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Topic: Subitizing and counting

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	Subitizing and counting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Number judgments for larger set-sizes were referred to as either counting or estimating, depending on the number of elements present within the display, and the time given to observers in which to respond (i.e., estimation occurs if insufficient time is available for observers to accurately count all the items present).
		When the number of objects presented exceeds the subitizing range, this feeling is lost, and observers commonly report an impression of shifting their viewpoint around the display, until all the elements presented have been counted (Kaufman et al., 1949).
		Although both subitizing and counting are associated with activation of extrastriate regions, only counting is associated with activation of regions involved in the shifting of attention (Corbetta et al., 1993; Corbetta et al., 1995; Petersen et al., 1994).
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/subitizing_and_counting (1484 words)

	Counting - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Counting is the mathematical action of adding (or subtracting) one, usually to find out how many objects there are or to set aside a desired number of objects (starting with one for the first object and proceeding with a one-to-one correspondence).
		However, counting is also used (primarily by children) to demonstrate knowledge of the number names and the number system.
		Counting was primarily used by ancient cultures to keep track of economic data such as debts and capital.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Counting (225 words)

	Entire Set of Printable Figures for Emmerton
		Counting is the ability to discriminate the absolute number in a set by a process of enumeration.
		To count the number of peanuts in a packet of mixed nuts, for instance, we might put each peanut to one side, at the same time labelling them "1", "2", "3", etc. The numerical label we apply to the last peanut we find is the absolute or cardinal number of peanuts in the packet.
		In counting models (see section VI) this ordering of tags is achieved by the progressive accumulation of pulses, or the increasing thresholds that must be crossed for different numerosity detectors to be activated.
	www.pigeon.psy.tufts.edu /avc/print/emmerton/emmerton_figprint.htm (1265 words)

	Subitizing and counting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Number judgments for larger set-sizes werereferred to as either counting or estimating, depending on the number of elementspresent within the display, and the time given to observers in which to respond (i.e., estimation occurs if insufficient time isavailable for observers to accurately count all the items present).
		When the number of objects presentedexceeds the subitizing range, this feeling is lost, and observers commonly report an impression of shifting their viewpointaround the display, until all the elements presented have been counted (Kaufman et al., 1949).
		Although both subitizing and counting are associated with activation of extrastriate regions, onlycounting is associated with activation of regions involved in the shifting of attention (Corbetta et al., 1993; Corbetta et al.,1995; Petersen et al., 1994).
	www.therfcc.org /subitizing-and-counting-76063.html (1371 words)

	Counting Calories
		Counting is the mathematical action of adding (or subtracting) one, usually to find out how many objects thereare or to set aside a desired number of objects (starting with one for the first objectand proceeding with a one-to-one correspondence); however, counting is also used(primarily by children) to demonstrate knowledge of the number system.
		Counting sometimes involves numbersother than one (for example: when counting money or when "counting by fives" --5,10,15,20,25); but, relatively simple numbers (most always integers) are stillused.
		There is archelogical evidence that humans have been counting for, at least, 50,000 years [1 - p.9]; the development of counting led to the development of mathematical notation and numeral systems.Counting was primarily used, by ancient cultures, to keep track of economic data ; such as debts and capital.
	www.lottery-news.net /dust45722-counting_calories.html (509 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		If the subitizing range of a fair number of participants is smaller than the numerosity defined as the cut-off for the subitizing range, then the higher numerosities within the generic subitizing range will be contaminated by the slow serial counting process, and the subitizing slope of the group will be overestimated.
		The correlation matrix of parameters showed that although the subitizing slope is significantly correlated with the intercept (0.81), counting speed is not correlated with the intercept (0.20).
		The correlation between the subitizing and counting slopes is non-significant (-.18).
	www.chb.syr.edu /recall/basakverhaeghenDEF.doc (3462 words)

	The Effects of Rhythmic Sounds on Counting
		All participants were instructed to use only a visual counting method, and explicitly instructed not to use kinesthetic behaviors (i.e., movements of their hands or the mouse) to aid them in the counting process.
		Participants were instructed to count the dots on the screen as quickly and accurately as possible and report their answers according to the key press instructions they were given.
		After completing the visual counting task, the groups that were instructed to attend to the sound were asked to complete a written report describing any changes that they detected in the sound during the session.
	hubel.sfasu.edu /research/rhythm_count.htm (4653 words)

	Counting on subitizing: The relations among subitizing, counting, and fine motor coordination. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Counting on subitizing: The relations among subitizing, counting, and fine motor coordination.
		The ability to subitize (i.e., quickly enumerate 1-3 items) is posited to be central to the development of numerical knowledge in children and the foundation upon which all other mathematical understanding is built (Butterworth, 1999).
		Subitizing accounted for 29% of unique variance in counting, consistent with the position that counting and subitizing are separate but overlapping processes and that counting builds on subitizing (Butterworth, 2005).
	www.science.mcmaster.ca /~BBCS/2005/viewpaper.php?id=287&print=1 (215 words)

	Age effects in visual number subitizing and counting, (submitted) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The capacity of subitizing and number counting has to be learned like other brain functions.This study was designed to look at the development of subitizing and number counting between age 7 and age 63 years.
		The capacity of subitizing and number counting show a clear improvement from the age of 7 years to adulthood.
		A correlation analysis shows that only two variables describe the cognitive process of subitizing and counting, one responsible for speed the other for correctness of the response.
	www.optomotorik.de /pubs/brain.htm (261 words)

	Birds' Judgments of Number and Quantity
		Although the term "counting" is often applied loosely to any behavior that involves numerical discriminations, a number of criteria have to be met before an animal can really be said to count (Gelman and Gallistel, 1978;).
		Subitizing was considered to be a perceptual and preattentive mechanism by which numbers of items up to 4 are recognized holistically.
		Subitizing, and a neuronal filtering model on the other hand were primarily intended to account for the numerical processing of visual arrays.
	www.pigeon.psy.tufts.edu /avc/emmerton (14185 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Women beat men in maths test
		He said the results, presented at the British Association's annual science festival, supported the theory that subitizing and counting larger numbers were distinct brain processes.
		Subjects across all ages had to count between one and 10 dots as fast as possible and indicate the correct result on a touch screen.
		Since dyscalculics were also bad at subitizing, the test of dot counting could be used to identify these children more reliably at school and so ensure they had adequate support.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/low/science/nature/3098340.stm (432 words)

	Blackjack Card Counting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Much of its popularity is dueto the mix of chance with elements of skill and decision making, and the publicity that surrounds the practice of card counting,in which players can turn the odds of the game in their favor by making betting and strategy decisions based on the cards thathave been dealt.
		However, because card counting is a difficult skill tomaster and few players are successful at it, unofficially casinos are happy to have the public believe that there is one casinogame in which money can be earned over a long period of time.
		Counting is the mathematical action of adding (or subtracting) one, usually to find out how many objects thereare or to set aside a desired number of objects (starting with one for the first objectand proceeding with a one-to-one correspondence); however, Ceunting is also used(primarily by children) to demonstrate knowledge of the number system.
	www.super8filmmaking.com /tail/5203-blackjack-card-counting.html (782 words)

	SuperLab - Paper Abstract: Simon, Peterson, Patel, & Sathian, 1997.
		Subitizing, the ability to rapidly and accurately enumerate four or fewer objects, is thought to depend on preattentive processing of visual stimuli whereas counting of more numerous objects is thought to require serial shifts of attention.
		We attempted to distinguish between the hypothesis that the magnocellular (M) visual pathway is the preferential route for subitizing, and the alternative hypothesis that there is no selectivity for the M pathway or its counterpart, the parvocellular (P) visual pathway, in visual object enumeration.
		When low luminance contrast was used to impair processing along the P pathway, enumeration performance was slowed relative to a high-contrast control condition, especially when the rectangles were small and closely spaced.
	www.superlab.com /papers/97-simon-abstract.htm (272 words)

	Are subitizing and counting implemented as separate or functionally overlapping processes?
		Many theories have been proposed to account for this dichotomy, most suggesting that "subitizing" and "counting" are two qualitatively different and separable processes.
		In this paper we present a PET study that attempts to characterize subitizing and counting at a neural level in order to investigate whether they are implemented as separate or functionally overlapping processes.
		Direct comparison between subitizing and counting showed that counting, relative to subitizing, was correlated with increased activity in this occipitoparietal network, while subitizing did not show areas of increased activation with respect to counting.
	www.accelerated-learning-online.com /research/subitizing-counting-implemented-separate-or-functionally-overlapping.asp (612 words)

	EPIC XIV - Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The goal of the present research is to investigate the enumeration abilities with or without distractors, and sheds light on the relationship of subitizing and counting.
		We hypothesized that if subitizing and counting are processed functionally similar results should show no difference of their temporal patterns across all the levels of the experiment.
		It also compensated the early behavioral methods’ shortcomings of poor temporal resolution and gave us a clear understanding of the temporal patterns of the two enumeration processings, the results confirmed the argument that subitizing and counting are two functionally different processings, they can be differentiated by the different effects of the variation of distractors.
	www.uni-leipzig.de /~epic14/abstracts.php?id=35 (307 words)

	The VCSi Forums - Women are faster at instant counting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The approach taken by the UCL researchers was to look for factors that affect one type of counting, but not the other - showing they must each have a different basis.
		And they found that women were better at the instant counting - called subitizing - than men, while both were equally good at higher level counting.
		Gender was not the only factor that affected subitizing and higher counting differently.
	www.villman.com /forums/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=1259 (507 words)

	Subitizing and Visual Counting - two abstracts
		For children there exits a long lasting development of accuracy and speed of subitizing and counting, which lasts up to the adult age of 18 years.
		The ability of subitizing and counting undergoes a long lasting development lasting up to the age of 18 years.
		The analysis of the pre-post training data revealed that subitizing and counting were significantly improved.
	www.dyslexia-adults.com /abstracts1.html (756 words)

	Lana Trick
		The role of working memory in spatial enumeration: Patterns of selective interference in subitizing and counting.
		Spatial attention and subitizing: An investigation of the FINST hypothesis.
		Subitizing and counting: The effect of item configuration.
	www.psychology.uoguelph.ca /faculty/trick/publications.html (999 words)

	Counting -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		However, counting is also used (primarily by (A young person of either sex) children) to demonstrate (The psychological result of perception and learning and reasoning) knowledge of the (additional info and facts about number names) number names and the (A concept of quantity derived from zero and units) number system.
		Counting sometimes involves numbers other than one -- for example, when counting (The most common medium of exchange; functions as legal tender) money, or counting out change, or when "counting by twos" (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12,...) or when "counting by fives" (5, 10, 15, 20, 25...).
		(additional info and facts about subitizing and counting) subitizing and counting
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /Encyclopedia/C/Co/Counting.htm (151 words)

	Subitizing speed, subitizing range, counting speed, the Stroop effect, and aging: capacity differences and speed ...
		Subitizing speed, subitizing range, counting speed, the Stroop effect, and aging: capacity differences and speed equivalence.
		Thirty younger and 29 older adults were tested on reaction times for set size of a display of 1 to 9 digits.
		Once individual differences in subitizing range were taken into account, no age differences were found in the rate of either subitizing or counting, and no individual differences were apparent in subitizing speed.
	www.accelerated-learning-online.com /research/subitizing-speed-subitizing-range-counting-speed-stroop-effect-aging.asp (607 words)

	SuperLab - Paper Abstract: Simon & Vaishnavi, 1996.
		Subitizing and counting depend on different attentional mechanisms: Evidence from visual enumeration in afterimages
		Two experiments showed that, when selective eye movements were disabled by presenting stimuli in the form of afterimages, increased inspection time and facilitative stimulus configurations failed to increase the subitizing limit of four objects.
		Enumeration errors were attributed to failures of individuating dots to be counted due to the deactivation of selective eye movements in afterimages.
	www.superlab.com /papers/96-simon-abstract.htm (194 words)

	Scientific Proof: - Netscape Fun & Games
		Specifically, if there are more than five objects, both sexes count at the same speed, but when there are less than five, women have a better instinct than men for counting fast.
		In mathematical terms, this kind of counting is called "subitizing." Counting that involves numerous objects is called higher level counting.
		When the dots were on the left side of the screen, participants were able to count them 6 percent faster than when they were presented on the right--but only when there were five or more dots, reports New Scientist.
	channels.netscape.com /atplay/package.jsp?name=fte/countingfast/countingfast&floc=wn-nn (451 words)

	Big Yellow Taxi By Counting Crows (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Big is a 1988 comedy film which tells the story of a teenaged boy who isaged to adulthood by a magical fortune telling machine.
		Yellow is the color of light whose wavelength is between 565nm and 590nm, or isa mixture of red and green light that appears to bethe same color.
		In Canada and the UnitedStates, School buses are almost uniformly painted a yellow color (oftenreferred to as "school bus yellow") for purposes of visibility and safety.
	www.daikaiju.com /edge/36214-big%20yellow%20taxi%20by%20counting%20crows.html (915 words)

	Coin Counting Machines (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		A coin is generally a piece of hard material, traditionally metal and usuallyin the shape of a disc, which is used as a form of money.
		By the above definition, the invention and first known usage of coins comes from the Kingdom of Lydia circa 643-630 B.C. Under three generations of Lydian kings, the money of Lydia gradually moved from being lumpsof electrum (a naturally occurring alloy of sil...
		A machine is any mechanical or electrical device that transmits or modifies energy to perform or assist in the performance of tasks.
	www.witchware.com /File/12509-Coin.Counting.Machines.Html (793 words)

	MELANIE C (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		This range of accurate enumeration is called subitizing, and is thought to be mediated by parallel object detection.
		Inaccurate enumeration greater than the range of subitizing is called counting that is thought to be mediated by a serial process.
		Our results confirm the dichotomy between subitizing and counting, but it also suggests that subitizing is mediated by an integration mechanism beyond independent and parallel detection.
	www.psy.jhu.edu /~melanie/Research.html (951 words)

	The methodes for human cognition of number : [sight cognition at a glance] and [counting]
		"subitizing" has the characteristic as follows ; "If the number of objects (dots)is from 1 to 5, the speed of responce for task is almost constant.
		This is "count 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,...", or "count 2, 4, 6, 8,...".
		Acoording to this classification of Mr.Matsuzawa, probably, the "counting" is the methode of recognition that was used by the monkeys who live in the Department of Physiology Tohoku University School of Medicine.
	www5d.biglobe.ne.jp /~katakori/brain/eb3.html (1408 words)

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