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	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Subnational
		Study of the relations of states with each other and with international organizations and certain subnational entities (e.g., bureaucracies and political parties).
		Comparative empirical evaluations of internal migration models in subnational population projections.
		Strains between governments at the top, hands across the border at the base: the role of subnational governments during the Bush-Chretien era and beyond.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Subnational (559 words)

	Subnational entity - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Subnational entity is a generic term for an administrative region within a country — on an arbitrary level below that of the sovereign state — typically with a local government encompassing multiple municipalities, counties, or provinces with a certain degree of autonomy in a varying number of matters.
		Confusingly, in countries that are not nation states, this may well mean that some or all "subnational" entities in reality are also national entities.
		Subnational entities are conceptually separate from dependent areas so that the former are included in the core or mainland of the respective state.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /subnational_entity.htm (237 words)

	Decentralizing Government - Finance & Development - September 1997
		Even if the overall level of expenditure of subnational governments is constrained by limits on their taxing and borrowing powers, changes in the composition of their expenditures can affect overall demand and the balance of payments in ways that may defeat national stabilization objectives.
		There are also horizontal imbalances, since the revenue-raising capacity of subnational governments varies and different regions may face different cost and demand pressures as they attempt to meet their assigned expenditure responsibilities.
		Borrowing abroad by subnational governments should also be strictly limited, in accordance not only with their debt- servicing capacity but also with macroeconomic (especially monetary and balance of payments) considerations.
	www.worldbank.org /fandd/english/0997/articles/050997.htm (2732 words)

	Libya - Subnational Government and Administration
		Because of continuing historical and tribal divisiveness, the federation was replaced with a unitary system in 1963, and the three subnational provinces were replaced by ten governorates.
		All subnational executive administrators were appointed by royal authority on recommendation of the minister of interior and approved by the Council of Ministers.
		The RCC as a whole and Qadhafi in particular remained highly critical of inefficient bureaucracy, the lack of commitment to the Revolution displayed by many civil servants and other subnational government functionaries, and the reluctance or inability of the population to participate in the political system.
	www.countrystudies.us /libya/70.htm (389 words)

	Libya Subnational Government and Administration (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Because of continuing historical and tribal divisiveness, the federation was replaced with a unitary system in 1963, and the three subnational provinces were replaced by ten governorates.
		All subnational executive administrators were appointed by royal authority on recommendation of the minister of interior and approved by the Council of Ministers.
		Their appointment frequently was based on tribal and subtribal considerations as well as family prestige derived from the family's historical importance, religious standing and leadership, and wealth.
	www.country-studies.com /libya/subnational-government-and-administration.html (389 words)

	Alfred P. Montero (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Subnational governments, which at one time were relegated to playing a secondary role under state-led models of development, suddenly found that within newly shifting states they were empowered with new policy tools, political interests and fiscal resources for addressing the problems created by the uneven growth produced by state-led developmentalism.
		I assume that subnational government leaders are politicians who pursue rationally self-interested political goals, and their first-order preference is to maintain and expand their command over the state apparatus and the society over which it governs.
		Given the complexity of political decentralization and its differentiated effects on subnational industrial policy in Spain and Brazil, it is impossible to claim that there is a single model of "efficient" federalism or a single model of "economic governance" that explains the organization and performance of these subnational cases.
	www.columbia.edu /cu/ilas/publications/papers/montero.html (15880 words)

	[No title]
		Of particular importance to this discussion on subnational policy-adjustment behavior is Reisch's assessment of history as a function of social and economic structures.
		It is expected that subnational agents exhibit the full range of competitive behavior with greater and lesser degrees of combat and cooperation.
		Test for Hypothesis Five: Subnational policy-adjustment behavior shows evidence of bursts of evolutionary activity associated with perturbations to the physical environment followed by a slowing down of evolutionary change and eventual stasis until the system is again perturbed.
	www.virtualschool.edu /mon/Economics/EvolutionPublicPolicyThesis (18725 words)

	Decentralization & Subnational Regional Economics - Administrative Decentralization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Subnational governments, however, will only be effective when they have access to the necessary human and financial resources to undertake the services they have been conferred.
		The sequencing and priority levels of training --whether to train local or central governments first, for example-- depends on the country itself, although the subnational governments have generally been the first to be trained to accept their new responsibilities.
		The task of monitoring and assessing subnational finances can be strengthened considerably through improvements in financial accounting and reporting, and the establishment of analytical capabilities for monitoring and evaluation.
	web.worldbank.org /WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPUBLICSECTORANDGOVERNANCE/EXTDSRE/0,,contentMDK:20246056~menuPK:2086231~pagePK:210058~piPK:210062~theSitePK:390243,00.html (5595 words)

	Logincee
		As part of this initiative, LGI is issuing this call for expertise in the area of subnational capital investment transfer mechanisms.
		LGI’s interest with this project is on generation of comparative lessons on planning and allocation of subnational capital transfers, as well as in the generation and testing of technical assistance and training materials related to capital transfers, e.g.
		Subnational" refers to those units such as provinces, counties, cities, and towns receiving and often dispensing grants (i.e.
	www.logincee.org /news_body.asp?NI_ID=5215 (258 words)

	NatureServe Conservation Status
		The subnational conservation status ranks (S-ranks) presented in NatureServe Explorer are therefore only as current as the last data exchange with each local natural heritage program, coupled with the latest web site update (shown in the "small print" at the bottom of each NatureServe Explorer report).
		A subnational rank, however, cannot imply that the species or community is more secure at the state/province level than it is nationally or globally (i.e., a rank of G1S3 cannot occur), and similarly, a national rank cannot exceed the global rank.
		Subnational ranks are assigned and maintained by state or provincial natural heritage programs and conservation data centers.
	www.natureserve.org /explorer/ranking.htm (2665 words)

	Subnational Development Strategy
		To this end, they seek to improve government services and infrastructure and make subnational governments more attuned to the needs of local economies and better able to work with local entrepreneurs and civil society organizations in enhancing the competitiveness and promoting the growth of local economies.
		Devolution of resources and decision-making power to subnational governments is expected to result in greater allocative efficiency in the provision of public services that are essential for the well-being of the population and also critical for attaining greater equity, both among different groups of society and different parts of the territory.
		Bank lending in support of subnational development represents a sizable portion of the Bank?s portfolio totaling US$17.4 billion (in 1992 dollars) or 13 percent of the total lending by the Bank in its forty years of operations.
	www.iadb.org /SDS/publication/publication_2440_e.htm (439 words)

	Decentralization & Subnational Regional Economics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		This interest parallels the increase in fiscal responsibilities of subnational governments and the evolving trend toward decentralization in both federated and unitary countries.
		Achieving these objectives often requires overcoming economic and social disparities across regions, and among urban and rural areas; reforming the fiscal, political, and administrative framework in which subnational governments operate; and enhancing engagement with sub-national governments and stakeholders.
		The aim of the Decentralization and Subnational Thematic Group is to share information and deepen knowledge among a wide range of practitioners -- macro, sectoral, urban, and rural -- to bring about a more informed, consistent and comprehensive approach to decentralization and subnational development in our country programs.
	web.worldbank.org /WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPUBLICSECTORANDGOVERNANCE/EXTDSRE/0,,menuPK:390249~pagePK:149018~piPK:149093~theSitePK:390243,00.html (248 words)

	ePrintsUQ - Subnational Probabilistic Population Forecasts: the Example of Australia
		The variability of demographic trends at the subnational scale, particularly internal and international migration, renders subnational population forecasting more difficult than at the national scale.
		Illustrating the uncertainty of the demographic future for subnational regions is therefore a crucial element of any set of subnational population forecasts.
		However, subnational forecasts are currently prepared using deterministic models which fail to properly address the issue of demographic uncertainty.
	eprint.uq.edu.au /archive/00001025 (310 words)

	Notes on Using Current Population Survey (CPS) Subnational Data
		Note that the introduction of subnational demographic controls planned for 2003 should improve the reliability and comparability of demographic population and labor force estimates.
		CPS subnational detailed data are generally based on the annual average population estimates that were available at the end of the year to which the data pertain--and not any subsequent revisions.
		Users of subnational CPS data are encouraged to read the preface and appendixes in the Geographic Profile of Employment and Unemployment publication.
	www.bls.gov /gps/notescps.htm (1155 words)

	Thinking globally, acting locally:
		Subnational provision of technical assistance through state, provincial, or municipal programs, or through non profits -- 501(C)(3)'s in the United States, and their equivalents elsewhere -- is far more efficient and appropriate.
		The goals of the COG subnational discussion group and of this paper have been to canvass existing subnational initiatives, to select best practices worthy of dissemination, and to propose innovations in order to promote the expansion of employee ownership through subnational initiatives by both governmental units and other organizations, including both non-profits and for-profits.
		From the subnational discussion on the COG website and during COG’s annual meeting, that seems to date to have been done primarily in the United States and Canada.
	cog.kent.edu /PapersSept2000/SubNational.htm (8325 words)

	Subnational
		Canton (subnational entity) A canton is a territorial subdivision of a country, e.g.
		List of the most populous subnational entities This is a list of the most populous 2004 estimates.
		Nome (subnational division) Nome is a word of Greek origin that means district.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/subnational.html (151 words)

	Steven L. Schwarcz, Global Decentralization and the Subnational Debt Problem, 51 Duke L. J. 1179 (2002) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		subnational debt restructuring is an area that is uniquely subject to each nation's internal laws and therefore would require merely the subnational's nation to pass an internal law.
		Thus, in a subnational debt restructuring context, a stay would, among other things, suspend (until the restructuring proceeding is completed) the rights of creditors to recover on debts owed by the municipality prior to the petition for relief.
		Hence, the central government's administrative role in subnational debt restructuring would be limited in most cases to objecting to excessive amounts of priority funding, and to conditioning and monitoring its use when appropriate.
	www.law.duke.edu /journals/dlj/articles/DLJ51P1179.HTM (15972 words)

	Module 6: Breaking the Mold? Subnational Mobilization and MLG
		There are five principal channels of subnational representation in the European Union: the Commission, the Committee of the Regions, the Council of Ministers, subnational offices, and transnational networks.
		Cleavages between the richer North and the poorer South, between subnational governments with considerable political resources and those with few, between local and regional representatives, and between representatives from federal countries and those from unitary countries have impeded regions from banding together against national governments and demanding reforms.
		These subnational offices range in size from small, poorly funded bureaus with one or two part-time workers to large, quasi-embassies.
	www.unc.edu /depts/tam/poli115/module6/mod6text3.htm (1987 words)

	Thomas P.M. Barnett :: Weblog: Does the U.S. Face a Future of Never-ending Subnational & Transnational Violence? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Absent that effort, the political leadership may be greatly constrained in its ability to forge the new security alliances required to successfully contain and ultimately shrink the sources of mass subnational and transnational violence in the global community.
		The major advantage here would be the logic of focusing on the underlying conditions that give rise to subnational violence (societies in economic distress), and the major disadvantage would probably be the difficulty of achieving discernible progress except over a very long term.
		This paper has argued that subnational and transnational violence will represent the fundamental focus of U.S. national security efforts in the coming decades, but that this development represents tremendous progress in the institution of a global security system within which neither system-level nor state-on-state war remains a viable or widespread threat.
	www.thomaspmbarnett.com /weblog/archives1/000903.html (3066 words)

	Books on Subnational Governments (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The second part consists of case studies that document the recent experience of 18 countries in developing markets for subnational borrowers and offer lessons about fostering responsible credit market access within a framework of fiscal and financial discipline.
		By reframing the "politics of decentralization" as the "politics of designing subnational institutions," the book moves beyond the policy orientation of much of the current literature, and broadens the debate by analyzing not just decentralization but re-centralization as well.
		The aim of this book is to present an overview of the machinations of subnational government in France.
	books.bankhacker.com /Subnational+Governments (530 words)

	Participation
		The debt crisis of subnational governments in Brazil, the inflationary impact of subnational financing in Argentina, and city-level bankruptcies in the United States have often been used to illustrate the possible macroeconomic implications of decentralizing borrowing powers.
		Ensuring that subnational governments have access to funds of their own (tax bases and unconditional grants) that can be pledged into the market as collateral is also necessary to reduce moral hazard tendencies.
		In addition, balanced budget requirements for subnational governments may ensure that current accounts are balanced by the end of each fiscal year so that borrowing to match expenditures and revenue streams does not lead to the financing of current account deficits over time.
	www.ciesin.org /decentralization/English/Issues/borrowing.html (1337 words)

	[No title]
		This volume highlights the growing disjuncture between Mexico's recently accelerated transition to democracy at the national level and what is occurring at the state and local levels in many parts of the country.
		Subnational political regimes controlled by hard-line antidemocratic elements linked to the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) remain important in late-twentieth-century Mexico, even in an era of much-intensified interparty competition.
		Drawing on recent field research in ten Mexican states, the contributors show how the increasingly uneven character of democratization in Mexico can be a significant obstacle to the completion of the process in an expeditious and low-conflict manner.
	www.rienner.com /viewbook.cfm?BOOKID=1513 (529 words)

	Subnational ethnic population projections - Statistics New Zealand
		The projections are limited to selected geographic areas, broad ethnic groups and a projection period of 15 years because of the small size of many subnational ethnic populations and because of the uncertain nature of ethnic and subnational population projections as discussed in Nature of projections (below).
		For example, the high series of the subnational Māori population projections cannot be directly compared with any series of the subnational population projections (total population) because the assumptions are not necessarily compatible.
		Migration at the subnational level has both external migration and internal migration components, although these separate components are difficult to quantify because of insufficient data.
	www.stats.govt.nz /additional-information/subnat-ethnic-pop-projections.htm (3344 words)

	Subnational Tax Policy and Administration in Developing Economies
		What is labeled as localization elsewhere is often cited as decentralization—the division of public-sector functions among multiple types of government, central and subnational.
		Subnational governments (SNGs) become agents that provide services to identifiable recipients until the tax price for those services reflects the benefits received.
		To satisfy those conditions, subnational (local) governments must be allowed to exercise ownsource taxation at the margin and be in a financial position to do so.
	www.urban.org /publications/1000754.html (1098 words)

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