.edu /depts/minnesotaurolithcenter/reccomendations/calciumoxalateandstruvite/home.html (406 words)

	WALTHAM - Urinary SO 30 - Feline Formula - Dry
		Since struvite formation is highly dependent on urine pH, diets designed for managing struvite uroliths encouraged the production of severely acidic urine and were highly restricted in magnesium.
		The dietary management tools for struvite (acidification and severe magnesium restriction) have been suggested to be risk factors for calcium oxalate urolith formation.
		The desire to develop diets which effectively manage both struvite and calcium oxalate urolithiasis in pets led Waltham to explore complex research methods for predicting urolithiasis risk in dogs and cats.
	www.rxpetfood.com /index.asp?PageAction=Custom&ID=163 (1082 words)

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