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Topic: Subantarctic islands

	Table of Contents for Shirihai, H.: The Complete Guide to Antarctic Wildlife: Birds and Marine Mammals of the ...
		Endemic and indigenous non-passerines of New Zealand's Subantarctic islands 271
		Endemic and indigenous passerines of New Zealand's subantarctic islands 281
		Endemic and indigenous passerines of New Zealand's subantarctic islands 287
	www.pupress.princeton.edu /TOCs/c7441.html (213 words)

	The Islands
		The islands are tiny, with Auckland Island itself, the largest island of the group, being only 43 kilometres long by 24 wide - but are nevertheless the home to an amazing variety of unusual and rare wildlife, a number of ancient shipwrecks and some of the most ferocious weather on the planet.
		The Auckland Islands have the richest flora of all the subantarctic islands - 233 taxa have been recorded, of which 196 are native.
		Because land masses are infrequent in the Southern Ocean, the subantarctic islands, this Islands are a vital breeding ground for nearly 40 species of seabirds, many of which will not have touched land since their last breeding season.
	www.murihiku.com /IslandsMain.htm (1501 words)

	[No title]
		Lou Sanson, conservator for the Southland Conservancy of the Subantarctic Islands of New Zealand, oversees national parks and wildlife management for New Zealand.
		But New Zealand’s Subantarctic Islands and the oceans around them stand out as the last relatively untarnished, safe places for myriad species endemic to the Earth’s southern outposts.
		Grasslands cover most of the islands, but even these grasses and flowers make up a delicate balance of life on these geographically separated islands of largely volcanic rock.
	www.expeditiontrips.com /research/subantarctic-islands-information-wildlife.asp (539 words)

	Biodiversity Hotspots - New Zealand - Overview
		New Zealand ranges in latitude from subtropical to subantarctic, and is a land of varied landscapes, with rugged mountains, rolling hills and wide alluvial plains.
		The Kermadec Islands have a subtropical climate, with warm, moist conditions throughout the year, while the Chatham Islands have a cloudy, humid climate, with cool, wet winters and warm, usually dry summers.
		Other forests on North Island are dominated by angiosperms, while those in the southern portion of the island and on South Island are dominated by Gondwanan gymnosperms of the family Podocarpaceae and southern beeches (Nothofagus spp.).
	www.conservation.org /xp/Hotspots/new_zealand (461 words)

	Macquarie Island -- Geology
		Macquarie Island probably began as a spreading ridge under the sea with the formation of new oceanic crust somewhere between 11 and 30 million years ago.
		Macquarie Island provides evidence of the rock types found at great depths in the earth's crust but also for plate tectonics and continental drift, the geological processes which have dominated the earth's surface for many millions of years.
		It is estimated that between 30 million and 11 million years ago Macquarie Island first evolved in the Southern Ocean as a spreading ridge, a small version of the mid oceanic ridges which run for thousands of kilometres along the bottom of the large ocean basins.
	www.parks.tas.gov.au /macquarie/geology.html (2052 words)

	UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre - New Zealand Subantarctic Islands (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The islands are distributed off the south and eastern coasts of New Zealand, the Antipodes Islands lying at a distance of 820km from South Island.
		The Bounty Islands were discovered by Europeans in 1788 and there was a rush of sealing expeditions in the early 19th Century but, by the 1830s, the seals were all but extinct.
		The five island groups of the NZSAI very markedly in size, geology, landforms and climate but their main distinction is that they are the most significant site for seabirds in all of Insulantarctica.
	sea.unep-wcmc.org /sites/wh/subantar.htm (2414 words)

	Protected Areas Programme - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Heard Island is notable among oceanic islands because its basement is middle Eocene to early Oligocene limestone of marine origin, and the volcanic piles that form the island sit on this.
		The islands, all of which are ice-free, are composed of basaltic lava and tuffaceous material, resulting from eruptions of volcanic vents near sea level.
		The condition of the islands is reported to be excellent (DASETT, 1990), and the islands have suffered far fewer impacts on their ecosystems than other subantarctic islands.
	www.unep-wcmc.org /protected_areas/data/wh/himi.html (3017 words)

	Terrestrial Ecoregions -- Antipodes Subantarctic Islands tundra (AA1101)
		Macquarie Island is geologically distinct and lies on the Indo-Australian and Pacific Plate boundary.
		In general, the islands’ flora is transitional between the temperate New Zealand flora and the circumpolar, less diverse Subantarctic flora.
		The Macquarie Island population of southern elephant seals is intensively studied by the Antarctic Wildlife Research Unit at the University of Tasmania, and is known to be declining at about 2 percent per annum.
	worldwildlife.org /wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/aa/aa1101_full.html (2704 words)

	PENGUINS - Appendix: Penguin Species Overviews
		King penguins are found on subantarctic islands and peninsulas.
		Macaroni penguins are found on subantarctic islands in the Atlantic and Indian oceans.
		Snares Island penguins are found south of New Zealand in the Snares Islands which encompasses just 3 square kilometers.
	www.seaworld.org /animal-info/info-books/penguin/appendix-species.htm (869 words)

	Birding Downunder - Subantarctic Islands of New Zealand and Australia
		For the privileged visitor to these restricted entry islands there is a sense of wonder, overwhelming space in uncluttered landscapes, the majesty of nature from the solitary soaring albatross, the colourful and often loud colonies of penguins to the splendour of a pink daisy-like Pleurophyllum Speciosum blooming in perfection.
		The Subantarctic Convergence Zone is traditionally very close to the area we are sailing through so we should expect the birdlife to reflect this as we get closer to Macquarie Island.
		Antipodes Island is one of the most isolated and least known of the New Zealand’s Subantarctic Islands.
	www.great-adventures.com /know/deals/nz-birdingdownunder.html (2068 words)

	References
		Gremmen, N. "The vegetation of the Subantarctic islands Marion and Prince Edward," 24 - 31.
		The fauna of the Tristan da Cunha Islands.
		Pugh, P. Acarine colonization of Antarctica and the islands of the Southern Ocean: the role of zoohoria.
	www.ndsu.edu /subantarctic/references.htm (1946 words)

	TerraNature \| New Zealand Ecology - Red-crowned parakeet
		In the early 1900s, settlers took buff weka from their original habitat to the Chatham Islands, where they now thrive so well they have to be controlled.
		A red-crowned parakeet is shown above on the megaherb Stilbocarpa polaris on Ewing Island in the subantarctic Auckland Islands south of the New Zealand mainland islands.
		Parrots are normally associated with the warm tropics, so it is unexpected to find them on a cold, wet and wind-swept subantarctic island with very limited forest habitat, where the fauna is predominently ocean feeding seabirds such as albatross and penguins, and seals.
	www.terranature.org /parakeetRed-crowned.htm (619 words)

	Subantarctic islands (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Described by the United Nations Environment Program as “the most diverse and extensive of all subantarctic archipelagos”, all five island groups: the Bounty Islands, the Antipodes Islands, the Snares Islands, the Auckland Islands and Campbell Island were honoured with World Heritage status in 1998.
		To be one of the few people who land on these islands each year is a privilege and a responsibility.
		The visitor sites in the New Zealand subantarctic are blessed with the most significant populations of many species, such as the southern royal albatross, the yellow-eyed penguin and the New Zealand sea lion.
	www.doc.govt.nz /Explore/001~Other-Places/013~Southland/Subantarctic-Islands/index.asp (652 words)

	SCS: New Zealand Fur Seal (Arctocephalus forsteri)
		The Bounty Islands, southeast of the main islands, are home to the largest fur seal concentration recorded in New Zealand, with an estimated 21,500 seals in 1994.
		The worst offender is the South Island's west coast hoki trawl fishery which killed an estimated total of greater than 5,600 New Zealand fur seals between 1989 and 1998 (1,032 during the 1997-1998 season), the largest catch in one trawl net being 23 fur seals.
		Fur seals are also drowned in the nets of the southern blue whiting trawl fishery around the Bounty Islands, the Snares Island shelf squid fishery, the Puysegur hoki fishery and the jack mackerel trawl fishery off the west coast of the South Island.
	www.pinnipeds.org /species/nzfursl.htm (1588 words)

	The Megaherbs - PlantExplorers.com™
		During the 1800's, to increase the chances of survival for possible shipwreck survivors, many uninhabited islands were stocked with goats, sheep, rabbits and other grazing animals, as a potential source of food for the hapless victims of Antarctic storms.
		The results, however, cannot be disputed, as the islands have recovered with vast fields of Megaherbs, growing and blooming in profusion during the short, cold Sub Antarctic summer.
		Like so many island populations, the plants of the Subantarctic Islands have developed their unique attributes in isolation, and are now so dependant on the conditions they evolved to suit, that there is little chance of growing these species elsewhere in the world.
	www.plantexplorers.com /explorers/biographies/hooker/megaherbs.htm (684 words)

	BIRDING DOWNUNDER - THE SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND
		Dozens of these were on nests up on the hills in the centre of the island, white dots visible from miles away, and accessible from what must be the longest boardwalk in the world, about two miles from the landing place up to the main colony.
		As we approached the main island on 1 December, another windy, damp, cold day, the first Little Shearwaters of the trip (of the Subantarctic race elegans) were spotted and we had our first sighting of our ninth and final species of penguin, the Erect-crested.
		We anchored close in under the cliffs at the north-east end of the island and took to the Naiads for two-hour cruises below the cliffs where it was relatively sheltered.
	home.btconnect.com /wildwings/subanttr2003.html (3264 words)

	ExpeditionTrips.com: Administration
		This biodiverse cluster of islands, which is growing in popularity among scientists from Washington, D.C., to Australia, often features seals, whales, and petrels along the seacoast.
		Four seal species frequent the Subantarctic archipelago; one is endemic, one is found around New Zealand and Australia, and the other two range the Southern Ocean.
		In New Zealand, breeding colonies congregate on Campbell and Antipodes islands.
	www.expeditiontrips.com /research/destination.asp?destid=34 (2389 words)

	French Colonies - Saint-Paul & Amsterdam Islands
		Among the French subantarctic islands, Amsterdam is the one which has suffered the most severe ecological disturbances on its flora.
		Amsterdam Island is the only French subantarctic island with a native tree: the Phylica (Phylica nitida), which can also be found on the isle of Trista de Cunha in the southern Atlantic ocean.
		Its sole habitat is Amsterdam Island, at altitudes of around 1,640 to 1,970 feet (500-600m), on the mosses of the Plateau des Tourbières.
	www.discoverfrance.net /Colonies/St-Paul_Amsterdam4.shtml (1751 words)

	Ocean Adventures \| THE SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND & AUSTRALIA
		The subantarctic islands of New Zealand and Australia are amongst the most isolated and least known places in the world.
		The Chatham Islands, the Bounty Islands, Antipodes Island, Campbell Island, the Auckland Islands and Snares Island are sovereign territories of New Zealand, while Macquarie Island is a territory of Australia.
		This specially extended itinerary provides the most comprehensive cruise around the subantarctic islands that is available and will allow participants to experience for themselves the full range of the wonderful birdlife, other aspects of natural history and scenery that these fascinating islands have to offer.
	www.oceanadventures.co.uk /antarticAust_OA_tour01.cfm (3560 words)

	SCS: New Zealand Sea Lion (Phocarctos hookeri)
		The total population was estimated at 12,000 - 14,000 before a mass mortality event of unknown cause resulted in the deaths of a large number of the species in January 1998.
		A major threat to the species is from entanglement and drowning in the nets of the squid trawl fishery which has operated within the sea lions' range since the late 1970s.
		There was previously a high juvenile mortality caused by the presence on some of the breeding islands of rabbit burrows in which the pups got stuck while exploring.
	www.pinnipeds.org /species/nzslion.htm (986 words)

	pl.net marrea 29-1-2003
		The Aucklands are subantarctic islands south of New Zealand that
		Islands and their surrounding seas out to 12 nautical miles and recognizes
		The Auckland Islands have the richest flora of all the subantarctic islands
	www.pl.net /5life/marrea.htm (514 words)

	Subantarctic Islands of New Zealand Cruise, Birding Tours & Trips - birding tours, birding cruises - Victor Emanuel ...
		We will visit islands such as the Snares, Campbell, Macquarie, and Bounties to see a host of special penguins, great albatrosses, rare and lesser known petrels, peculiar and endangered island endemics including parrots and a pigeon, plus seals, whales, and dolphins amidst spectacular scenery and amazing wildflowers.
		After a history of exploitation, all of the islands are now protected, and landing access to several of them is prohibited to protect the rarest species and delicate plant life.
		On this special voyage aboard The Spirit of Enderby we will be able to visit all of the islands of special significance and delight in their wildlife treasures.
	www.ventbird.com /cruise/473 (437 words)

	AGPix.com Subject Index
		Ocala FL Save "subantarctic islands" to your personal term list for future reference:
		Search within photographers covering "subantarctic islands" for another coverage term:
		Broadcast a message to photographers covering "subantarctic islands":
	www.agpix.com /search_index.php?termid=12737 (93 words)

	NZ Marine Reserve Safeguards Southern Islands
		The Auckland Islands are high cliffs rising from the Southern Ocean some 800 miles south of New Zealand's Southern Island.
		The application by Director-General of Conservation Hugh Logan says a Auckland Islands Marine Reserve aims to begin the establishment of a marine reserve network that would represent the full range of habitats and ecosystems found in New Zealand's marine environment when fully developed.
		The conservation organization says Waiheke Island, Stewart Island, Wellington South Coast, north Nelson, and Paraninihi are also worthy of legal protection.
	www.ens-newswire.com /ens/jan2003/2003-01-27-02.asp (680 words)

	CDNN Eco News :: New Zealand Marine Reserve Safeguards Southern Islands
		The Aucklands are subantarctic islands south of New Zealand that offer a haven for marine mammals and sea birds.
		Rabbits, goats, cattle, cats, rats, mice and pigs placed on the islands in the early 1800s have been destructive to the natural ecosystem.
		Sea lion pups fall into the remains of rabbit warrens, and albatross breeding grounds are destroyed by pigs.
	www.cdnn.info /eco/e030205a/e030205a.html (672 words)

	Natural history tours & travel with Heritage Expeditions - Subantarctic Islands
		Expeditions to these Islands enable participants to see, experience and photograph wildlife that is found nowhere else in the world.
		Depending on your interest, time and budget we operate "Forgotten Islands of the South Pacific", "Galapagos of Antarctica" and "Birding Down Under" expeditions with a focus on the unique natural history.
		Every expedition aims at maximizing the opportunities for all participants, regardless of their interest with quality time ashore with guides who know the islands and the wildlife.
	www.heritage-expeditions.com /travel/sub-antarcticexpd/index.cfm (227 words)

	The South Atlantic and Subantarctic Islands Pages
		Tristan da Cunha, often called "The Lonely Island" is the remotest inhabited island on earth.
		There are five islands in the Tristan archipelago, Tristan, Inaccessible, Nightingale, Middle and Stoltenhoff.
		A further island, Gough, lies some 320km South-West of Tristan.
	www.btinternet.com /~sa_sa/tristan_da_cunha/tristan_da_cunha.html (133 words)

	Islands of the Southern Ocean - Wikitravel
		Although not a widely familiar name (due to the lack of any permanent population, and the term's relatively recent introduction), it identifies a region that is distinct in many ways from the more hospitable Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans to the north.
		The Southern Ocean is formally defined as the waters south of 60°latitude, but is often broadened to include the waters containing various Subantarctic Islands south of 45°, islands with a distinctly Southern climate and geography (i.e.
		Travel is normally by ship as there are few landing strips for aircraft and most of the islands are beyond the range of helicopters.
	wikitravel.org /en/Islands_of_the_Southern_Ocean (396 words)

	The Subantarctic Islands of New Zealand and Australia
		The purpose of the trip was to study and photograph seabirds and marine mammals on and around several unique and beautiful subantarctic islands located on the Southern Ocean near New Zealand and Australia.
		We visited Snares, Enderby, Auckland, Macquarie (Australia), Antipodes, Bounty, Campbell, and Chatham Islands on a 2382 nautical mile loop that started and ended in the city of Dunedin on the South Island of New Zealand.
		A map of the Southern Ocean from Heritage Expeditions that includes the Subantarctic Islands with hot links to more detailed information about each island.
	www.heinphoto.com /new_zealand/subantarctic_islands.htm (218 words)

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