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Topic: Subprogram (programming)

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	Ryo Nakajima Programing Codes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		PERL Programs: merge NYTS data with county data.
		extract.pl: main program to match NYTS data with state and county data in databases.
		Programs to estimate the base-line model (MC Maximum Likelihood).
	homepages.nyu.edu /~rn231/Program.htm (195 words)

	Subroutine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In computer science, a subroutine (function, procedure, or subprogram) is a sequence of code which performs a specific task, as part of a larger program, and is grouped as one or more statement blocks; such code is sometimes collected into software libraries.
		In many programming languages the word function is reserved for subroutines that return a value; however, the C programming language and its programmers view subroutines simply as functions that do not return a value.
		The parts of the program which are responsible for the entry into and exit out of the subroutine (and hence, the setting up and removal of each stack frame) are called the function prologue and epilogue.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Subprogram (1837 words)

	Subroutine Summary
		In most imperative programming languages, subprograms may have so-called side-effects; that is, they may cause changes that remain after the subprogram has returned.
		A simple example is a subprogram that implements a Pseudorandom number generator; that is, a subprogram that returns a random number each time it is called.
		A subprogram may find it useful to make use of a certain amount of "scratch" space; that is, memory used during the execution of that subprogram to hold intermediate results.
	www.bookrags.com /Subroutine (2534 words)

	Learn more about Object-oriented programming in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Other paradigms such as functional and procedural programming focus primarily on the actions, with the objects being secondary considerations; in OOP, the situation is converse.
		Object-oriented programming "took off" as the dominant programming methodology during the mid-1980s, largely due to the influence of C++, an extension of the C programming language.
		Just as procedural programming led to refinements of technique such as structured programming, modern object-oriented software design methods include refinements such as the use of design patterns, design by contract, and modelling languages (such as UML).
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /o/ob/object_oriented_programming_1.html (1323 words)

	Literate Programming
		If programs are written in a way that concentrates on explaining their design to human readers, then they can be considered as works of (technical) literature; it is for this reason that Knuth has named this style of software construction and description "literate programming".
		From the programming language point of view the most obvious method of identification would be to use identifiers, resulting in a simple system of parameter-less macros, with as only unusual aspect that uses of the macro are allowed to precede the definition, and indeed do so more often than not.
		Actually, literate programming uses a method that differs from this only trivially from a formal standpoint, but has a great advantage in practical terms: identification is by means of a more or less elaborate phrase or sentence, marked in a special way to indicate that it is a reference to a program fragment.
	www.literateprogramming.com /index.html (4502 words)

	Interactive equipment for computer programming by linkage of labeled block representations of arithmetic/logical ...
		A programming equipment according to claim 3, further including a control processor connected to said processor means for controlling said external program utilization unit and including external memory means for storing a series of subprograms in successive storage locations to form a program for control of said external program utilization unit by said control processor.
		The program information constructed by the programming equipment 1 is stored in memory areas 910 and 911 of a memory 91 through a control processor 90 which controls an equipment (not shown) in accordance with the information stored in the memory areas 910 and 911.
		A content 50 of the subprogram memory capacity memory area is added to the content 500 of the external address buffer area and the resulting sum 550 is written into the external address buffer area to prepare for the next write operation to the external address memory area of the table (step 4005).
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4455619.html (5131 words)

	Structured programming Summary
		Dijkstra's structured programming, where the logic of a program is a structure composed of similar sub-structures in a limited number of ways.
		This observation did not originate with the structured programming movement; these structures are sufficient to describe the instruction cycle of a central processing unit, as well as the operation of a Turing machine.
		Some programs, particularly parsers and communications protocols, have a number of states that follow each other in a way that is not easily reduced to the basic structures.
	www.bookrags.com /Structured_programming (2245 words)

	Abstraction, Information Hiding and Encapsulation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Subprograms associate a name with a sequence of processing instructions in a way that the statements can be reused at different points in the program by calling the subprogram name.
		Subprograms are the most basic form of process abstraction and primitive data types are the most basic form of data abstraction.
		Subprograms are one mechanism for controlling the complexity of a program as it grows.
	www.bit.umkc.edu /burris/pl/abstraction-info-hiding-encapsulation (1940 words)

	LGL - CS Course Programming I & II - Exercises
		Its parameters are the height of the roof (the number of lines) and the type of tiles to use (a character).
		To test your subprogram, you'll have to include it in another subprogram (your main procedure), which will ask the user for the height of the roof and the kind of tile to use.
		Input should be safe: the program shall insist on an input until it is correct.
	lglwww.epfl.ch /teaching/programming01_02/programming_exercise_6.html (188 words)

	LGL - CS Course Programming I & II - Exercises
		Modify the program you've written in exercise 2 (the main procedure that displays a welcome message on the screen, followed by a triangle of stars) to use a subprogram.
		The subprogram should print a certain character a certain number of times on a line.
		The parameters of this subprogram are the character to display, and a number indicating how often it should be repeated.
	diwww.epfl.ch /researchlgl/teaching/programming99_00/programming_exercise_4.html (109 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		The format of the non-code portion of a subprogram is called an activation record, because the data it describes are relevant only during the activation of the subprogram.
		Variables declared in subprograms are often dynamically allocated Recursion adds the possibility of multiple simultaneous activations of a subprogram, requiring multiple instances of the activation record Access to non-local variables must be provided using the static scoping rules.
		Because all subprogram data is stored on the stack, a language that allows nested subprogram declarations must have a way to find the storage location for a non-local variable in the stack.
	www.cs.uah.edu /~mallen/cs524/chapter10.doc (1484 words)

	Chapter 9
		Subprogram control: interaction among subprograms and how subprograms manage to pass data among themselves in a structured and efficient manner.
		The static scope of a declaration is that part of the program text where a use of the identifier is a reference to that particular declaration of the identifier.
		Each program or subprogram is organized as a set of nested blocks.
	www.simpson.edu /~sinapova/cmsc315/LN315_Pratt/L09-Subprog.htm (925 words)

	11 Advanced Ada Programming
		If they try to call your stubbed subprograms will receive an exception to warn them that these subprograms are unfinished, but they don't have to wait until the body is done before they start development.
		Generics are referred to as static polymorphism, because the subprograms are generated when the generic is instantiated by the compiler and which subprogram to call is known when the program is compiled.
		A callback is a pointer to a subprogram.
	www.oopweb.com /Ada/Documents/AdaLinux/Volume/11.html (6611 words)

	Programming Assignment 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		The matrix input and output should be done with the mread and mwrite subprograms that you wrote for Programming Assignment 1.
		The first thing to do in the subprogram is create a new matrix descriptor and matrix array for the result of the multipication.
		If the matrices are compatible then the main program should invoke mmult passing the addresses of the input matrix descriptors read by mread.
	www.d.umn.edu /~gshute/cs5621/pa2.html (645 words)

	Subroutine - free-definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		In many programming languages the word function is reserved for subroutines that return a value; however, languages and thus programmers in the commonly-used C do not make this distinction.
		Closure - a subprogram together with the values of some of its variables captured from the environment in which it was created.
		Event handler - or simply "handler," a subprogram that is called in response to an "event," such as a computer user moving the mouse or typing on the keyboard.
	www.free-definition.com /Subroutine.html (1564 words)

	Basic Lesson 9 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Typically a subprogram will handle just one assignment in a main program, while the job of the main program is to shuffle the action back and forth in an organized way between all the subprograms.
		Then the subprogram "shares" the value of Z with the main program - that is, before it terminates it informs the main program of the value of Z. A second way of informing the main program of the sum is to leave the subprogram alone, but insert a COMMON SHARED statement into the main program.
		The subprogram then substitutes V back for A, W for B, X for C, Y for D, and Z for E, and the main program accepts these new values for A, B, C, D, E. Variables in a subprogram may be strings or arrays as well as numbers.
	www.math.hawaii.edu /~hile/basic/basic9.htm (1858 words)

	5.1.4 Programming by contract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		The subprogram in its turn fulfils the contract by ensuring that if it is supplied with acceptable input parameters it will always provide results which comply with its post-condition.
		The data flow interface diagram and subprogram specification for this function is as follows.
		The formal expression should augment rather than replace the informal comments as the informal comments are more useful for a quick scan of the subprogram's specification to determine if it might be suitable for a particular requirement.
	www.scism.sbu.ac.uk /law/Section5/chap1/s5c1p4.html (930 words)

	Programming Style
		A program written in good style is usually easier to understand, debug, and update, than the same program would be if written in bad style.
		The C++ programming language is built on a foundation of the C programming language, with features added on for the purpose of building a better programming language.
		Such a program might well use the value 60 for multiple purposes, including the number of seconds per minute, the number of minutes per hour, and the number of paper clips in a small box (has nothing to do with time, which is part of the point).
	faculty.niagara.edu /boxer/essays/prog/style.htm (3325 words)

	Ada Programming/Function overloading - Wikibooks
		This Computer programming article is available in pseudocode and Ada.
		Function overloading (also polymorphism or method overloading) is a programming concept that allows programmers to define two or more functions with the same name.
		Programming languages supporting implicid type convertions usually use promotion of arguments (ie.: type casting of integer to floating-point) when there is no exact function match.
	en.wikibooks.org /wiki/Programming:Ada:Function_overloading (435 words)

	Contained and external sub-programs
		Subprograms, the syntax and semantics of the CALL verb and parameter passing mechanisms.
		In a system consisting of a main program and linked subprograms, there must be a mechanism that allows one program to invoke another and to pass data to it.
		Although contained subprograms can be nested, a contained subprogram can only be called by the immediate containing program or by a subprogram at the same level.
	www.csis.ul.ie /cobol/Course/Subprograms.htm (2736 words)

	Metrics for Object-Oriented Software Engineering (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Subprograms (e.g., procedures, functions, subroutines, and paragraphs) are mid-level mechanisms for encapsulation.
		In many object-oriented programming languages, encapsulation of objects (e.g., classes and their instances) is syntactically and semantically supported by the language.
		Once a programmer understands a given object-oriented programming language, he or she should plan on taking one day per class to (eventually) understand all the classes in the class library.
	www.toa.com /pub/moose.htm (3619 words)

	A QuickBASIC Tutorial
		For large programming projects, the size of the program can become a bit unruly: the program takes longer to load in editors, the compilation time becomes unreasonably long (even if much of the code has not been altered since the last compilation) and the program generally suffers from a lack of organization.
		Within a subprogram, it is not possible to determine whether an array passed as a parameter is static or dynamic.
		The program in the preceding section will deadlock because LOF is used only to test for a single character which is not sufficient to guarantee that an entire line of input is available.
	www.leinweb.com /basic/manual/man3/tutor.htm (5878 words)

	Developing Good Programming Style
		Programming style is a term used to describe the effort a programmer should take to make his or her code easy to read and easy to understand.
		These will include the subprogram name; the purpose of the subprogram; and a list of all parameters, including direction of information transfer (into this routine, out from the routine back to the calling routine, or both), and their purposes.
		An efficient program is better than an inefficient one, of course, but it is also true that a slow, correct program is better than a fast, buggy one.
	www.cs.arizona.edu /people/mccann/style_c.html (3200 words)

	[No title]
		The calling program unit is suspended during the execution of the called subprogram, which implies that there is only one subprogram in execution at any given time, and ontrol always returns to the caller when the subprogram execution terminates.
		Control of the program is then transferred to the main program statements.
		When the execution of the procedure terminates, the main program restores its execution status and continue execution at the statement immediately after the procedure call.
	falcon.eku.edu /faculty/wong/csc350/subprogram.htm (467 words)

	AOP - a Whatis.com definition - see also: aspect-oriented programming (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Aspect-oriented programming (AOP) is an approach to programming that allows global properties of a program to determine how it is compiled into an executable program.
		An aspect is a subprogram that is associated with a specific property of a program.
		The aspect subprogram is used as part of a new kind of compiler called an aspect weaver.
	whatis.techtarget.com /definition/0,289893,sid9_gci213777,00.html (171 words)

	PIC 3: Subprograms
		A part of the program that conceptually belongs together, or that will be used more than once, possibly with minor variations, can be given a name, and be invoked by that name.
		There are two kinds of subprograms: functions are the subprograms that calculate one value; subroutines are the subprograms that compute multiple values, or make changes to program data.
		In the case of variables (or array elements, or in fact whole arrays), the subprogram can have an assignment to the corresponding dummy variable, though this is not recommended for functions; in the case where the actual argument is a constant or expression, the language standard prohibits assigning to the corresponding dummy argument.
	www.cs.utk.edu /~eijkhout/pic3/ref_subprogram.html (1935 words)

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