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Topic: Subirrigation

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	Subirrigation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In agriculture, subirrigation is a method of irrigation used in commercial greenhouse operations.
		Three basic types of subirrigation system are in general use: ebb-and-flow (bench-mounted enclosures holding pots are filled and then drained); trough (water is flowed through bench-mounted, slightly sloping enclosures containing pots); and flooded floor (special sloped concrete flooring is flooded and drained).
		Subirrigation has been growing in popularity since the 1990s.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Subirrigation (141 words)

	Facts about topic: (Subirrigation) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Water (Binary compound that occurs at room temperature as a clear colorless odorless tasteless liquid; freezes into ice below 0 degrees centigrade and boils above 100 degrees centigrade; widely used as a solvent) is delivered from below, absorb (additional info and facts about absorb) ed upwards, and the excess collected for reuse.
		Subirrigation has been growing in popularity since the 1990s (The decade from 1990 to 1999).
		Advantages are water and nutrient (Any substance that can be metabolized by an organism to give energy and build tissue) conservation ((physics) the maintenance of a certain quantities unchanged during chemical reactions or physical transformations), and labor (Productive work (especially physical work done for wages)) -saving.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/s/su/subirrigation.htm (176 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		One commenter, in addition to noting concern with deletion of technical factors describing subirrigation, also expressed a concern that no reference was included in the rule or the preamble to guidelines which could assist in determination as to the presence or absence of subirrigation.
		Under the final definition, "subirrigation" means the supplying of water to plants from underneath or from a semisaturated or saturated subsurface zone where water is available for use by vegetation.
		Therefore, when the definition of subirrigation is considered in association with other terms related to alluvial valley floor protection (e.g., alluvial valley floors and agricultural activities), the term relates primarily to vegetative species which are useful from an agricultural standpoint.
	www.osmre.gov /federalregister/48fr29802.txt (18383 words)

	OPERATING CONTROLLED DRAINAGE AND SUBIRRIGATION SYSTEMS
		Usually a weir is placed in the control structure so that the water level in the drainage outlet has to rise higher than the weir crest before the water will flow out of the field.
		Subirrigation offers little advantage to placing the tubing deeper unless the lower layer is more permeable than the overlying layers.
		On systems which are designed for controlled drainage or subirrigation, the water control structure does not need to be lowered after heavy rains provided the system is being operated and managed as it was designed.
	www.bae.ncsu.edu /programs/extension/evans/ag356.html (2768 words)

	TrueLeaf Technologies - Tech Articles - Subirrigation - Troubled waters article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Subirrigation has a track record as a relatively safe method of irrigation, but the USDA’s Action Plan has muddied the water.
		Fresh cuttings (such as unrooted geraniums) rarely are rooted in subirrigation, simply because it’s easier to control the amount of water in tiny soil volumes using overhead irrigation.
		Subirrigation is an excellent means of reducing foliar diseases in the greenhouse, because it eliminates a major source of leaf wetness.
	www.trueleaf.net /html-tech/articles-subirrigation.html (1440 words)

	Floriculture: Fact Sheets: Specific Crops: Subirrigating seed geraniums with Bonzi
		Plants subirrigated with "full strength" bonzi solutions (i.e., the stock tank solutions were not diluted by adding fresh fertilizer solution) and Bonzi solutions gradually diluted to 80 and 60% of full strength over the four week treatment period had the greatest suppressive effects on plant growth.
		Plants subirrigated with Bonzi solutions gradually diluted to 40 and 20% of full strength over four weeks were taller, larger in diameter, had bigger leaves, and greater shoot fresh weight than plants receiving the "full strenght" solution.
		Subirrigating with lower levels (10% of the active ingredient (a.i.) applied to the plants getting one subirrigation treatment) of Bonzi 11 times over a 4 weeks period was as effective as one subirrigation treatment for controlling growth.
	www.umass.edu /umext/floriculture/fact_sheets/specific_crops/bonzi_geranseed.htm (1467 words)

	Agricultural Drainage, Bulletin 871-98 Ohio: Subirrigation and Ground-Water Quality
		Subirrigation is a form of water table management that provides both drainage and irrigation requirements for crops with one subsurface system.
		Nitrate-N and atrazine concentrations were measured in shallow ground water beneath conventional subsurface drainage and subirrigation/drainage systems for corn and soybean from 1991 to 1997 at the Northwest Branch Station of OARDC near Hoytville, Ohio.
		The lowest concentrations were reported for subirrigation with a constant water table under both corn and soybean.
	ohioline.osu.edu /b871/b871_11.html (710 words)

	Floriculture: Fact Sheets: Greenhouse Management: Subirrigation for Greenhoues Crops
		Subirrigation is becoming an increasingly common way of watering and fertilizing greenhouse crops in Massachusetts.
		Since the growth medium tends to accumulate salts with subirrigation it is critical to be able to test for EC on a regular basis without having to wait for results from a commercial lab.
		The general rule for fertilizing subirrigated plants is to use one-half the rate (ppm) of fertilizer normally applied by overhead irrigation.
	www.umass.edu /umext/floriculture/fact_sheets/greenhouse_management/ghsubirr.html (1940 words)

	INTERIORSCAPE Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Subirrigation coupled with a good capillary media soil reaches the point of saturation (field capacity) by the process of capillary action.
		However, given proper water by volume in a well-balanced subirrigation system, overwatering is minimized.
		Now bear this in mind, if a low-light condition is so low that a plant doesn't stand a rat's chance at a cat convention, then subirrigation may not give you any advantage.
	www.interiorscape.com /liu/liuja192.html (423 words)

	LICO Factsheet No. 2 - Subirrigation
		Recharge of the soil moisture that is needed for plant growth is reduced and plants suffer.
		Subirrigation is a practice that has gained acceptance in the northern USA and Quebec.
		Subirrigation may have a place on your farm.
	www.drainage.org /factsheets/fs2.htm (493 words)

	Features Vol 44 No 3-1 A Novel Approach to Agricultural Water Management: Wetland Reservoir Subirrigation Systems
		Subirrigation requires a closer spacing between drain lines, often 33 to 50 % of what is typically used for conventional subsurface drainage alone.
		Surface and subsurface drainage from all 45 acres of corn and soybean cropland are routed, via two 1.5-hp submersible pumps contained in a concrete sump: to either a 1.95 acre, 2.3 million-gal capacity wetland; or a 3.0 acre, 3.4 million-gal capacity reservoir.
		Subirrigation, especially in dry years, can increase average annual crop yeilds over what normally can be obtained in fields with burried pipe used for subsurface drainage only.
	www.landandwater.com /features/vol44no3/vol44no3_1.html (2414 words)

	Prinsco - Industry News
		Subirrigation is usually effective in soils that have a soil layer of low permeability located below the subsurface drains.
		Subirrigation is best suited for flat or gently sloping lands (less than 1% slope) because uniform depth to the water table is much easier to maintain.
		If the soil is not capable of responding to subirrigation, or if there is not a reliable and sufficient water supply available, then the potential for success with subirrigation is greatly reduced.
	www.prinsco.com /newstory.cfm?ID=47 (2337 words)

	MO Ag Experiment Station - Greenley Research Center
		MUDS research was initiated to determine the suitability of claypan soils for drainage and a drainage/subirrigation (DSI) water-table management system, and to evaluate the effect of the systems on corn and soybean grain yield at different drain tile spacings compared to non-drained claypan soil.
		Subirrigation of soybean was initiated in August, 2003 and corn was not subirrigated in 2003.
		There was no interaction between nitrogen treatments and water table management system; therefore, data were averaged over five nitrogen treatments and the main effect was presented (non-treated, 125 lb N as urea/a, 125 lb N as ESN/a, 250 lb N as urea/a, and 250 lb N as ESN/a).
	aes.missouri.edu /greenley/research/muds.stm (1418 words)

	Subirrigation with perforated drainage pipe Fred Edwards and David Bainbridge Use of subirrigation with a ...
		Subirrigation with perforated drainage pipe Fred Edwards and David Bainbridge Use of subirrigation with a perforated pipe delivery
		Use of subirrigation with a perforated pipe delivery system was tested in the upper Mojave Desert at Fort Irwin on a native plant windbreak that is 0.5 miles long.
		Subirrigation with buried slotted drainage pipe was effective and economical.
	www.sci.sdsu.edu /SERG/techniques/subirrigation.html (894 words)

	Drip Irrigation and Subirrigation of Sugarcane (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		The results show that the soil moisture content in the profile with the subirrigation system is much greater than with the drip irrigation system.
		Before canopy closure of the plant cane, ET from drip irrigation is significantly lower than from subirrigation; whereas, after canopy closure for the two ratoons, the ET from drip irrigation is significantly higher than from subirrigation.
		About 95 kg and 109 kg of water are required to produce 1 kg of cane yield for drip irrigation and subirrigation, respectively.
	www.pubs.asce.org /WWWdisplay.cgi?8800488 (130 words)

	Jim Owen's Homepage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Like subirrigation, water is provided to the cutting through capillary action from a reservoir of water maintained in the propagation tray.
		In the future, recirculating subirrigation, a hybrid of hydropropagation and subirrigation, might be installed affordably into existing greenhouses by filling modified ebb-and-flow benches with perlite rooting medium.
		A secondary objective is to evaluate recirculating subirrigation as an industry tool by comparing it to common propagation techniques (mist and fog) through evaluation of costs and benefits during rooting and during the after-growth of rooted cuttings.
	www.uri.edu /personal/jowe6700/recsub.html (410 words)

	Water House Plants with Subirrigation - Self Watering Pots Planters Containers
		Many interior plant professionals (plantscapers) use subirrigation with self watering planters, pots or containers as their preferred method of watering.
		The amount and evenness of the water movement from the subirrigation reservoir to the growing medium depends on the growing medium mix and its degree of compaction and/or breakdown.
		If you convert over to subirrigation it will take some time for your plants to acclimate to this system, but it is worth it.
	www.plant-care.com /subirrigation-indoor-plants.html (414 words)

	ECONOMICS OF CONTROLLED DRAINAGE AND SUBIRRIGATION SYSTEMS
		Before installing a dual-purpose subsurface drainage and subirrigation system on your farm, have your site evaluated by the local Soil Conservation Service (SCS) to determine whether this option is suitable for your farm and your needs.
		First, the objective of a controlled drainage or subirrigation system is to maintain the water table throughout the field at a nearly uniform depth below the soil surface.
		The subirrigation process is only about 75 percent efficient because some of the water is lost through seepage to nonirrigated areas.
	www.bae.ncsu.edu /programs/extension/evans/ag397.html (6081 words)

	Cyberconference: Subirrigation: An irreversible trend -- Brown and Blom
		There are different forms of subirrigation such as watering matt, ebb and flow and trough benches and flood (concrete) floors.
		Surprisingly, very few growers, who have made the changeover to subirrigation, have indicated that the physical characteristics of their substrate in use before the changeover were inadequate.
		One of the main concerns with subirrigation has been the presence of diseases within the substrate and the potential to spread the disease throughout the system.
	www.greenbeam.com /cyberconference/subirr-trend.html (2232 words)

	Subirrigation is a practical and cost-effective method to achieve efficient water use in greenhouse
		Since most of the root growth in subirrigation systems normally occurs in the bottom part of the pots, the nutrients in the top layer are not available to the plants.
		Using Marathon® in subirrigation systems This can be an effective method to apply this pesticide.
		Fertilizer concentration effects on growth of subirrigated petunias and begonias
	www.arches.uga.edu /~mvanier/Subirrigation/home.htm (714 words)

	Cyberconference: Subirrigation and nutrition for poinsettias -- Blom and Brown
		Provided the nutrient levels within the substrate are similar at flowering compared with planting, the difference in nutrient content (weight) of a mature plant and a cutting has to be provided by the (sub)irrigation solution.
		In our subirrigation research, we wanted to look at the effects of pH- increasing (limestone and bicarbonate) and pH-decreasing (ammonium) materials on rootzone-pH and plant growth.
		There was no evidence that the pH decrease was due to the nitrification of NH into NO In previous years, there was some evidence that NH changed into NO in the subirrigation solution, thereby producing hydrogen but not during this experiment.
	www.greenbeam.com /cyberconference/subirr-points.html (1629 words)

	Greenhouse Grower: Maximizing marathon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Specifically, we found that plants that were normally subirrigated had fewer immature whiteflies if the Marathon was applied by subirrigation than when it was applied as a drench (see graph on page 24).
		Our finding that subirrigated plants had fewer whiteflies when Marathon was applied by subirrigation made little sense, since these plants contained less imidacloprid than subirrigated plants, which received a drench.
		In subirrigated plants, which received the Marathon by subirrigation, the imidacloprid concentration in the lower leaves was much less than in drip-irrigated plants.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3930/is_200302/ai_n9186072 (978 words)

	Section12 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Subirrigation is gaining popularity among growers who are
		Subirrigation has been shown to reduce water loss to the
		literature is limited concerning the influence subirrigation with recycled irrigation
	www.sna.org /research/94proceedings/Section1202.html (351 words)

	UMass Amherst: Department of Plant, Soil, and Insect Sciences
		The response of several containerized greenhouse crops to subirrigation versus conventional surface irrigation is being studied as a method of reducing fertilizer runoff.
		Research emphasis is on plant response to the salt accumulation and stratification effects resulting from subirrigation.
		Also, the response of plants subirrigated with plant growth retardants is under study.
	www.umass.edu /psis/personnel/cox.html (345 words)

	Manifold Flow in Subirrigation Pipes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Flow in subirrigation pipes as a particular case of manifold flow is analyzed.
		Approximate solutions for the longitudinal velocity and lateral outflow distributions are obtained in analytical form, and a similarity number characterizing the subirrigation flow pattern is defined.
		Simple formulas relating to the uniformity of lateral outflow distributions and to required supply head are derived.
	www.pubs.asce.org /WWWdisplay.cgi?7100238 (64 words)

	Water Table Management to Enhance Water Quality and Farm Profit. Agricultural Engineering Newsletter, November / ...
		Next came the 1986 Saginaw Bay Subirrigation / Drainage Project, a USDA project that funded 26 studies directly addressing questions concerning the economic, environmental, engineering and sociological opportunities and challenges associated with water table management expansion within five Saginaw Bay Counties - Bay, Huron, Saginaw, Sanilac and Tuscola.
		Eight subirrigated soybean yield observations averaged 53 bu/ac and five subirrigated sugar beet observations averaged 22 t/ac.
		Comparison yields measured from adjacent subsurface drained fields without subirrigation averaged 138 bu/ac for 16 corn yield observations, 37 bu/ac for two soybean yield observations and 22 t/ac for five sugar beet yield observations.
	www.egr.msu.edu /age/aenewsletter/1_archives/belcher.htm (757 words)

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