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Topic: Subshell

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	Electron configuration - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Shells and subshells (also called energy levels and sublevels) are defined by the quantum numbers, NOT by the distance of its electrons from the nucleus.
		The subshell labels s, p, d, and f originate from a now-discredited system of categorizing spectral lines as "sharp", "principal", "diffuse", or "fundamental", based on their observed fine structure.
		It is often abbreviated by noting that the first few subshells are identical to those of one or another noble gas.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Electron_configurations (1106 words)

	WWWolfe Atoms, Elements, and the Periodic Table
		Each subshell is denoted by a letter: s, the lowest energy subshell; p, next highest energy subshell; d, higher still; and f, the highest energy subshell of the four.
		Subshells are distinguished by the shapes of the orbitals of which they are composed.
		The outer d subshell fills in the transition elements (groups 3 to 12), and the outer f subshell fills in the lanthanide (elements 58 to 71) and actinide series (elements 90 to 103).
	www.mindspring.com /~drwolfe/Atoms_elements.htm (5165 words)

	The Answer Gang 95: Efficiency regards running script in a subshell () and a seperate shell (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Thus, a "subshell" in this instance means that the main shell script is its parent, i.e.
		A subshell can be efficient if you want to ensure that a task running under another shell script is carried out to completion before the next one is executed (a good example of this would be tarring files over ssh on a pipe).
		Of course, invoking a subshell program means that if the parent dies or is kill -9'ed, whatever, then the child process is also killed along with it.
	www.redhat.com /mirrors/LDP/LDP/LGNET/issue95/tag/1.html (522 words)

	Lessons In Electric Circuits -- Volume III (Semiconductors) - Chapter 2
		These subshell shapes are reminiscent of graphical depictions of radio antenna signal strength, with bulbous lobe-shaped regions extending from the antenna in various directions.
		For the second (p; l=1) subshell in each shell, which resembles a dumbbell, there are three different directions they can be oriented (think of three dumbbells intersecting in the middle, each oriented along a different axis in a three-axis coordinate system).
		In this notation, the shell number is shown as an integer, the subshell as a letter (s,p,d,f), and the total number of electrons in the subshell (all orbitals, all spins) as a superscript.
	www.ibiblio.org /obp/electricCircuits/Semi/SEMI_2.html (5441 words)

	Quantum Numbers and Electron Configurations
		It forces the number of subshells in a shell to be equal to the principal quantum number for the shell.
		There is one orbital in an s subshell (l = 0), three orbitals in a p subshell (l = 1), and five orbitals in a d subshell (l = 2).
		Electrons are added to a subshell with the same value of the spin quantum number until each orbital in the subshell has at least one electron.
	chemed.chem.purdue.edu /genchem/topicreview/bp/ch6/quantum.html (2581 words)

	[Chapter 8] 8.6 Subshells
		Subshells need not be in separate scripts; you can also start a subshell within the same script (or function) as the parent.
		The differences in functionality between subshells and code blocks are very few; they primarily pertain to issues of scope, i.e., the domains in which definitions of things like shell variables and signal traps are known.
		Therefore we feel that you should use subshells instead of code blocks if they are to contain variable definitions or signal traps-unless efficiency is a concern.
	www.cs.utk.edu /~miturria/ksh/ch08_06.htm (933 words)

	Atom - MSN Encarta
		If an atom has more than two electrons, the electrons begin filling orbitals in the next subshell with one electron each until all the orbitals in the subshell have one electron.
		The electrons that are left then go back and fill each orbital in the subshell with a second electron with opposite spin.
		Electrons will therefore fill the orbitals in the 4s subshell before they fill the orbitals in the 3d subshell, even though the 3d subshell is in a lower shell.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761567432_6/Atom.html (1173 words)

	Using Scientific Notation
		Theoretically, additional subshells such as the g, h and so on, can exist, but they are not required for any real atoms.
		A subshell consists of all of the orbitals with the same value of n and L.
		The 3s subshell has 1 orbital, the 3p subshell has 3 orbitals and the 3d subshell has 5 orbitals.
	www.brazosport.cc.tx.us /~chem/tutor/orbital.html (1311 words)

	The Atom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Once the 1s subshell is filled (at element #2, He), the next electron has to go into the L shell.
		Since we already know that 8 electrons come from the 3s and 3p subshells, and we now know that their may be 10 more from the 3d subshell, it follows that 8 + 10 = 18.
		In other words, for a p subshell, all three sub-subshells must half fill with one electron each before the 4th electron can fill the first sub-subshell, the 5th electron can fill the second sub-subshell and the 6th electron can then fill the last sub-subshell.
	tooldoc.wncc.nevada.edu /atomos.htm (1948 words)

	Magnetism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Because of the tendency of magnetic dipoles to oppose each other to reduce the net energy, in an atom the opposing magnetic moments of some pairs of electrons cancel each other, both in orbital motion and in spin magnetic moments.
		Thus, in the case of an atom with a completely filled electron shell or subshell, the magnetic moments normally completely cancel each other out and only atoms with partially-filled electron shells have a magnetic moment, whose strength depends on the number of unpaired electrons.
		The differences in configuration of the electrons in various elements thus determine the nature and magnitude of the atomic magnetic moments, which in turn determine the differing magnetic properties of various materials.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/magnetism (1939 words)

	ATOMIC STRUCTURE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The s subshell is the lowest energy subshell and the f subshell is the highest energy subshell.
		An s orbital found in a s subshell is spherical, p orbitals found in p subshells are two-lobed, and d orbitals found in d subshells are four-lobed.
		When writing electron configurations for atoms, the shorthand symbol for a subshell followed by a superscripted number which represents the number of electrons in that subshell is used.
	chemistry.armstrong.edu /P1/AtmStr.htm (711 words)

	GNU Emacs Manual: Interactive Shell (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		That is to say, any "terminal output" from the subshell goes into the buffer, advancing point, and any "terminal input" for the subshell comes from text in the buffer.
		Output from the subshell waits until Emacs has time to process it; this happens whenever Emacs is waiting for keyboard input or for time to elapse.
		The file name used to load the subshell is the value of the variable
	jamesthornton.com /emacs/node/emacs_444.html (335 words)

	Pyriodic Table
		Listing the subshells by shell we have 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 3d, 4s, 4p, 4d, 4f, 5s, 5p, 5d, 5f, 6s, 6p, 6d, 7s, 7p, 8s.
		The subshells form pyramids, based on the number of electrons per subshell.
		Each subshell is composed of orbitals, with up to two electrons per orbital.
	sussna.com /Pyriodic_Table.html (870 words)

	Writing Electron Configurations
		Start with the 1s subshell and draw a diagonal line through it from the lower right to upper left corner.
		Within a subshell, the electrons will occupy the orbitals singly first, and will only pair up when there are no longer any empty orbitals available in that subshell.
		Each subshell of orbitals is labeled underneath the grouping of orbitals for that subshell.
	www.brazosport.cc.tx.us /~chem/tutor/elecconf.html (1066 words)

	Chemical Sciences; Electrons in Atoms: The Four Quantum Numbers
		The subshell quantum number, generally symbolized by l, denotes the subshell in which the electron is located.
		The values of subshell quantum numbers may be expressed as the series 0, 1, 2, 3, 4..., or s, p, d, f, g...
		Experimentally, electrons described by different principal or subshell quantum numbers are found to have different energies regardless of the presence of an external magnetic field, while those with different magnetic quantum numbers and the same principal and subshell quantum numbers show differences only in the presence of such a field.
	www.psigate.ac.uk /newsite/reference/plambeck/chem1/p01224.htm (672 words)

	Aufbau principle
		For the n=2 shell there are two subshells - the s and p subshells and so on.
		The number of subshells within a shell is equal to n.
		The atomic structure is, in turn, determined by the electrons and which shells, subshells and orbitals they reside in.
	www.iun.edu /~cpanhd/C101webnotes/modern-atomic-theory/aufbau-principle.html (310 words)

	WEEK 3: CHEMISTRY 111 – Chapter 9 – Electron Structure
		The subshells are designated by letters s, p, d, f (these letters are terms which originated from the field of spectroscopy).
		These subshells contain a further substructure, which are sets of orbitals which have the same energy.
		in a subshell where there are multiple orbitals with the same energy, electrons will enter the each orbital singly until all orbitals are half filled before pairing with other electrons in the subshell.
	faculty.colostate-pueblo.edu /linda.wilkes/111/3c.htm (2591 words)

	Electron Configurations Using Subshell Notation
		Each subshell has a maximum number of electrons that it can hold. The s-type subshells can hold a maximum of two electrons, the p-type subshells can hold a maximum of six electrons, the d-type subshells can hold a maximum of ten electrons, and the f-type subshells can hold a maximum of fourteen electrons.
		To write an electron configuration using the subshell notation, a combination of the subshell followed by a superscript indicating the number of electrons in that subshell is used. Thus, for the first two elements, we would write their electron configurations as:
		For example, if we wanted to do the shorthand configuration for sodium (Na), you would count back one element to neon (Ne). Put this element symbol in brackets and then, noting that the next correct subshell is 3s, include the rest of the electrons as we did with the smaller elements.
	www.hcc.cc.il.us /Staff/johnm/chem120/subshellnotation.htm (209 words)

	[No title]
		The configuration for Ne is 1s2 2s2 2p6 Na and Mg are in the 3s subshell and then we get to Al, which is in the 3 p's.
		In addition to seeing the shell and subshell, the magnetic and spin quantum numbers are depicted as well.
		After you have filled up the subshell with up electrons, then go back and fill in the “down” electrons The magnetic (3rd) quantum number will start with the most negative number on the left and increase by 1’s.
	www.geocities.com /ciacciops/chem/Easy_Quantum_Numbers.doc (659 words)

	Chapter 7B
		number of the d subshell is always 1 less than the period in which the element is located.
		number of the f subshell is always 2 less than the period in which the element is located.
		Hund's rule states that the lowest energy arrangement of electrons in a subshell is obtained by putting electrons into separate orbitals of the subshell with the same spin (parallel spins) before pairing electrons.
	www.chem.latech.edu /~deddy/Lectnote/Chap7B.html (1409 words)

	[No title]
		Each subshell differs from the others as to the distance from the nucleus, the number of orbitals it contains, the shape of its orbitals, and the orientation of its orbitals with respect to the nucleus.
		Two electrons are assigned to the 2s shell and subshell, and the remaining three electrons are assigned their own orbital in the 2p subshell.
		Two electrons are assigned to the 2s shell and subshell, and the remaining four electrons are assigned to orbitals in the 2p subshell.
	www.xmission.com /~seldom74/chem1110int/ch03/03i.htm (8452 words)

	Subshells
		Directory changes made in a subshell do not carry over to the parent shell.
		A subshell may be used to set up a "dedicated environment" for a command group.
		Redirecting I/O to a subshell uses the "" pipe operator, as in
	www.faqs.org /docs/abs/HTML/subshells.html (492 words)

	General Chemistry Online: Companion Notes: Electrons in atoms
		Define and distinguish between shells, subshells, and orbitals.
		means "2 electrons in the 1s subshell, 2 electrons in the 2s subshell, and 5 electrons in the 2p subshell"
		is an electron configuration with 15 electrons total; 2 electrons have n=1 (in the 1s subshell); 8 electrons have n=2 (2 in the 2s subshell, and 6 in the 2p subshell); and 5 electrons have n=3 (2 in the 3s subshell, and 3 in the 3p subshell).
	antoine.frostburg.edu /chem/senese/101/electrons/index.shtml (1052 words)

	Interactive Shell (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		To give input to the subshell, go to the end of the buffer and type the input, terminated by RET.
		The file name used to load the subshell is the value of the variable `explicit-shell-file-name', if that is non-`nil'.
		As soon as the subshell is started, it is sent as input the contents of the file `~/.emacs_SHELLNAME', if that file exists, where SHELLNAME is the name of the file that the shell was loaded from.
	www.cis.ksu.edu /VirtualHelp/Info/gnu/lemacs.Interactive_Shell.html (598 words)

	Physics: An Introduction Chapter 31 -- Chapter Review (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The case of n = 1 is called the K shell, n = 2 is called the L shell, and so on, in alphabetical order.
		A particular notation for this specification lists the value of n, followed by the name of the subshell with the number of electrons in that subshell as a superscript.
		Notice that the principle quantum number n = 2 is only indicated once for both the s and p subshells.
	cwx.prenhall.com /bookbind/pubbooks/walker2/chapter31/custom7/deluxe-content.html (762 words)

	General Chemistry Online: FAQ: Electrons in atoms: How can I tell how many electrons can fit in a subshell?
		A subshell is a set of electrons that all have the same value of
		The number of possible orbitals in a subshell is determined by the number of possible m
		Each orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons, so the maximum number of electrons you can put into the subshells are 2, 6, 10, and 14 for s, p, d, and f subshells, respectively.
	antoine.frostburg.edu /chem/senese/101/electrons/faq/print-subshell-occupancy.shtml (210 words)

	Subshells & Subshell Grouping - Part III
		In review, there are both advantages and disadvantages to using subshells, and your ability to determine when and when not to use them will improve as your shell scripting skills mature.
		This was previously illustrated by looking at the value of a variable in the login shell, and then in a subshell (view tip).
		One of the major disadvantages of utilizing subshells is the fact that more system resources are used to run them.
	www.livefirelabs.com /unix_tip_trick_shell_script/jan_2004/01192004.htm (440 words)

	[No title]
		Well, for the "d" subshell the l value is 2.
		The 2nd shell has two subshells where l = 0(s) and 1 (p).
		The 2s subshell holds only 2 electrons whereas the 2 p holds 6 electrons, so there are a total of 8 electrons that fill the 2nd shell.
	www.chemistry.ohio-state.edu /~cholland/101/quantum_no_review.doc (276 words)

	Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Orbitals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The 3s subshell contains 1 orbital, the 3p subshell contains 3 orbitals and the 3d subshell contains 5 orbitals.
		Thus, the third electron shell is comprised of nine distinctly different orbitals, although each orbital has the same energy (that associated with the third electron shell) Note: remember, this is for hydrogen only.
		Each shell is divided into a number of subshells equal to the principle quantum number (e.g.
	wine1.sb.fsu.edu /chm1045/notes/Struct/QMech/Struct05.htm (636 words)

	Subshells & Subshell Grouping - Part I
		It is important to understand that the subshell has a separate environment from the login/parent shell.
		Alternatively, prefacing the script name with a "." (dot) and a space causes the script to run within the context of the login session, as if you had typed each line of the script in at the command prompt.
		Prior to running display_info as a subshell, a value will be assigned to the variable x, and the current session's process information will be displayed.
	www.livefirelabs.com /unix_tip_trick_shell_script/jan_2004/01052004.htm (447 words)

	XEmacs User's Manual - Interactive Shell
		That is to say, any "terminal output" from the subshell will go into the buffer, advancing point, and any "terminal input" for the subshell comes from text in the buffer.
		Output from the subshell waits until XEmacs has time to process it; this happens whenever XEmacs is waiting for keyboard input or for time to elapse.
		As soon as the subshell is started, it is sent as input the contents of the file
	www.tau.ac.il /cc/pages/docs/xemacs/xemacs_253.html (488 words)

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