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Topic: Submarine cables

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	An Atlas of Cyberspaces - Cables and Satellites
		KDD is a major telecommunications company and its submarine cable division is one of the leading contractors laying and maintaining cables around the world.
		Cable & Wireless is global telecommunications carrier operating undersea cables in many different regions of the world.
		The cable and satellite infrastructure of Teleglobe Inc., a global telecommunications corporation, as of November 1999.
	www.cybergeography.org /atlas/cables.html (781 words)

	Bridging the Strait of Gibraltar
		Land Section Cable The cables for the two land sections of the interconnect have a copper core cross section of 2.5 sq inches (1600 sq mm) and are similar in construction to the submarine cables except that these cables are unarmored.
		The submarine cables were manufactured at the Pirelli factory in Arco Felice, near Naples, Italy, and at the Alcatel factory near Calais, France, before being transferred to large rotating storage plants close to the dockside landing piers adjacent to each plant.
		The cable was buried at a depth increasing from 3 ft (1 m) at a distance of 260 ft (80 m) off shore to 10 ft (3 m) at the on-shore-jointing bay.
	tdworld.com /mag/power_bridging_strait_gibraltar (2065 words)

	Cable Paper Abstracts
		Today, the cable installer has a true representation of what is happening to the cable and bodies throughout the water column and touchdown and, more importantly, he has the capability to control the seabed slack and placement of the cable.
		Submarine cable installation quantity is dramatically increasing, new ships and new personnel are being used to meet this demand and today’s lighter cables are more difficult to install.
		The cable path on the north (Maui) side of the channel imposed severe restrictions on the accuracy of cable placement on the bottom (±11.5m), while on the south (Kohala) side of the channel, very low cable bottom tensions were required to minimize the possibility of laying unacceptably long cable spans.
	www.makai.com /c-abstracts.htm (3531 words)

	Oversimplified Overview of Undersea Cable Systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		It was standard for cable systems, especially the longest and most expensive ones, to be planned, financed and operated by carriers "consortia", which often had as many as 20-30 members, each contributing towards the investment in a well-defined way, depending on their foreseen requirement for capacity.
		The main source of problems with submarine cables comes from external sources such as fishing and anchors, and the damage is either via compression, when a heavy weight hits a cable, or via dragging, and, in the limit, breakage.
		Since the early 1980s submarine cable has been buried to a depth of typically 1 meter in areas where threats from anchors or fishing can be anticipated, and, indeed they avoid anchorages used by deep-sea vessels as much as possible.
	davidw.home.cern.ch /davidw/public/SubCables.html (8561 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Submarine cable projects will trigger this consultation process whenever a federal permit, license, or other action is needed for an activity that may affect a listed species.
		Submarine cable projects will trigger this EFH consultation process whenever a federal permit, license, or other action is needed, if the proposed activity may adversely affect EFH.
		At the end of the cable's service, the permittee will be required to perform a survey of the cable route and provide a report describing the status of the cable (including burial depth) and benthic communities along the cable route.
	www.eswr.com /n8230.txt (5407 words)

	DCITA - Submarine telecommunications cables (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Submarine telecommunications cables are the underwater trunk network connections linking the Australian telecommunications network with other continents and linking places within Australia separated by water.
		Submarine cables carry about 99 per cent of Australian international telecommunications traffic and are estimated to be worth more than $5 billion per annum to the national economy.
		The Government is concerned about the lack of security for international submarine fibre optic telecommunications cables, which are vulnerable to damage from several sources, particularly some kinds of fishing, anchoring and dredging.
	www.dcita.gov.au /tel/carrier_powers_to_install_telecommunications_infrastructure/issues/submarine_telecommunications_cables (331 words)

	EPA: Federal Register: Installing and Maintaining Commercial Submarine Cables in National Marine Sanctuaries
		The types of issues that are evaluated in seeking necessary permits for a proposed submarine cable project include, but are not limited to: cable route planning, cable installation (e.g., burial), operation, maintenance and repairs, and removal.
		Laying cable on the seabed and cable repair could potentially result in the incidental taking of marine mammals due to the elevated noise levels and vessel traffic associated with the laying of cable and entanglement of whales in the cable.
		For the purpose of a proposed submarine cable to transit the coastal zone including a portion of a national marine sanctuary, several permits or approvals may be required (e.g., ACOE 404, NMSA permit or other authorization, and state permits and Federal consistency certification), each requiring federal or state environmental review.
	www.epa.gov /fedrgstr/EPA-IMPACT/2000/August/Day-23/i21539.htm (5453 words)

	NSW - Products + Services - Submarine Cable Systems - Fiber-Optic Submarine Cables & Accessories (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In contrast to slotted-core tubes, the optical fibers in MINISUB™ cables are not coupled to the cable's outer structure.
		This prevents fiber damage during cable handling and laying and thus guarantees optimal fiber performance over the life of the cable.
		The appropriate cable type for each segment of the customer's cable route is specified in straight-line diagrams and power budgets developed on the basis of the geophysical data collected during a pre-laying marine survey.
	www.nsw.com /eng/products_services/submarine_cable_systems/submarine_cables/index.htm (369 words)

	Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Outer sheathing: the part of the cable that was out of the water at the Shore End was more prone to damage, so it was sheathed in a second layer of iron for added protection from the elements.
		Submarine Cable: the submarine cable consisted of copper conductors insulated with India rubber and varnish.
		The part of the cable that was out of the water at the Shore End was more prone to damage, so it was sheathed in a second layer of iron for added protection from the elements.
	collections.ic.gc.ca /cable/glossary.htm (766 words)

	47 USC Ch 2
		Fishing vessels, on perceiving or being able to perceive the said signals displayed on a telegraph ship, shall be allowed such time as may be necessary to obey the notice thus given, not exceeding twenty-four hours, during which period no obstacle shall be placed in the way of their operations.
		The penalties provided in this chapter for the breaking or injury of a submarine cable shall not be a bar to a suit for damages on account of such breaking or injury.
		The term "convention" shall be taken to mean the International Convention for the Protection of Submarine Cables, made at Paris on the 14th day of May [March], 1884, and proclaimed by the President of the United States on the 22d day of May, 1885.
	www.uiowa.edu /~cyberlaw/resource/statutor/47ch2.html (453 words)

	Arrangement for the connection of an intermediate repeater for submarine cables - Patent 4841103
		Previous submarine cable technology has provided partially flexible, pressure-resistance joint boxes for the intermediate repeaters, these joint boxes being spliced into the submarine cable to be supplied in tensile fashion, pressure-resistant and with suitable insulation for the current conductors (supply lines).
		2 is a schematic illustration of the laying of a submarine cable comprising the arrangement of the invention.
		It is advantageous to secure an auxiliary cable HS to the repeater housing RH, the length of the auxiliary cable HS corresponding approximately to the laying depth.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4841103.html (2188 words)

	FAI : Outstanding Features of Fujikura's Power Transmission Systems
		The maximum voltage of the supplied cables is as high as 500 kV, and the first such cable has been operating without any troubles for over 20 years, proving the high reliability of Fujikura's cable.
		Having developed new materials for extruded insulation DC cables, Fujikura is a leader in DC submarine cable technology for the next generation.
		As for oil-filled cable all types of joints, terminal ends and special joints, such as a transition joint that connects oil-filled cable and cross-linked polyethylene cable, and a stop joint for oil-filled cable, are also produced.
	www.fujikura.com /prod/power/p10_copy.html (947 words)

	Special Product Applications
		Submarine cables provide power to offshore islands, oil platforms or to cross-rivers and lakes.
		These cables are available in a range of conductor sizes, voltages, wire armor finishes and can incorporate fiber optic cable(s) within the overall armor protection.
		These cables are installed as the primary power feeds in high rise structures or in mining or other vertical tunnel applications This application utilize helical applied wire armor to support and protect the power cable core.
	www.kerite.com /catalog/catalogfiles/special_product_applications.htm (473 words)

	Introduction for section 3
		The submarine cable's ability to distribute power and communications over a wide area makes it the enabling technology for a plate-scale, distributed, interactive laboratory for the ocean sciences.
		Lightweight cable can be jacketed with additional polyethylene and can be further protected with armor wires in rugged terrain or shallow water where the risk of damage is highest.
		Advances in submarine cable technology have been driven by the growing needs of the global telecommunication industry, particularly the insatiable demand for Internet capacity, as the industry wires the planet.
	www.neptune.washington.edu /pub/white_paper/tech1.html (2617 words)

	Sumitomo Electric U.S.A., Inc.: Title
		We can also supply submarine cables with various features such as PPLP insulation, composite with fiber optics and etc. as well as engineering services in the design, installation, splicing, termination, testing, commissioning and maintenance of submarine cables.
		Sumitomo Electric developed optical fiber-incorporated submarine cable and applied for the first time to a DC 250kV submarine cable project in Japan in 1992.
		Incorporated optic fibers can be used for public communication, monitoring the condition of submarine cables such as external damage, etc. With Op-thermo, a fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing system, the composite cable can be used to measure the cable temperature continuously and longitudinally.
	www.sumitomoelectricusa.com /scripts/products/prp/subcable.cfm (454 words)

	Termination unit puts submarine cables on test: News from H Tinsley and Co
		The 5941 cable termination unit is designed to enable test engineers to safely and simply connect test instruments to a submarine cable for fault location and electroding.
		Suitable for use with repeaterless submarine cables, including those used in offshore renewable energy systems, the unit provides a simple method of selecting an open or short circuit condition as well as a safe means of discharging the cable.
		It incorporates a cable condition monitor so that any changes in the submarine cable's electrical characteristics are automatically detected and an alarm is triggered.
	www.electronicstalk.com /news/tin/tin105.html (310 words)

	Submarine Cables
		Submarine cable is subjected to much more onerous installation and service conditions than a land cable and it is necessary to design each cable to withstand environmental conditions prevailing on the specific route.
		Very high technology and long experience are required for manufacturing submarine cables intended to stably supply electric power for a long period in the harsh seabed environment.
		Fujikura's achievements in extensive installation of submarine cables under domestic and foreign waters amply demonstrate our company's high level of technology.
	www.fujikura.com.sg /subcable.htm (99 words)

	Submarine Cables -
		Submarine cables installed in the late 1850s onwards made telegraph a thriving commercial operation worldwide.
		The first submarine cable for telegraphy was installed by Great Britain in 1850 across the English Channel to France.
		Before 1984, most ships could not communicate with each other although they could receive a distress alert. At that time, the range of transmission on MF was only 150 miles so that ships beyond this distance from the nearest coastal station, it is essentially a ship-to-ship distress system.
	www.oceansatlas.org /id/17321 (228 words)

	Submarine cables - cable and cableship awareness - Global Marine Systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Submarine cables between them carry more than 75% of all overseas voice, fax, data and internet communications worldwide.
		A cable break is very expensive and is ultimately paid by the users of telephone and internet services.
		If you suspect that your gear is snagged on the fibre cable, in the first instance please notify the coastguard and report your position.
	www.globalmarinesystems.com /site/cableawareness.htm (385 words)

	2003 Project - Submarine Cables
		The primary intention is to investigate the environmental impact of the ATOC submarine cable.
		However, issues that are associated with all scientific submarine cables, including the MARS cable, will also be considered.
		Data from side-scan sonar surveys along the cable route, conducted from R/V Zephyr in 2002, will be used to select dive ROV sites where the impact of the cable can be investigated.
	www.mbari.org /rd/projects/2003/moos/900313_SubCables.html (95 words)

	ICPC Submarine Cables of the World: Regional Menu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		NB: Persons engaging in submarine activities which could possibly affect existing submarine cables should contact their relevant charting authorities, telecommunication companies and appropriate government agencies prior to the start of operations.
		These cables have actually been notified by their original owners as out of service to hydrographic offices, and removed from navigation charts, and on cable charts are designated as out of service.
		It is therefore becoming necessary to advise telecommunications cable owners of the status of these cables to avoid cutting them during repairs or the installation of new cables.
	www.iscpc.org /cabledb/cabledb.htm (294 words)

	Geotechnical Aspects Of Submarine Cables (SMEALSearch) - Pal,Rangaswamy,Giles,Debnath (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Clearly hazards such as submarine landslides must be avoided, but also consideration is given to burial and the degree of protection afforded by burial.
		This paper discusses the threats to a cable and the use of ploughs for burial.
		Investigation techniques for cable routes are discussed and soils which prove hardest to plough are tentatively identified from cone penetration tests.
	smealsearch.psu.edu /81327.html (215 words)

	New Hampshire Public Utilities Commission (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The fourth submarine cable crossing will begin at pole #3508.1/8.3 located in Center Harbor and will terminate at the pad-mounted transformer #3508.1/8.4 which replaces the overhead pole-mounted transformer #7/168H3 located on Long Island in Moultonborough.
		The fifth submarine cable crossing which serves new load will begin at pole #3508.1/8.3 located in Center Harbor and terminate at pad-mounted transformer #3508.1/8.5 which is new and located in Center Harbor.
		A new easement was obtained for this fifth submarine cable crossing and a copy of the easement is attached with the Petition.
	www.puc.state.nh.us /Regulatory/Orders/1998ords/22997e.html (671 words)

	[No title]
		Penalties not to bar suits for damages -STATUTE- The penalties provided in this chapter for the breaking or injury of a submarine cable shall not be a bar to a suit for damages on account of such breaking or injury.
		Preventing landing or operating of cables; injunction -STATUTE- The President is empowered to prevent the landing of any cable about to be landed in violation of sections 34 to 39 of this title.
		Section was not enacted as part of the Submarine Cable Act which comprises this chapter.
	uscode.house.gov /download/pls/47C2.txt (1774 words)

	Porthcurno Telegraph Museum - Faults in Submarine Telegraph Cables
		Cables in Shallower water were at risk from trawlers.
		The Teredo worm was a great nuisance to early submarine cables, burrowing into the insulation and exposing the conductor.
		Submarine cables aren't edible, but it didn't stop some fish and sharks trying to bite right through them!.
	www.porthcurno.org.uk /html/faults.html (237 words)

	rediff.com: 2nd phase of Bombay-Singapore submarine cables investment deferred
		Bharati Aquanet, a joint venture between Bharati Televentures and Singtel of Singapore, have deferred by a year the second phase of investment of $400 million to link Bombay and Singapore by submarine cables.
		However, the first phase of submarine cabling between Singapore and Madras would be completed by the first quarter of next year.
		Singtel, Asia's leading communication company, was setting up a state-of-the-art new generation submarine cable system design to carry 8.4 terabits per second between Madras and Singapore.
	www.rediff.com /money/2001/nov/02bharti.htm (254 words)

	Submarine Cables & Pipelines (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Submarine cables or pipelines pass beneath various navigable waterways throughout the world.
		Installation of new submarine cables and pipelines may be reported in the Notice to Mariners; their locations may or may not be charted.
		In view of the serious consequences resulting from damage to submarine cables and pipelines, vessel operators should take special care when anchoring, fishing or engaging in underwater operations near areas where these cables or pipelines may exist or have been reported to exist.
	www.towboatcapecod.com /scp.htm (227 words)

	Submarine Cables (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Belgacom has invested in capacity over a number of transoceanic submarine cable systems, which it uses mainly to support international voice traffic.
		Belgacom's extensive capacity on submarine cable systems covers trans-Atlantic and global networks connecting Europe to North and South America, Africa, and Asia.
		The SMW cable system, stretching from Europe to the Pacific Region, is Belgacom's direct connection from the Western European Region to the enormous potential growth markets for telecommunications of South East Asia, the Middle East, Japan, China and Australia.
	www.belgacom.be /carrier/cbu/jsp/dynamic/product.jsp?dcrName=cbu_submarine_cables (236 words)

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