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Topic: Subnational entity

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	Subnational entity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Subnational entity is a generic term for an administrative region within a country — on an arbitrary level below that of the sovereign state — typically with a local government encompassing multiple municipalities, counties, or provinces with a certain degree of autonomy in a varying number of matters.
		Confusingly, in countries that are not nation states, this may well mean that some or all "subnational" entities in reality are also national entities.
		Subnational entities are conceptually separate from dependent areas so that the former are included in the core or mainland of the respective state.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Subnational_entity (311 words)

	Encyclopedia: Subnational entity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A nation-state is a specific form of state (a political entity), which exists to provide a sovereign territory for a particular nation (a cultural entity), and which derives its legitimacy from that function.
		The districts (ÎµÏ€Î±ÏÏ‡Î¯ÎµÏ‚;) are the subnational subdivisions of Cyprus.
		The peripheries (Ï€ÎµÏÎ¹Ï†ÎÏÎµÎ¹ÎµÏ‚) are the subnational divisions of Greece.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Subnational-entity (479 words)

	State
		A number of modern commentators have claimed that we are experiencing the decline of the Westphalian state as the principal actor of the international system, pointing to economic, cultural, political, and technological changes in the world, such as globalization and the emergence of regional and supernational groupings such as the European Union.
		The term "state" is also used to describe subnational territorial divisions within a federal system, as in the case of the United States of America.
		The nation state has remained the dominant political entity all over the world ever since, even though the many ideologies of the 19th and 20th century have created numerous different ways of running the affairs of nation states, as well as numerous different forms of internal and external organization (see political system and economic system).
	www.cooldictionary.com /words/State.wikipedia (3741 words)

	Search Encyclopedia.com
		set set, in mathematics, collection of entities, called elements of the set, that may be real objects or conceptual entities.
		Set theory not only is involved in many areas of mathematics but has important applications in other fields as well, e.g., computer technology and atomic and nuclear physics.
		The term is generally used to refer to withdrawal from a political entity; such withdrawal usually occurs when a territory or state believes itself justified in establishing...
	www.encyclopedia.com /searchpool.asp?target=Subnational+entity (499 words)

	Capitales Fatales (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Under these conditions, subnational political and economic units were seen essentially as the "building blocks" within a larger, nationally focused system of administration, industrial growth and sociospatial cohesion.
		Since these subnational strategies of "endogenous" economic development arguably mark the first incarnations of the neoliberal forms of regionalization to be discussed below, their basic contours during the 1973-1989 period will be examined briefly here.
		Even as the German central state attempts to delineate new subnational spaces of economic growth, the boundary between deregulatory and reregulatory governance strategies within those spaces is always a terrain of intense sociopolitical conflict on a range of geographical scales.
	jsis.washington.edu /programs/europe/wendep/BrennerLong.htm (12946 words)

	Investment Arbitration under the Energy Charter Treaty in the light of new NAFTA Precedents: Towards a Global Code of ...
		Subnational entities can thus can easily become involved in an investment dispute for which responsibility may be passed upwards to a central government with little prior involvement.
		[20] In cases where the subnational entity carries little of the arbitration risk, or its regulators are not made sufficiently aware of their country’s international obligations, the effectiveness of the investor-state arbitration facility may be significantly reduced.
		The right way would be to associate the relevant subnational authorities in the negotiation of investment treaties and in the conduct of investment arbitration, but also to develop intra-state procedures to allocating risk, cost and blame directly on the subnational entities responsible for a dispute.
	www.gasandoil.com /ogel/samples/freearticles/article_51.htm (17411 words)

	Fiscal Decentralization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		One important factor in determining the type of fiscal decentralization is the extent to which subnational entities are given autonomy to determine the allocation of their expenditures.
		Ensuring that subnational governments have access to funds of their own (tax bases and unconditional grants) that can be pledged into the market as collateral is also necessary to reduce moral hazard tendencies.
		In addition, balanced budget requirements for subnational governments may ensure that current accounts are balanced by the end of each fiscal year so that borrowing to match expenditures and revenue streams does not lead to the financing of current account deficits over time.
	www1.worldbank.org /publicsector/decentralization/fiscal.htm (5105 words)

	Search Results (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Subnational governments preferred to receive transfers in kind or contributions from their own enterprises rather than collect corporate taxes that had to be shared with higher levels.
		Further, in countries with conflict between levels of government, subnational administration of national taxes is not advisable, because an unhappy subnational entity can refuse to submit national taxes (for example, Tatarstan in Russia).
		Efficiency in tax administration suggests that subnational governments should levy taxes on immobile factors (for example, property taxes) and fiscal need criteria suggest that they should also levy cost-recovery user charges such as frontage taxes (tax per linear front foot of property), tolls on local roads, and poll taxes.
	www1.worldbank.org /wbiep/decentralization/Module7/Topic07_BN.htm (1561 words)

	Oblast - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The oblast in Eastern Europe and Russian Federation geographic context is a subnational entity of Bulgaria, the Russian Federation, Ukraine, and the now-defunct Soviet Union.
		Volyns'ka and Zakarpats'ka oblasts of Ukraine retain the names of the respective historical regions (see Volyn and Transcarpathia), while their capital cities are Luts'k and Uzhhorod, respectively.
		Generally, oblast is the typical subnational entity of a highly-centralized unitary state.
	www.vacilando.org /_cliextra/baghdadmuseumorg/includepage.php?title=Oblast&action=edit (613 words)

	Policies - Inter-American Development Bank
		However, the policy can accommodate decentralized regimes where subnational entities may be creditworthy and financially autonomous.
		In these cases, the sovereign guarantee on local counterpart need not be required when the financial analysis demonstrates the capacity of the borrower to provide these resources on a timely basis.
		Similarly, the sovereign guarantee need not extend to those performance requirements or contractual obligations for project execution that are within the sphere of competence pertaining to the legal mandate of the subnational borrower.
	www.iadb.org /exr/pic/VII/OP_303.cfm?Language=English (606 words)

	Rxpress - Raion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A raion (or rayon) (Russian and Ukrainian: райо́н; Belarusian раён; Azeri: rayon), is one of two kinds of administrative subdivisions in languages of some post-Soviet states: a subnational entity and a subdivision of a city.
		Raion is a subnational entity of Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Latvia, Moldova, the Russian Federation, Ukraine, and the former Soviet Union.
		A raion is usually an entity two steps below the national level.
	www.rxpresspharmacy.com /wiki/index/Raion (256 words)

	Subnational Government Bankruptcy, Defaul, and Fiscal Crisis in the United States
		Subnational government can get into financial problems in various ways, sometimes through economic or social misfortune; sometimes through incompetence or malevolence; sometimes through a stubborn unwillingness to make tough budgetary choices; and often through a combination of these causes.
		The standards for establishing bankruptcy of an economic entity (whether an individual, corporation, or another unit, such as a local government) differ from country to country.
		The intention is to protect the entity from its creditors so that the assets may be distributed equitably among the creditors and the debtor can be discharged from further liability.
	ideas.repec.org /p/ays/ispwps/paper0221.html (351 words)

	Vexillology - Alternative History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Semi-autonomous: Often refered to as "territory", these are subnational entity that are still controled to a certain extent by the national government.
		While in older countries subnational entities can previously independant states that have been absorbed over the years (and thus its flag would have served as a national flag), in newer countries, flags of these entities are often created as an afterthought and in some cases, decades after its incorporation.
		Banner of Arms: The design on the subnational coat of arms is made to occupy the entire field of the flag.
	althistory.wikicities.com /wiki/Vexillology (2969 words)

	Dictionary of Meaning www.mauspfeil.net
		A '''tax''' is a compulsory charge or other levy imposed on an individual or a legal entity by a state or a functional equivalent of a state (e.g., tribes, secessionist movements or revolutionary movements).
		In contrast with a tax on real estate, a land value tax is levied only on the unimproved value of the land.
		When real estate is held by a higher government unit or some other entity not subject to taxation by the local government, the taxing authority may receive a PILOT (finance) payment in lieu of taxes to compensate it for some or all of the foregone tax revenue.
	www.mauspfeil.net /tax.html (5143 words)

	Middle East Open Encyclopedia: Taxpayers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Taxes could also be imposed by a subnational entity.
		Taxes may be part of a direct tax or indirect tax, and may be paid in money or as corvée labor.
		When real estate is held by a higher government unit or some other entity not subject to taxation by the local government, the taxing authority may receive a payment in lieu of taxes to compensate it for some or all of the foregone tax revenue.
	www.baghdadmuseum.org /ref?title=Taxpayers (5426 words)

	cars - Talk:Kosovo/Archive 3
		I've answered this on Talk:Vojvodina; the table is a standard way of displaying data on subnational entities.
		The table isn't bad, but I still think that for the sake of consistency it would be better to use the standard model for subnational entities.
		The reason: so that it sounds as if Kosovo is not one entity, but a number of smaller entities, in an effort to cut one big problem into a number of smaller ones.
	www.carluvers.com /cars/Talk:Kosovo/Archive_3 (7903 words)

	Subnational entity - Internet-Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Read about subnational entity in the free online encyclopedia and dictionary.
		Find subnational entity at one of the best sites the Internet has to offer!
		Find results for subnational entity and anything else you are looking for instantly!
	www.internet-encyclopedia.com /ie/s/su/subnational_entity.html (274 words)

	Uttar Pradesh - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The HEIC established an administration controlled by its senior officer in the region, the “Resident” of Delhi, to administer a political entity whose sovereignty was as ill-defined as its borders.
		For several reasons, the seat of administration was moved to Agra in 1834 and a “president” was appointed to govern the area.
		With nearly 176 million inhabitants, Uttar Pradesh is not only the most populous state in India but also the most populous subnational entity in the world.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Uttar_Pradesh (2260 words)

	Learn more about Subnational entity in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Learn more about Subnational entity in the online encyclopedia.
		Hint: Play with putting spaces before and after your words to see the different results you get.
		Land -- (also a national entity, however in Bundesland subnational)
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /s/su/subnational_entity.html (203 words)

	PART II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Some countries went even farther, shifting government's agricultural extension function to private entities, adopting privatization of public sector agricultural extension services as their reform strategy, as was the case in The Netherlands.
		(c) devolved, where funding and management authority is shifted in part or entirely to (i) subnational government, whereby state and local government are final arbiters of financial and management decisions regarding extension, as in Colombia, or (ii) to farmer associations, such as cooperatives or chambres d'agriculture, as in Denmark, Finland and France.
		Some countries are in the transitional stage of moving toward a regionally devolved extension system, as in Malawi which currently operates a national Block Extension System.
	www.agnr.umd.edu /users/rivera/cr4.htm (1573 words)

	Rxpress - Region - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		It is worth noting that regions are found in the minds of humans and so regions can be of any size and that each region is unique in its own way.
		The word "region" is taken from the Latin regio, and a number of countries have borrowed the term as the formal name for a type of subnational entity (eg, the región, used in Chile).
		The following countries use the term "region" (or its cognate) as the name of a type of subnational administrative unit:
	www.rxpresspharmacy.com /wiki/index/Region (493 words)

	OBLAST (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		An oblast is a name for the subnational entity of Bulgaria, Russian Federation, Ukraine, and the former Soviet Union.
		In the Soviet Union and the mentioned post-Soviet republics, oblasts are one step below the national level and further subdivided into districts called raiony or rayony.
		It is licensed under the GNU free documentation license.
	www.yotor.org /wiki/en/ob/Oblast.htm (99 words)

	Operational Manual - OP 8.60
		The Bank may provide development policy lending to a member country or to a subnational division of a member country.
		For development policy lending to a subnational entity, the state or region must have an appropriate expenditure program, as well as appropriate fiscal arrangements with the central government.
		As part of its country dialogue, the Bank advises borrowing countries to consult with and engage the participation of key stakeholders in the country in the process of formulating the country’s development strategies.
	wbln0018.worldbank.org /Institutional/Manuals/OpManual.nsf/tocall/AD55139DFE937EE585256EEF00504282?OpenDocument (3711 words)

	Articles - Regions of England (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The region (also known as Government Office region) is currently the highest tier of local government subnational entity in England.
		England is divided into nine regions each containing one or more county level entities.
		The regions were created in 1994 by John Major's government and since 1999 have been used as England's European Parliament constituencies [1] and as statistical NUTS level 1 regions.
	www.lastring.com /articles/Regions_of_England?mySession=0ad02a73ea2117de5666a010bfc3ce73 (972 words)

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