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	Lake - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The significant input sources are precipitation onto the lake; runoff carried by streams and channels from the lake's catchment area; groundwater channels and aquifers, and man-made sources from outside the catchment area.
		A periglacial lake is one in which part of its margin is formed by an ice sheet, ice cap or glacier, the ice having obstructed the natural drainage of the land.
		A lake may be infilled with deposited sediment, and gradually, the lake becomes a wetland, such as a swamp or marsh.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lake (2223 words)

	Lake Vostok - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lake Vostok is the largest of more than 70 subglacial lakes in Antarctica.
		From this core, specifically from ice that is thought to have formed from lake water freezing onto the base of the ice sheet, evidence has been found, in the form of microbes, to suggest that the lake water supports life.
		Lake Vostok is an oligotrophic extreme environment, one that is supersaturated with oxygen, with oxygen levels 50 times higher than those typically found in ordinary freshwater lakes on Earth.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lake_Vostok (795 words)

	[No title]
		The subglacial topographic expression of the Grímsvötn volcano is a complex of ridges and mounds, covering an area 10-15 km in diameter and rising 300-800 m above the surrounding bedrock (Björnsson, 1988).
		The subglacial lake is located within the caldera, which has been in recent times been the center of geothermal and volcanic activity.
		This interaction of the caldera lake and the presumed shallow magma chamber in the crust is a feedback mechanism: The periodic variations in overburden pressure cause periodic tapping of the magma chamber.
	www.hi.is /~mmh/gos/a12.html (2911 words)

	Lectures 2001
		Lake Vostok is at least 240 km long and 50 km wide, and lies between 3750 m (over the south of the lake) and 4150 m (over the north) beneath the central East Antarctic Ice Sheet.
		Lake Vostok is at least 1000 m deep in the south, and relatively shallow in the north and extreme southwest.
		However, with the disclosure of refrozen lake water at the end of the ice core, aquatic biologists and geochemists were handed their first opportunity to investigate material derived from a subglacial lake.
	www.brlsi.org /proceed02/science0110.htm (1535 words)

	Evidence of bacterial life found in deepest-yet Antarctic ice-core
		"The subglacial lakes of East Antarctica may be among the most isolated ecosystems on Earth and could serve as terrestrial analogues to guide the design of samplers and experiments for life probe missions to the ice-covered ocean of the Jovian moon Europa," concludes Karl.
		Lake Vostok is one of nearly 80 subglacial lakes discovered and mapped using airborne radio-echo soundings and other techniques.
		Roughly the size of Lake Ontario, Lake Vostok is the largest and deepest of the lakes, whose fresh water is kept liquid by the pressure of the overlying ice and, perhaps, by geothermal heating.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/1999-12/UoH-Eobl-081299.php (491 words)

	Encyclopedia: Lake (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Many lakes are artificial and are constructed for hydro-electric power supply, recreation (swimming, wind surfing,...), water supply, etc. Composite Satellite image of Lake Eyre using shortwave infrared, near-infrared, and blue wavelengths.
		Finland is known as The Land of the Thousands Lakes (actually there are 187,888 lakes in Finland, 60,000 of them are big ones) and Minnesota is known as The Land of Ten Thousand Lakes.
		Lake pigments are made by precipitating dye on an inert substance, such as calcium sulphate.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Lake (925 words)

	Subglacial Lake Research and Exploration — Portal
		The remoteness and the difficulty of the challenge to enter the lake, retrieve water, pass through the lake and retrieve sediment, and do all of this through four kilometers of ice in a way that prevents lake contamination is a no small order.
		While it may be a while before an international collaborative mechanism is agreed to conduct subglacial lake exploration, interested parties should be developing plans to contribute to the wide range of challenges that will need to be addressed if this ambitious program is to be accomplished.
		Lake Vostok is the largest of the known subglacial lakes, and is a logical long-term target for subglacial exploration through in situ instrumentation and sample return. However, there are clear benefits to a staged, progressive scientific program that includes:
	salepo.tamu.edu /overview/index_html (1005 words)

	Antarctica News Archives - Antarctic Connection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Lake Vostok, which lies buried under thousands of meters of ice high on the Antarctic Plateau, is thought to be home to unique habitats and microorganisms.
		The lake water captured by the moving ice sheet was carried as layers of ice over Lake Vostok's eastern shoreline, and then eastward away from the lake.
		Lake Vostok is thought to be one of the world's largest, 48 kilometers (30 miles) wide by 225 kilometers (140 miles) long and 914 meters (3,000 feet) deep.
	www.antarcticconnection.com /antarctic/news/2002/03230202.shtml (744 words)

	ABSTRACT: Dynamics of sedimentation into subglacial Lake Mcgregor, south-central Alberta, Canada. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Sedimentary evidence demonstrates that the lake was ephemeral during its early existence as it filled and drained often.
		Gradual drainage of the lake resulted in recoupling of the ice with the bed and the deposition of melt-out till from the base of the ice.
		Subglacial Lake McGregor may have been one of many lakes that existed beneath the Laurentide Ice Sheet near the last glacial maximum.
	cgrg.geog.uvic.ca /abstracts/Munro-StasiukDynamicsIt.html (225 words)

	IPY: International Polar Year
		The aim of the project is to quantify physical, chemical and microbiological processes within Lake Ellsworth, a 10 km long West Antarctic subglacial lake, through direct measurement and sampling of lake water and sediment (and laboratory analysis).
		Fieldwork, involving seismic and radar sounding of the lake floor and ice base, and surface measurements of the flow and accumulation of ice, is planned for 2006-7.
		Subglacial lake environments have been hypothesised as habitats for unique, extremophile microbial life during the past decade.
	www.ipy.org /development/eoi/details.php?id=22 (1361 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Subglacial ecosystems, in particular subglacial lake ecosystems are extreme oligotrophic environments.
		One lake, Lake Vostok, is sufficiently large to be clearly identified from space with satellite altimetry.
		Lake Vostok is similar to Lake Ontario in area but with a much larger volume including measured water depths of 600 meters.
	www.cs.utexas.edu /users/yguan/NSFAbstracts/Abstracts/O_D/OPP.O_D.a9978236.txt (495 words)

	Michael Studinger's Lake Vostok Homepage
		This lake is a large system and represents the closest analogue to Europa the ice covered Jovian moon and to a Neoproterozoic subglacial environment.
		Lake Vostok was identified in 1996 by Russian and British scientists (Kapitsa et al., 1996) who integrated data ranging from down-hole seismics, star observations and airborne ice-penetrating radar to new spaceborne altimetric observations.
		The horizontal extent of the lake is estimated from the flat surface (0.01 degrees) observed in the ERS-1 ice surface altimetry.
	www.ldeo.columbia.edu /~mstuding/vostok.html (501 words)

	ellsworth home (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Life in subglacial lakes must adapt to total darkness, low nutrient levels, high water pressures and isolation from the atmosphere.
		Drilling, sampling and studying subglacial lakes remotely and without causing their contamination represents a considerable physical and technological challenge.
		The proposed exploration of Lake Ellsworth is a component of a plan to explore Antarctic Subglacial Lake Environments (a SCAR research programme).
	www.ggy.bris.ac.uk /ellsworth (352 words)

	Articles - Lake (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The deepest lake is Lake Baikal in Siberia, with a bottom at 1,741 m (5,712 ft.) and is the world's largest freshwater lake by volume.
		Lake Maracaibo is the largest lake in South America.
		Saimaa is the largest lake in Finland (the land of 187,888 lakes).
	www.dcustom.com /articles/Lake (2159 words)

	AW2002 Abstract: Anderson
		Assuming that peak discharges are related to lake volume (Clague and Mathews, 1973), differences in peak flood stage measured in the Kennicott River over a number of years also suggest that the lake drains at different levels each year.
		That Donoho Falls Lake maintained a steady high level for about a day suggests that subglacial conduits grew at a rate sufficient to accommodate both increasing discharge from HCL and background melt water from the remainder of the glacier.
		We hypothesize that catastrophic drainage occurs when the head gradient between the lake and subglacial drainage system near the lake is sufficient to open a Rothlisberger conduit, and that this condition is met only when head in the distributed flow system near the lake falls below the head in the lake.
	www.colorado.edu /Research/INSTAAR/ArcticWS/get_abstr.html?id=70 (1192 words)

	Science Project Number GS-098-O / 2000-2001 Field Season (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Subglacial ecosystems, in particular subglacial lake ecosystems, are deficient in plant nutrients (oligotrophic), and they have extremely high levels of dissolved oxygen.
		Our goal is to determine the fundamental boundary conditions for this subglacial lake as an essential first step toward understanding the physical processes within the lake.
		To estimate the subglacial topography from gravity data in areas where the ice-penetrating radar will be unable to recover the depth of the lake, we will modify and use field methods widely used in the oil industry.
	www.polar.org /science/SciPlanSummaries/sps00/00_GS_098_O.htm (1076 words)

	Lake Vostok (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Since the discovery of Lake Vostok, 76 similar lakes have been found in Antarctica, one of which is under the South Pole.
		Lake Vostok is a large (10000 square km) liquid subglacial lake situated over 3.5 km below the ice surface at 77S, 105E.
		The water in the lake is at least 400 Million years old, meaning that what ever has been trapped with it has existed in a pristine environment since then.
	www.70south.com /resources/environment/vostok (529 words)

	[No title]
		Lake Vostok, the largest subglacial lake in Antarctica, is located below the 4000 m thick Antarctic Ice Sheet, and represents a unique site for microbial investigation due to the extreme physical and biological conditions present.
		However, the lake water itself has yet to be sampled due to concerns of forward contamination of the water by the current drilling technique.
		The flow line of the glacier across the lake includes a grounding line (shoreline), a shallow embayment (represented by ice cores from 3540-3584 m), a peninsula, and the grounding line (shoreline) of the open lake (represented by ice cores from 3584-3593 m) followed by the open lake (ice cores below 3608 m).
	personal.bgsu.edu /~tdelia/lakevostok.html (455 words)

	www.rian.ru
		"The lake's main mystery is that we'll for the first time extract what existed according to the entirely different laws of evolution several million years ago without contact with the present-day atmosphere," the researcher said.
		Deep ice drilling above the relict lake was suspended in the late 1990s, when the well leading towards the unique subglacial water body reached 3,623 meters.
		Researchers of the ice taken from the well and upcoming study of Lake Vostok can be crucial for knowing more about the climate and evolution of life on our planet.
	en.rian.ru /science/20050513/39980722-print.html (277 words)

	News Archives from Antarctica - Antarctic Connection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Lake Vostok, beneath Russia's Vostok Station, is one of the largest of these subglacial lakes, comparable in size and depth to Lake Ontario, one of the North American Great Lakes.
		Exploration of the lake to confirm that life exists will be an international effort and will require the development of ultra-clean technologies to prevent contaminating the waters.
		Lake Vostok's physical characteristics have led scientists to argue that it might serve as an earthbound analog for Europa, a moon of Jupiter.
	www.antarcticconnection.com /antarctic/news/2002/060102vostok.shtml (601 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Three nations to share Vostok ice core
		There is huge excitement about the sub-glacial lake because it may have been isolated from the outside world for 2-10 million years and could contain lifeforms never before documented by researchers.
		The ice core was drilled in 1998, to learn more about the subglacial lake known to exist under the ice at Russia's Vostok Station, high on the polar plateau.
		Plans for a future subglacial lake exploration and research are scheduled for discussion at an upcoming meeting in Shanghai, China in July.
	news.bbc.co.uk /hi/english/sci/tech/newsid_2014000/2014504.stm (544 words)

	Lake Vostok - New Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The new model suggests that microbes found recently in the layer of refrozen lake water (attached to the bottom of the overlying glacier ice) may not be representative of life forms throughout the lake.
		The lake, which is thought to be at least 20 million years old, is subject to high pressure, low temperatures (-3°C) and in permanent darkness, so no photosynthesis occurs.
		Lake Vostok is the only subglacial lake that is known as yet to have a substantial water depth.
	www.antarctica.ac.uk /News_and_Information/Press_Releases/2001/20011204.html (698 words)

	Scientific workshop on the Antarctic subglacial Lake Vostok (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Lake Vostok, about the size of Lake Ontario, is the largest of over 70 sub-glacial lakes in Antarctica.
		The most likely scenario is that the lakes developed after the ice sheet had reached its present thickness and that the lakes have always been sealed from the atmosphere.
		It is thought that Lake Vostok may have similarities with the sub-glacial oceans that are thought to exist on the Jovian moon, Europa.
	www.antarctica.ac.uk /News_and_Information/Press_Releases/1999/19990920.html (835 words)

	The Strangest Home on Earth, Science News Online (10/2/99)
		Lake Vostok is the largest of these, stretching 280 km from south to north and some 60 km from east to west, roughly the size of Lake Ontario but twice as deep.
		At the station, which sits at the southern end of the lake, the water depth appears to be 500 m, according to seismic experiments carried out by Russian researchers.
		To study the lake's sediments, scientists need to drill through the ice, sterilize the probe before entering the lake, pass the instrument through hundreds of meters of lake water, bore into the sediments below, then pull the samples back up through the ice.
	www.sciencenews.org /sn_arc99/10_2_99/bob1.htm (2528 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Frosty bacteria are thriving in Grímsvötn lake, trapped between fire and ice.
		The lake, which is up to 100 metres deep, is covered by a 300-metre thick ice-sheet, but heat rising from the volcano below stops it from freezing entirely.
		But it is possible that the microbes hail from elsewhere and were transported to Lake Vostok as the glacier moved across the Antarctic.
	www.nature.com /news/2004/040712/pf/040712-6_pf.html (517 words)

	The Antarctic Sun (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Lake Vostok's size, age and secrets have captured the interest of scientists and the general public since it was recognized in 1994.
		The expansive, ice-covered lake is in a precarious and tantalizing position.
		Those holes are filled by lake water, which freezes to the ice sheet as it crosses.
	www.polar.org /antsun/oldissues2001-2002/2001_1118/vostok.html (1324 words)

	Honolulu Star-Bulletin Local News
		He found the microbes in a fragment of "accreted ice," believed to be liquid water from the lake that froze and was recovered in an ice core.
		Lake Vostok has attracted international scientific interest because it may contain remnants of the Earth in an ecosystem that evolved over millions of years.
		Lake Vostok is the largest and deepest of nearly 80 subglacial lakes discovered and mapped with airborne radio-echo soundings and other techniques.
	starbulletin.com /1999/12/09/news/story1.html (1070 words)

	Estimating the depth and shape of subglacial Lake Vostok's water cavity from aerogravity data
		We use aerogravity data to estimate the water depth of subglacial Lake Vostok in East Antarctica.
		Lake Vostok consists of two sub-basins separated by a ridge with very shallow water depths.
		Citation: Studinger, M. Bell, and A. Tikku (2004), Estimating the depth and shape of subglacial Lake Vostok's water cavity from aerogravity data, Geophys.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2004/2004GL019801.shtml (244 words)

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