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Topic: Subantarctic Fur Seal

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	Fur Seals
		This fur seal is brown to dark grey in colour, with a yellow chest and throat area and a dark brown ventral.
		The subantarctic fur seal is predated upon by sharks and the killer whale.
		Fur seal milk is composed of 44% fat, 42% water and 14% protein by mass at the start of a suckling period.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/jaap/furseals.htm (4502 words)

	fur seal - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		FUR SEAL [fur seal] fin-footed marine mammal of the eared seal family (Otaridae), highly valued for its fur.
		Like the closely related sea lion, the nine species of fur seals are distinguished from the true seal by external ears and the ability to turn their hind flippers forward for walking on land.
		Fur seals are classified in the phylum Chordata, subphylum Vertebrata, class Mammalia, order Carnivora, suborder Pinnipedia, family Otariidae.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-furseal.html (631 words)

	Tiger Garnet's Dream World!
		Male fur seals can grow up to 1.7-2m in length and can weigh up to 90-210kg, female seals can grow up to 1.2-1.4m in length and can weigh up to 25-55kg and pups are about 60-70cm at birth and weigh 5-6kg.
		The fur seal is about three-quarters the height of an adult and are not threatening to harm any other animal only if it is protecting itself from danger.
		Due to the Weddell seal's preference for fast sea ice, the impact of predators such as leopard seals upon the Weddell seal population is minimal.
	groups.msn.com /TigerGarnetsDreamWorld/antarcticseals.msnw (1364 words)

	Mac - the baby seal
		She was actually a Subantarctic Fur Seal which probably explained the amount of silver and white on her.
		Subantarctic Fur Seals are widely distributed in the Southern Ocean at and north of the Antarctic Convergence.
		These mixed groups of seals have produced a few pups each year since the 1950s and it seems likely that the Subantarctic fur seal was the original indigenous species on Macquarie Island before the arrival of the sealers.
	www.zades.com.au /susiez/mac.html (3336 words)

	History of World Fur Sealing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The commercial activity in sealing had by now become a mixture of killing fur seals to collect their skins and killing the larger elephant seals and reducing the blubber of this animal into oil.
		It seems that by the 1840’s fur sealing and seal oiling were by now considered to be some of the dirtiest, difficult and dangerous jobs for sailors.
		Fur sealing has continued in the southern ocean to a very limit degree, usually under government controlled harvesting, even to this day.
	www.fahan.tas.edu.au /macquarie_island/infohut/sealing.htm (910 words)

	ADW: Arctocephalus tropicalis: Information
		Subantarctic fur seal males measure between 1.5 and 1.8 meters in length and weigh from 95 to 140 kilograms (King, 1983: 46).
		Subantarctic fur seal pups are colored differently from their parents.
		Much of the subantarctic fur seal populations had been taken by sealers by the 1830s, but enough of the animals survived in order to make a comeback.
	animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu /site/accounts/information/Arctocephalus_tropicalis.html (1036 words)

	Seals - Wildlife of Antarctica - Antarctic Connection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Of the six types of seals which are found south of the Antarctic Convergence, four of them are considered true Antarctic species: the Weddell, the Ross, the Crabeater and the Leopard.
		During the 19th and 20th centuries, several species of seals were heavily exploited for their skins or fur and for oil.
		Today, seals in the Antarctic are protected by the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals, which nonetheless allows for a small quota of specific species to be taken for science.
	www.antarcticconnection.com /antarctic/wildlife/seals/index.shtml (517 words)

	SCS: Subantarctic Fur Seal (Arctocephalus tropicalis)
		fur seal, are generally found on temperate islands in the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans, north of the Antarctic Polar Front.
		Subantarctic fur seals on World Heritage listed Macquarie Island were afforded additional protection in 2000 by the creation of a new federal 16 million hectare Marine Park on the eastern side of the island.
		Lactating female Subantarctic fur seals have been recorded foraging up to 530km from their breeding islands, and appear to forage in association with oceanographic frontal zones where food availability is expected to be greater.
	www.pinnipeds.org /species/subfursl.htm (855 words)

	The Action Plan for Australian Seals
		When referring to seals on the coast of mainland Australia and its inshore islands, and in nearby waters, the expressions “Australian coast” and “Australian mainland waters” are used.
		Another species, the southern elephant seal, is considered to be Vulnerable, on the basis of the sharp decrease in its numbers from about 1950 to the mid 1980s.
		The southern elephant seal and leopard seal frequently visit the Australian coast, particularly Tasmania, where they are the object of public attention.
	www.deh.gov.au /coasts/publications/seals-action-plan.html (1172 words)

	Population_Ecology
		Fur seals began to re-colonize and breed at Macquarie Island in the 1950’s (130+ years later), and since then the population has been increasing steadily.
		Macquarie Island is the most isolated of fur seal populations in the Southern Ocean, and the last island to be re-colonized.
		The population at Heard Island consists of Antarctic fur seals, although a single subantarctic fur seal pup was observed to have been born there in 1987.
	www.zoo.latrobe.edu.au /Staff/sdg/SMEGPopulation_Ecology.htm (731 words)

	Fur seal - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Both the fur seals and the true seals are members of the Pinnipedia, which is usually regarded as a suborder of the order Carnivora but sometimes as an independent order.
		However, the fur seals, like their close relatives the sea lions, retain some ability to walk on land as their hind limbs can be brought forward under the body to bear the animal's weight, and retain small but visible external ears.
		Cape Fur Seal or Australian Fur Seal, Arctocephalus pusillus
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Fur_seal (236 words)

	New Zealand Wildlife Health Centre
		The seal had apparently been found on Waitarere Beach by members of the public who took it home assuming it was in need of care.
		The seal has been in captivity for over a month and over the first week was fed by stomach tube on a semi-liquid high energy diet that was gradually replaced by a solid food diet of whole pilchards and squid.
		By release date she was healthy and does not pose a disease risk to NZ fur seals with whom she may come in contact and now that she is back to normal strength, it is unlikely that she would allow people to approach her again.
	wildlife.massey.ac.nz /clinic/casebook/clinic_casebook1.asp (615 words)

	Arctocephalus tropicalis, Subantarctic Fur Seal at MarineBio.org
		The adult coat of the Subantarctic fur seal is dark brown on the dorsal side, yellow on the chest.
		Subantarctic fur seal breeding colonies overlap with the Antarctic fur seal, Arctocephalus gazelle, habitat and there is evidence of some inter-breeding between these species at Marion and Macquarie Islands.
		Subantarctic fur seals from Gough, Prince Edward, and Amsterdam Islands all differ significantly in the ratio each lineage is represented in their populations.
	www.marinebio.com /species.asp?id=315 (1144 words)

	PBS - The Voyage of the Odyssey - Track the Voyage - AUSTRALIA
		Seals and sea lions, collectively known as Pinnipeds, are familiar animals to most people, though there isn't just one kind, rather there are thirty-three species around the world divided into three groups.
		Other species, like the subantarctic fur seal and the Elephant seal, live part or all of their lives in the freezing polar regions of the globe.
		Silver is an Australian Fur Seal and is one of the few lucky survivors of an encounter with discarded fishing gear, as a result she is now heavily scarred.
	www.pbs.org /odyssey/odyssey/20020206_log_transcript.html (1114 words)

	Massey News Article \| Seal Release
		The seal had apparently been found on Waitarere Beach by members of the public who took it home assuming it was in need of care.
		The seal has been in captivity for over a month and over the first week was fed by stomach tube on a semi-liquid high energy diet that was gradually replaced by a solid food diet of whole pilchards and squid.
		By release date she was healthy and does not pose a disease risk to NZ fur seals with whom she may come in contact and now that she is back to normal strength, it is unlikely that she would allow people to approach her again.
	masseynews.massey.ac.nz /2002/masseynews/oct/oct7/stories/seal_release.html (594 words)

	Resources on Amsterdam Island Fur Seal academic institutions
		:...fur seal, Victorian fur seal New Zealand fur seal, West Australian fur seal Kerguelen fur seal, Antarctic fur seal Amsterdam Island fur seal walrus harbor seal...
		1991) and 1997/98; in Cape fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus...
		pelagic sealing, and the 1911 fur seal treaty...
	mongabay.org /conservation/Amsterdam_Island_Fur_Seal.htm (676 words)

	Arctocephalus tropicalis, Subantarctic Fur Seal at MarineBio.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Subantarctic fur seal's, Arctocephalus tropicalis, tend to dive in shallow waters at night when myctophid fish swim near to the surface.
		Subantarctic fur seal breeding colonies overlap with the Antarctic fur seal, Arctocephalus gazelle, habitat and there is evidence of some inter-breeding between these species at Marion and Macquarie Islands.
		Subantarctic fur seals from Gough, Prince Edward, and Amsterdam Islands all differ significantly in the ratio each lineage is represented in their populations.
	marinebio.org /species.asp?id=315 (981 words)

	Subantarctic fur seal: history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The crew of the Mercury for example slaughtered 1,200 fur seals in 9 days on Saint Paul Island at the beginning of June 1789, which was far from being the best season for such an expedition.
		Along with those sealing expeditions a great number of whalers foamed the inshore waters of these two islands which were then very rich in large cetaceans.
		Unknown to us with accuracy are the exact figures dealing with fur seals that either lived on Amsterdam Island before those expeditions or were slaughtered at that time, or that managed to survive.
	jygeorges.free.fr /english/oaf01.html (474 words)

	Taxonomy Order
		The subantarctic fur seal is found north of the Antarctic Convergence on Tristan da Cunha, Gough Island, Amsterdam Island, Saint Paul Island, Prince Edward Island, Marion Island, Crozet Island, Heard Island and Macquarie Island.
		There are at least 310,000 subantarctic fur seals and the population estimates have been increasing.
		Subantarctic fur seals were hunted extensively throughout their range during the late 18th and early 19th centuries and as a result, disappeared from some areas.
	www.imma.org /pinnipeds/subantarcticfs.htm (326 words)

	History of World Fur Sealing
		The commercial activity in sealing had by now become a mixture of killing fur seals to collect their skins and killing the larger elephant seals and reducing the blubber of this animal into oil.
		It seems that by the 1840?s fur sealing and seal oiling were by now considered to be some of the dirtiest, difficult and dangerous jobs for sailors.
		Fur sealing has continued in the southern ocean to a very limit degree, usually under government controlled harvesting, even to this day.
	www.parks.tas.gov.au /fahan_mi_shipwrecks/infohut/sealing.htm (900 words)

	Antarctic Fur Seal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The Antarctic Fur Seal Arctocephalus gazella lives around the coast and islands of Antarctica.
		The Antarctic Fur Seal was over hunted in the past, but has now make a comeback to more than 2 million.
		The Antarctic Fur Seal is also known as the Kerguelen Fur Seal.
	www.cat1234.com /id207.htm (64 words)

	Response of wild subantarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus tropicalis) females to ketamine and tiletamine-zolazepam ...
		Response of wild subantarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus tropicalis) females to ketamine and tiletamine-zolazepam anesthesia -- Dabin et al.
		Response of wild subantarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus tropicalis) females to ketamine and tiletamine-zolazepam anesthesia
		The dosage required to achieve a satisfactory level of anesthesia was smaller for subantarctic fur seals than for most other species of seals and was less for animals in better body condition.
	www.jwildlifedis.org /cgi/content/abstract/38/4/846 (233 words)

	Australian Antarctic Division - Fur seals on Macquarie Island
		Fur seal were present in small numbers when the ANARE base on Macquarie Island was established in 1948, although none were breeding at that time.
		In recent seasons the subantarctic fur seal population has begun to show a significant annual increase also (9% per year) and accounts for about 20% of the entire fur seal population.
		This includes an assessment of how readily seals are able to find food resources around the island by collecting data on the provisioning rates of lactating females, and the growth rates of their pups.
	www.aad.gov.au /default.asp?casid=7279 (447 words)

	Pictures of the Subantarctic fur seal\|Arctocephalus tropicalis facts
		Subantarctic fur seals are comparable to South American fur seals in length and weight, but have a unique colour pattern on the chest and head, and (in males) a tuft of longer prominent guard hairs on the crown.
		New Zealand fur seals, Australian sea lions and Subantarctic fur seals are among the animals which have been rescued, rehabilitated and released.
		Subantarctic fur seals are considered endangered in Australian waters, and New Zealand fur seals and antarctic fur seals are each considered conservation dependent, according to IUCN criteria (Shaughnessy, 1999).
	www.thewebsiteofeverything.com /animals/mammals/Carnivora/Otariidae/Arctocephalus/Arctocephalus-tropicalis.html (447 words)

	Terrestrial Ecoregions -- Antipodes Subantarctic Islands tundra (AA1101)
		Fur seals breeding on the islands include New Zealand fur seal (Arctocephalus forsteri), Subantarctic fur seal (also known as Amsterdam Island fur seal) (A.
		On Macquarie Island most New Zealand fur seals are non-breeding males, there are small breeding populations of Subantarctic and Antarctic fur seals, with hybridization common.
		The Macquarie Island population of southern elephant seals is intensively studied by the Antarctic Wildlife Research Unit at the University of Tasmania, and is known to be declining at about 2 percent per annum.
	worldwildlife.org /wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/aa/aa1101_full.html (2704 words)

	Australian Antarctic Division - Fur seals
		Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella) breed mainly on subantarctic islands south of the Antarctic convergence including the South Orkney and South Shetland Islands, South Georgia, South Sandwich Islands, Bouvet Island, Iles Kerguelen, and Heard Island, with only three colonies (on Marion Island, Iles Crozet, and Macquarie Island) lying north of the convergence.
		Fur seals at South Georgia feed mainly on krill while at Heard Island and at Macquarie Island they feed mainly on fish, and some squid.
		In the last century fur seals were killed for their skins, and many populations were wiped out.
	www.aad.gov.au /?casid=1734 (593 words)

	Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington, NZ - Seals
		Both New Zealand fur seals and sea lions are caught as a part of fisheries' by-catch around New Zealand and the subantarctic islands, and a number of specimens have come into our collections this way.
		New Zealand sea lions are the deepest diving otariid seals (eared seals), with animals repeatedly diving to depths in excess of 500 metres.
		The New Zealand fur seal can be distinguished by its long pointed snout, which is different from the blunt snout of the New Zealand sea lion.
	www.tepapa.govt.nz /TePapa/English/CollectionsAndResearch/Collections/MarineMammals/Seals (314 words)

	Subantarctic Fur Seal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The Subantarctic Fur Seal Arctocephalus tropicalis can be found living from the South coast of South America to the tip on Northern New Zealand.
		The Subantarctic Fur Seal feeds mostly on fish, they really like to eat the mesopelagic lanternfish.
		In the past the Subantarctic Fur Seal was so heavly hunted that several colonies were exterminated.
	www.cat1234.com /id208.htm (66 words)

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