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Topic: Subgroups of the Han nationality

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	Australian Information from Wikipedia
		Han Chinese all speak some form of Chinese languages; one of the names of the language group is Hanyu (Traditional Chinese: æ¼¢èª; Simplified Chinese: æ±è¯), literally the "Han language".
		Han Chinese have played a major role in the development of the arts, sciences, philosophy, and mathematics throughout history.
		Today, Hui Chinese are considered a separate nationality, but aside from their practice of Islam, little distinguishes them from the Han; two Han from different regions might differ more in language, customs, and culture than a neighboring Han and Hui.
	www.thinkingaustralia.com /thinking_australia/wikipedia/default.php?title=Han_Chinese (2355 words)

	Han Chinese
		Han Chinese (Simplified Chinese: 汉族; Traditional Chinese: 漢族; Hanyu pinyin: hànzú) is a term which refers to the majority ethnic group within China and the largest single human ethnic group in the world.
		The term "Han Chinese" is used to distinguish the majority from the various minorities in and around China.
		Han Chinese speak many varieties of Chinese spoken languages which are generally labelled as different Chinese dialects although the difference among them can be as great as seen in many European languages.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/h/ha/han_chinese.html (1706 words)

	China's Ethnic Reawakening
		The rest of the population is divided into 55 official "minority" nationalities that are mostly concentrated along the borders, such as the Mongolians and Uyghurs in the north and the Zhuang, Yi, and Bai in southern China, near southeast Asia.
		But the concept of Han nationality (Han minzu) is an entirely modern phenomenon that arose with the shift from the Chinese empire to the modern nation-state (Duara 1995: 47).
		The Han were seen as a unified group distinct from the "internal" foreigners-- within their borders the Manchus, Tibetans, Mongols, and Hui--as well as the "external" foreigners-- on their frontiers, namely the Western and Japanese imperialists.
	www.ndu.edu /inss/symposia/pacific2000/gladneypaper.htm (6115 words)

	Chinese Language Encyclopedia Article @ 4cx.com (4 cx) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		From a purely language point of view, "languages" and "dialects" are simply arbitrary groups of similar The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy, and the distinction is irrelevant to linguists who are only concerned with describing regional speeches scientifically.
		The idea of Chinese as a language family may suggest that China consists of several different nations, challenge the notion of a single Learn to Speak Chinese "Chinese honorifics," and legitimize secessionist movements.
		Chinese Han unification is strictly bound to a set number of Chinese characters with a fairly rigid construction which are the cleanup, the smallest building blocks, of the language.
	www.4cx.com /encyclopedia/Chinese_language (6343 words)

	Han Chinese information - Search.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Han Chinese is a subset of the Chinese nation (zhonghua minzu).
		Southern Han Chinese just south of the Yangtze River (see Hubei and Shanghai) are closer to their northern Han counterparts than to the southern Han Chinese further south.
		Recent genetic studies have shown genetic differences, especially between Han Chinese in the southernmost coastal and inland areas (Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Guizhou, Yunnan, Hainan, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan) and Han Chinese in the rest of China.
	c10-ss-1-lb.cnet.com /reference/Han_Chinese (2164 words)

	Han Chinese information - Search.com
		Han Chinese (Simplified Chinese: 汉族; Traditional Chinese: 漢族; Pinyin: hànzú) is a term which refers to the majority ethnic group within China and the largest single human ethnic group in the world.
		In addition, the Han Dynasty is considered a high point in Chinese civilization, able to project its power far into Central and Northeast Asia.
		Northern Han and southern Han have significant genetic differences in their maternal sides (mitochondrial DNA) the further south and southeast the sampled population groups are (see Guangdong and Fujian).
	www.search.com /reference/Han_Chinese (2163 words)

	The Unreached Peoples Prayer Profiles. China - Land of Diversity
		Many nationalities were provided with a writing system for their language for the first time; others had their systems reformed.
		In all nationality areas some religious buildings were taken over for other purposes, such as schools or museums, but others were left to house clergy or for the worship of the people.
		Yet deference of foreign nations in the interest of the political and economic open-door policy of China is probably a decisive factor in allowing expanded religious activity.
	www.islamawareness.net /Asia/China/Diversity/china2.html (3555 words)

	China Minority groups (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		However, the studies showed that a large number of those who claimed to be separate nationalities were actually members of the same group, that other different groups belonged to the same nationality but used different names, and still others were Han who for historical reasons had no clear identity of their origins.
		In identifying a nationality in China, two basic determinations had to be made: (1) whether the group was a national minority or a part of the Han nationality; and (2) if an ethnic minority, did it constitute an independent nationality or only part of such a nationality.
		One hundred years ago, however, the members of this nationality living in China officially declared themselves Mongolians to avoid oppression by the then-ruling Qing dynasty, and to enjoy the favored status of the Mongolians, who were allies of the Manchurian court.
	www.ehalal.net /china/Chineseminorities.htm (1085 words)

	China's Ethnic Divisions Are Showing Up and Could Cause Trouble
		The Han are thought to be united by a common history, culture and written language.
		The 55 official "minority" nationalities are mostly concentrated along China's borders, like the Mongolians and Uygurs in the north and the Zhuang, Yi and Bai in southern China near Southeast Asia.
		While the Han population grew by 10 percent in the eight years to 1990, the minority population grew by 35 percent overall in the same period, to 91 million from 67 million.
	www.iht.com /articles/1995/02/22/eddru.php (892 words)

	Amazon.com: "nationality areas": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		One implication is thatcadres inminority nationality areas should, as faras possible, belong to the relevantminorities.
		autonomy, the minority nationalities were to hold effective control in their own areas.
		One implication is that cadres in minority nationality areas should, as far as possible, belong to the relevant minorities.
	www.amazon.com /phrase/nationality-areas (499 words)

	c d Ethnolinguistic Groups of China 871
		Mandarin was imposed as the national language early in the 20th century and has become the lingua franca, but like Swahili in Africa it must often be learned in school and is rarely used in everyday life in many areas.
		This process of national unification based on an invented majority at the expense of a few isolated minorities is one widely documented in Asia and not unique to China (see Gladney 1998).
		The next decade may see the resurgence of Tang nationalism in southern China in opposition to northern Han nationalism, especially as economic wealth in the south eclipses that of the north.
	www.cntravel.biz /c/d/Ethnolinguistic-Groups-of-China--871.shtml (5750 words)

	Subgroups of the Han ethnicity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		These two terms are mostly used in Mainland and Taiwan, respectively, referring to subgroups of the population known as the Han Chinese, whose mother tongue are languages of the Sinitic linguistic family, and who do not belong to one of People's Republic of China's 56 official minority ethnic groups of China.
		Han subgroups are most easily grouped according to dialects, into several major groups:
		Other minor subgroups include speakers of the Ping Chinese dialect, Danjia (Tanka), Peranakans, and Chuanqing people of Guizhou who are in the process of being assimilated by their more dominant neighbors.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Subgroups_of_the_Han_nationality (192 words)

	Population Index - Volume 58 - Number 3
		A total of 162,902 girls, aged 7-22 years, of Han nationality and 34,232 girls, aged 7-18, of 27 minority nationalities were sampled.
		A comparison of expected length of life at birth among selected industrialized nations is presented, with a focus on the longevity ranking of the United States.
		The concepts of nationality, the nation, and the state are also discussed.
	popindex.princeton.edu /browse/v58/n3/j.html (5178 words)

	Triad article Page 1
		Excepting those Africans whose ancestors were slaves, or willing migrants, they are the largest single expatriate minority nationality on earth.” (Booth 3) A large portion of these migrants have relocated themselves to the United States of America, but no matter what location these migrants have placed themselves in, Triad societies have inevitably followed.
		Those persons from a particular province or town tend to feel they have a bond with others they meet from the same area, i.e., Fujian province, even though they may have never have met before their migration to a foreign country.
		(Schirokauer 226) To the native Han Chinese of China it was an aristocracy of suppressing foreigners.
	www.geocities.com /leixiaojie/Triads (1782 words)

	Connecticut College China Yunnan/Mekong Project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Today, Dai mountain villages, on the Lancang-Mekong river route with four national ports, are one of the most important channels between Yunnan and Southeast Asia.
		The total population of the Wa Nationality is 351,000 in China, and 347,000 in southwest Yunnan, bordering Myanmar by the government.
		With a population of more than eight million people, the Yi nationality is one of the largest ethnic minorities of China.
	www.conncoll.edu /events/yunnan/people.html (1633 words)

	Chinese language - Article from FactBug.org - the fast Wikipedia mirror site (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Chinese language, spoken in the form of Standard Mandarin, is the official language of the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China on Taiwan, as well as one of four official languages of Singapore, and one of six official languages of the United Nations.
		Spoken in the form of Standard Cantonese, Chinese is one of the official languages of Hong Kong (together with English) and of Macao (together with Portuguese).
		To some, the description of Chinese as a language family implies that China should actually be considered several different nations, and challenges the notion that there is a single Han Chinese "race".
	www.factbug.org /cgi-bin/a.cgi?a=5751 (5466 words)

	China: A Tower of Babel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		As the mainstream majority ethnic group, the Han accounts for 93% of China's entire population of 1.2 billion.
		Putonghua is defined as the common language of the Han nationality with the Beijing dialect as its phonetic standard, the Northern dialect as its basic vocabulary, and modern popular literature as its grammatical model(Chinese Etimology, 1999, p.362).
		In fact, there are seven major regional variations of the Han language, widely spoken across the country.
	www.library.csi.cuny.edu /shen/chinaBabel.html (304 words)

	Chinese language - TvWiki, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Chinese language, spoken in the form of Standard Mandarin, is the official language of the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China on Taiwan, as well as one of four official languages of Singapore (together with English, Malay, and Tamil).
		And the Taiwanese identity incorporates Taiwanese aborigines, who are not considered Han Chinese because they speak Austronesian languages, predate Han Chinese settlement, and are culturally and genetically linked to other Austronesian-speaking peoples such as Polynesians.
		In 100 AD, the famed scholar Xushen in the Han Dynasty classified characters into 6 categories, only 4% as pictographs, and 82% as phonetic complexes consisting of a radical element that indicates meaning, and a phonetic element that arguably once indicated the pronunciation.
	www.tvwiki.tv /wiki/Chinese_language (6828 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Han Chinese
		The Han is an ethnic group originating from China.
		The specific words used in Chinese language such as Zhōngguó rén and Zhonghua minzu actually refer to Chinese citizens.
		Han Chinese all speak some form of Chinese languages; one of the names of the language group is Hanyu literally the "Han language".
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Han_Chinese (2200 words)

	Arthritis Research & Therapy \| Full text \| Lack of association between mannose-binding lectin gene polymorphisms ...
		According to the ILAR criteria, the patients with JIA in our study were divided into five subgroups: 26 patients with systemic-onset JIA, 23 patients with rheumatoid factor (RF)-negative polyarthritis, 15 patients with RF-positive polyarthritis, 16 patients with oligoarthritis and 13 patients with enthesitis-related arthritis.
		The heterozygous type was observed in all the subgroups of patients with JIA, including 6 patients with systemic-onset JIA, 6 patients with RF-negative polyarthritis, 5 patients with RF-positive polyarthritis, 3 patients with oligarthritis and 4 patients with enthesitis-related arthritis.
		However, MBL gene mutation might have a role in the early diagnosis of the subgroups of JIA.
	arthritis-research.com /content/8/4/R85 (2345 words)

	Phula People
		In China, they are included with the Yi nationality, and they do have some linguistic similarity with the other Yi groups.
		Although the Vietnamese government considers the Phula to be one minority group, the Phula are actually divided into seven distinct subgroups, (Phula Han, Xa Pho, Phula Hoa, Phula Den, Phula Trang, Chu La Phula, Bo Kho Pa).
		Some or all of these subgroups are probably separate ethno-linguistic people groups.
	www.vnpeoples.org /Phula (136 words)

	famous-chinese: Chinese (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Spoken in the form of Standard Cantonese, Chinese is one of the official languages of Hong Kong (together with English) and of Macau (together with Portuguese language).
		Moreover, the government of the People's Republic of China officially states that China is a multinational state, and that the term “Chinese” refers to a broader concept Zhonghua Minzu that incorporates groups that do not natively speak Chinese, such as Tibetan people, Uyghurs, and Mongols.
		It is compounded by the fact that spoken variations evolved for centuries, since at least the late Han Dynasty, while written Chinese changed much less.
	www.famous-chinese.com /wiki/Chinese (6350 words)

	Review of James S. Olson, An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of China
		When such context is ignored, we miss more than half the story: the result is an illusory separation from those historical processes of ethnogenesis and social transformations at work on China's ethnic frontiers which are from time to time tentatively mentioned in the book.
		But the uninitiated reader consulting this book is left to believe that all the subgroup terms must have separate living groups of people as their referents.
		In short, there is little indication of how ethnonyms past and present have been used within ethnonymic systems, and little or nothing on their history.
	www.hartford-hwp.com /archives/55/477.html (1232 words)

	Amazon.com: "majority nationality": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Rather, it is predominately a clash between the political dominance of a majority nationality, the Han, and the political subordination of a minority nationality, the Tibetans.
		The Han (the official majority nationality of China) are also relatively recent immigrants to Xinjiang.
		Conversely, the real foundation of Soviet victory was the patriotism of the majority nationality of the U.S.S.R., the Great Russians, always the core of the Red Army, to which the Soviet regime appealed in...
	www.amazon.com /phrase/majority-nationality (489 words)

	USCPFA Center for Teaching About China (CTAC) Costumes Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		There are eleven subgroups of Hani people, speaking one of three different dialects.
		The Tibetan nationality is one of the largest minority groups living within China, most of whom reside in the western provinces.
		The Jing Nationality is one of the smallest in China.
	www.uscpfa.org /ctaccostume.html (3788 words)

	Chinese Information Center - chinese tattoos
		Furthermore, for some, suggesting that Chinese is more correctly described as multiple languages implies that the notion of a single Chinese language and a single Chinese state or nationality is backward, oppressive, chinese language artificial, and out of touch with reality.
		Moreover, the government of the People's Republic of China officially states that China is a multinational state, and that the term "Chinese" refers to a broader concept Zhonghua Minzu that incorporates groups that do not natively speak Chinese, such as chinese horoscopes Tibetans, Uyghurs, and Mongols.
		It is compounded by the fact that spoken variations evolved for centuries, chinese crested since at chinese names least the late Han Dynasty, while written Chinese changed much less.
	www.scipeeps.com /Sci-Official_Languages_A_-_C/Chinese.html (6769 words)

	Hani and Akha subgroups
		Yunnan has a larger number of Tibeto-Burman language related minority groups who in earlier centuries were characterised by the Han as 'Man' (barbarians) or Ch'iang (Sainson, 1904; Wiens, 1967).
		It rather resembles a change of nationality status in the contemporary world.
		After the Tang Pang generation the genealogical system branches into several major directions with long lines of up to forty-five generations (in which case totalling up to seventy since M and M-ma).
	www.hani-akha.org /mpcd/hani-akha/subgroups.html (2426 words)

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