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Topic: Subarctic climate

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	Climate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Climate in a narrow sense is usually defined as the “average weather”, or more rigorously, as the statistical description in terms of the mean and variability of relevant quantities over a period of time ranging from months to thousands or millions of years.
		Climate in a wider sense is the state, including a statistical description, of the climate system.
		Examples of such climate schemes are the Köppen climate classification or the Thornthwaite climate classification schemes.
	www.bidprobe.com /en/wikipedia/c/cl/climate.html (458 words)

	Climate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Other climate determinants are more dynamic: The Thermohaline circulation of the ocean distributes heat energy between the equatorial and polar regions; other ocean currents do the same between land and water on a more regional scale.
		The variables which determine climate are numerous and the interactions complex but there is general agreement that the broad outlines are understood, at least in so far as the determinates of historical climate change are concerned.
		Climate indices are generally identified or devised with the twin objectives of simplicity and completeness, and each typically represents the status and timing of the climate factor they represent.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Climate (833 words)

	Climate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		When the original conception of climate as a long-term average came to be considered, perhaps towards the end of the 19th century, the idea of climate change was not current, and a 30 year average seemed reasonable (but see note 1).
		Given the current availability of long-term trends in the temperature record, it is harder to give a precise contradiction-free definition of climate: over a 30 year period, averages may shift; over a shorter period, the statistics are less stable.
		Climate regions can be classified on the basis of temperature and precipitation alone.
	www.newlenox.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Climate (532 words)

	Subarctic climate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Regions having a subarctic climate (also called boreal climate) are characterized by very cold winters, and brief, warm summers.
		The subarctic climate is a subset of the continental climate.
		Vegetation in the subarctic climate is generally sparse, as only hardy species can survive the long winters and make use of the short summers.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Subarctic_climate (168 words)

	Visit Siberia Ltd. :: Russia inside :: Climate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Features of a climate of Russia are defined by its geographical position, the sizes and extent of territory from the West to the East and from the North to the South, the big variety of a lay of land.
		But essential changes of climate are observed and within the limits of each zone: as at the movement from the West to the East (climatic areas), and at the movement from the North to the South (zone types of climate).
		The climate renders the big influence on formation of many major branches of economic activities and condition of life of people (so, for example, the most part of territory of Siberia and the Far East is not rendered habitable and it is not mastered because of natural-climatic conditions).
	visitsiberia.com /russia/climate.php (1090 words)

	Russia-NC6 - For Teachers
		Subarctic climate - winter is 40 below zero with permafrost part of the year.
		South of tundra is subarctic forests - conifers - cedar, fir, pine, spruce, soil too poor for farming.
		Steppe, Russian word for plains is south of subarctic and is a vast grassland.
	www.ncsu.edu /chass/extension/russia-nc6/week1unittuesday.html (329 words)

	Arctic: Tree and tundra cover anomalies in the subarctic forest-tundra of northwestern Canada (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Within the high subarctic of northwestern Canada, zonal vegetation is open crown conifer forests, dwarf shrub tundras, and forest-tundras (single-stemmed and clonal spruce and larch in a tundra matrix), and zonal soils are Cryosols and Brunisols.
		Because zonal vegetation is not subjected to extremes of climate or soil conditions, gradients in percent cover of subarctic tree and tundra vegetation generally correspond to synoptic climatic gradients, and assume the form of a sigmoid wave (Timoney et al., 1992, 1993b).
		Factors that might account for the observed vegetation patterns were sought by reference to studies of subarctic climate, soils, parent materials, and vegetation and, for local elevations and landforms, by reference to the airphoto database constructed for this study.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3712/is_199503/ai_n8714074 (1314 words)

	Continental climate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		A continental climate is the climate typical of the interiors of the large continents of the Northern Hemisphere; similar climates exist along the east coasts (but not the west coasts) of the same continents, and also at higher elevations in certain other parts of the world.
		This climate is characterized by winter temperatures cold enough to support a fixed period of stable snow cover each year, and relatively low precipitation occurring mostly in summer - although east coast areas (chiefly in North America) may show an even distribution of precipitation.
		The Midwestern United States and most of Russia are examples of areas of the world with continental climates, which do not exist at all in the Southern Hemisphere due to the lack of broad land masses at high enough latitudes there.
	www.hartselle.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Continental_climate (234 words)

	Subarctic climate -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Regions having a subarctic climate (also called (Click link for more info and facts about boreal climate) boreal climate) are characterized by very cold winters, and brief, warm summers.
		The subarctic climate is a subset of the (Click link for more info and facts about continental climate) continental climate.
		(All the plant life in a particular region) Vegetation in the subarctic climate is generally sparse, as only hardy species can survive the long winters and make use of the short summers.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/s/su/subarctic_climate.htm (124 words)

	Chapter Overview
		The Russian climate is a story of extremes, ranging from the subzero temperatures of eastern Siberia to the humid continental climate of the North European Plain.
		Climate and Vegetation Russia is a country of climate extremes.
		A humid continental climate with milder winters and longer summers dominates the mid-latitudes, where most people live and the majority of Russia's agriculture is located.
	www.glencoe.com /sec/socialstudies/geography/gwg2003/content.php4/146/1 (316 words)

	Botany - Goat Island Complex - Niagara Falls
		These regional climatic fluctuations toward increased dryness may have had a significant effect on components of the present flora of the region as has been assumed by Gordon (1940) bringing about the "death and destruction to mesophytes and hydrophytes" in the regions under these climatic influences, including western New York State.
		Usually these climatic variations are used to explain the presence of species occurring in the east which have an affinity with the western flora.
		Climatic conditions in the immediate vicinity of the cataracts are very complex and it is beyond the scope of this project to provide details as to its character.
	www.mobot.org /plantscience/ResBot/flor/Bot_Goat/12_Clima.htm (2844 words)

	Nearctica - Ecology - Biomes and Habitats - Ecoregions of the United States - Divisions
		The subarctic climate zone coincides with a great belt of needleleaf forest, often referred to as boreal forest, and with the open lichen woodland known as tayga.
		Trewartha (1968) redefined the boundary between C and D climates as the isotherm of 32F (0C) for the coldest month, thereby pushing the climate boundary south to a line extending roughly from St. Louis to New York City.
		Precipitation in these climates ranges from 20 to 40 in (510 to 1,020 mm) per year, and is almost entirely offset by evapotranspiration (see Appendix 2, climate diagram for Fargo, North Dakota).
	www.nearctica.com /ecology/ecoreg/divdesc.htm (3855 words)

	Warm Continental Division (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		South of the eastern area of the subarctic climate, in the region between lat.
		40 and 55 N. and from the continental interior to the east coast, lies the humid warm-summer continental climate.
		Located squarely between the source regions of polar continental air masses to the north and maritime or continental tropical air masses to the south, it is subject to strong seasonal contrasts in temperature as these air masses push back and forth across the continent.
	www.fs.fed.us /colorimagemap/images/210.html (276 words)

	Subarctic Climate
		The subarctic climate is only found in the Northern Hemisphere because there is no large landmass at the same latitude in the the Southern Hemisphere.
		Vast expanses of the subarctic climate stretch across northern North America from Newfoundland to Alaska.
		The subarctic climate is noted for its long cold winters, no wonder given that it is found in the source region for continental polar air masses.
	www.uwsp.edu /geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/climate_systems/subarctic.html (389 words)

	Building America: Climate Regions
		A hot-dry climate is generally defined as a region that receives less than 20 in.
		A cold climate is generally defined as a region with approximately 5,400 heating degree days (65°F basis) or more and fewer than approximately 9,000 heating degree days (65°F basis).
		A subarctic climate is generally defined as a region with approximately 12,600 heating degree days (65° basis) or more.
	www.eere.energy.gov /buildings/building_america/climate_zones.html?print (435 words)

	Central AsiaWeather
		The general climate of the country is typical of arid or semiarid steppe, with cold winters and dry summers.
		A subarctic climate with dry and cold winters dominates the mountain regions of the northeast.
		The climate of the northern plains represents a transition between mountain and steppe climates.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/ops/clouds-centralasia.htm (660 words)

	MSN Encarta - Asia
		Most of Asia’s climates are similar to the interior and eastern-coast climates of North America at similar latitudes.
		South of the subarctic regions is a broad stretch of land having a humid continental climate with short summers.
		In the coastal areas farther north of the equator, such as the southwestern coast of India, the rainy tropical climate is the result of constant moisture-laden winds coming largely from the sea.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761574726_2/Asia.html (1652 words)

	Arctic: Climatic impact on small grain production in the subarctic region of the United States (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The impact of climate on 'Galt' and 'Weal' barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), 'Nip' and 'Toral' oat (Avena sativa L.), and 'Gasser' and 'Park' wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was assessed using climate and grain yield data collected from 1972 to 1989 at Fairbanks.
		The climate of the Subarctic varies across regions and is generally considered suboptimal for producing a wide array of agricultural crops.
		Previous studies suggest that precipitation may be the primary climatic factor causing interannual variation in yield of small grain crops in the Subarctic.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3712/is_200309/ai_n9266624 (1415 words)

	Continental subarctic climate (Dfc, Dfd, Dwc, Dwd) (from climate) -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		North of the humid continental climate, from about 50° to 70° N, in a broad swath extending from Alaska to Newfoundland in North America and from northern Scandinavia to Siberia in Eurasia, lie the continental subarctic climates.
		The study of climate is known as climatology.
		The United States is affected primarily by air masses that blow southward from Canada, north- and eastward from the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico, and westward from the Pacific Ocean.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-53362?tocId=53362 (958 words)

	Encyclopedia: Temperate climate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Regions with a temperate climate are usually characterized by having roughly equally long winters and summers.
		Vegetation in temperate climates is varied, as some species adapted to colder, subarctic climates as well as those adapted to warmer, subtropical climates may survive here at the outer limit of their temperature tolerances.
		Leaf bearing trees dominate this climate close to the coastal regions and ferns dominate the northern region as well as some inland parts.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Temperate-climate (238 words)

	Tundra Climate
		The tundra climate is a transitional climate between the Subarctic and Ice cap climates.
		Polar climates like the tundra are characterized by very cold temperatures and generally dry conditions.
		The tundra climate is found as a nearly unbroken ribbon of land on the Arctic ocean border lands of North America and Eurasia, and along the margins of Greenland.
	www.uwsp.edu /geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/climate_systems/tundra_1.html (559 words)

	Climate in Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The south side of the Brooks Range below 2,500 feet is generally a subarctic climate zone.
		Precipitation is low, averaging 12-18 inches in the west and 8-12 inches in the east.
		Prevailing winds from the east in summer and west in winter are greatly modified by local terrain.
	nps.gov /gaar/Expanded/key_values/natural_resources/climate/climate.htm (211 words)

	Polar Consultants, Canada Immigration (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Taiga is the boreal forest belt that circles the world in the subarctic zone, including most of the Yukon.
		Tundra is the vast, rocky plain in the Arctic regions, where the extreme climate has stunted vegetation.
		Although growth of the agricultural industry is limited by climate and the availability of productive land, new research programs hold promise for the future.
	www.canadaconsult.com /yukon.htm (1620 words)

	Class (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The purpose of this study is to categorize the types of peatlands found in Manitoba based on the vegetation and model their distribution based on climatic variables.
		For example, a subarctic location having mean annual temperature = 2.0 C and mean annual precipitation = 500 mm would have the following types of peatlands associated with it: high-boreal and subarctic poor fens, subarctic peatlands, widespread extreme-rich fens and widespread spring and patterned extreme-rich fens.
		The results of this analysis indicated that the climate produced by the CCC GCM was 78% better than random predictions which, according to the KAPPA statistic, is very good.
	www.cics.uvic.ca /climate/crn/reports96-97/gignac97.htm (917 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: Climatic Impact on Small Grain Production in the Subarctic
		Climate and yield data for barley, oat, and wheat were collected over 8 years at Delta Junction and 15 years at Fairbanks.
		Yield response to individual climatic factors was similar at Delta Junction and Fairbanks, but the number of factors influencing yield differed between locations.
		These seasonal climatic factors accounted for at least 57% of the variation in yield of barley and wheat and for 43% of the variation in yield of oat.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=124685 (414 words)

	Use of thermosyphons in a subarctic climate
		In frozen ground, climatic changes and thermal disturbance might cause thawing and degradation of ground previously frozen.
		The aim of this project was two-fold: to examine how well thermosyphons work in Scandinavia and other parts of the world with similar subarctic climates, and to get an insight into the design methods for thermosyphons and their installations.
		The conclusions of the study were that thermosyphons work in the climate of northern Sweden.
	epubl.luth.se /1402-1757/2002/24 (683 words)

	Geography4Kids.com: Climate: Examples
		The most moist and warm of all the climates on the planet is the tropical rainforest climate.
		The marine west coast climate is characterized by a mild winter and a cool summer.
		The subarctic climate type is the last stretch of land before you get to the polar regions.
	geography4kids.com /files/climate_examples.html (468 words)

	Climate Examples
		This is the most moist and warm of all the climates on the planet.
		This climate is characterized by a mild winter and a cool summer.
		It is often very cold in the winter, that's because these climates are usually far from the oceans.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/kids/science/Geog/Climate/Examples.htm (467 words)

	Outln Ch19
		CLIMATE CLASSIFICATION: The best-known scheme for classifying climates was developed by Wladimir Köppen, who used plant assemblages as reflections of climate to define the major categories.
		Subarctic (Dfc): Also known as the taiga climate after the northern forest type, the subarctic climate is characterized by extreme cold, but with a brief summer interval.
		But there is evidence that humans have already been influencing global climate, for millennia prior to the start of the industrial revolution, by their agricultural practices.
	www.tamuk.edu /Geo/Jordan/f04/es1/co/coch19.htm (1439 words)

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