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Topic: Substance dualism

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	Substance dualism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Substance dualism is a type of ontological dualism defended by Descartes in which it is claimed that there are two fundamental kinds of substance: mental and material.
		It may also be noted that philosophical interpretations of quantum mechanics -- especially the consciousness causes collapse interpretation -- are not a revival of substance dualism, since these views generally claim the observer is entangled the object being observed, not a separate substance which is the claim of substance dualism.
		Substance dualism is a philosophical position compatible with most theology which posits immortal souls occupying an independent realm of existence, while apparently bodies die.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Substance_dualism (344 words)

	Dualism (philosophy of mind) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In philosophy of mind, dualism is a set of beliefs which begin with the claim that the mental and the physical have a fundamentally different nature.
		Substance dualism asserts that the mind and matter are fundamentally distinct kinds of substances, while property dualism suggests that the ontological distinction lies in what properties mind and matter differ as in emergentism.
		Cartesian dualism is a kind of substance dualism, a great difficulty with which is the explanation of the interaction between mind and matter, if mind is to be immaterial.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dualism_(philosophy_of_mind) (2622 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Often, the term 'Cartesian dualism' is used to refer to the general class of substance dualist theories.
		Substance dualists hold that mind and matter are different kinds of substances.
		Cartesian interactionist dualism is a particular kind of substance dualism espoused by Descartes in which these two different kinds of substance can causally interact.
	www.jahsonic.com /Dualism.html (677 words)

	Dualism
		Dualism contrasts with monism, which is the theory that there is only one fundamental kind, category of thing or principle; and, rather less commonly, with pluralism, which is the view that there are many kinds or categories.
		Predicate dualism is the theory that psychological or mentalistic predicates are (a) essential for a full description of the world and (b) are not reducible to physicalistic predicates.
		In the case of mind, property dualism is defended by those who argue that the qualitative nature of consciousness is not merely another way of categorizing states of the brain or of behaviour, but a genuinely emergent phenomenon.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/dualism (12832 words)

	Taking consciousness seriously: A defense of Cartesian dualism
		Substance dualism is much more defensible than it has been given credit for being, so now is a propitious time for a resolute defense of substance dualism against shoddy rejection, and also a propitious time to clarify some of the aspects of substance dualism that have given cause for philosophical offense.
		Substance dualism needs to again become a serious player in the discussion if our ordinary intuitions about the mind and mental causation are to be rescued.
		If Cartesian dualism is to be taken seriously as the truth about minds and their bodies, then both the problem of dependence and the problem of continuity need to be addressed in a way that exhibits the known facts as plausible consequences of the underlying metaphysical view.
	www.newdualism.org /papers/F.Dilley/defense.htm (7197 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		If people were just physical substances and their mental states just special sorts of physical states, we couldn't explain the striking difference between people and paradigmatically physical objects such as stones and houses.
		Dualism implies that things are different in the case of the mind; that is, it implies that to capture what is distinctive about mental functioning, we must posit substances or properties that aren't physical.
		Dualism strikes many as most plausible for these states, because their qualitative properties intuitively seem not to be physical.
	web.gc.cuny.edu /cogsci/dualism.htm (3970 words)

	Cartesian Dualism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Some physical substances are red, some aren’t, and those that are red can be altered so that they are no longer red (say by being painted yellow), and still continue to exist.
		The new dualism is not the substance dualism of Descartes, according to which the mind is composed of a nonphysical substance.
		Philosophers attracted to dualism typically are compelled by the conceivability of organisms that are physically identical to us but mentally quite different (who either have different mental lives or who lack mental lives of any kind), and by the explanatory inadequacy of materialism.
	138.238.164.19 /dualism.html (3146 words)

	Fides Quaerens Intellectum: Empirical Evidence for Dualism? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Substance dualism though implies that the other substance is non-material.
		Immaterial substances would not have a location in space since spatial location seems to be exclusive to material substances.
		So those arguing that this is evidence for substance dualism have to explain how it is evidence, except in the very loose sense where externalism can be used as evidence for a particular kind of externalism.
	blog.johndepoe.com /2005/02/empirical-evidence-for-dualism.html (1494 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Dualism
		Again there is another dualism in man. The rational soul is a spiritual substance distinct from the body within which it dwells, somewhat as the charioteer in the chariot.
		Christianity rejected all forms of a dual origin of the world which erected matter, or evil, or any other principle into a second eternal being coexistent with God, and it taught the monistic origin of the universe from one, infinite, self-existing spiritual Being who freely created all things.
		This should be frankly admitted by the defender of natural dualism, and the chief psychological problem for him at the present day is to sift and discriminate what is immediate and direct from what is mediate or representative in the admittedly complex cognitional operations of normal adult life.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/05169a.htm (2416 words)

	20th WCP: Anne Conway’s Critique of Cartesian Dualism
		Firstly, dualism is inconsistent because dualists, while denying that concepts such as divisibility and extension are applicable to spiritual substance, nevertheless use such terms when describing the soul or spirit.
		Secondly, she argues that dualism results in mechanism because it makes too sharp a distinction between body and soul, thus regarding the body as a mechanical machine and the soul as something which is not integrally related to the body.
		She therefore includes in her book arguments against dualism because dualism, including that of Descartes, separates matter and spirit, the non-conscious and the conscious, God and the world, thus breaking up the unity of nature and the relationship between the spiritual and the material.
	www.bu.edu /wcp/Papers/Onto/OntoDerk.htm (3011 words)

	Case for Dualism
		Substance dualism generally holds that the body is a physical object having physical properties and that the mind is a mental substance containing mental properties irreducible to the physical.
		In defending substance dualism, I will be specifically siding with the “essence” of the Cartesian and Thomistic forms, without further developments such as Parallelism and Occasionalism which attempt to provide solutions specifically for the mind-body interaction problem.
		As substance dualism can allow for the possibility of many minds in one body, perhaps it should be seen as a virtue rather than a problem.
	scott.brisbane.id.au /philosophy/case_for_dualism.html (2794 words)

	dualism from FOLDOC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Thus the idea of dualism was current throughout the Christian era - but it received a renewed impetus from Descartes, who held that reality is made up exclusively of Spirit and Matter, and that these two substances can never meet or interact - except in the human soul (which gives rise to the mind-body dichotomy).
		Even though dualism is a kind of pluralism and is opposed by monism, practically speaking dualists often put their emphasis on the "higher", more spiritual reality that their theoretical separations construct, so that they are often construed as adherents of idealism or transcendentalism, even though this is not strictly the case.
		Cartesian interactionist dualism is a particular kind of substance dualism in which these two different kinds of substance can causally interact.
	lgxserver.uniba.it /lei/foldop/foldoc.cgi?dualism (1187 words)

	Dualism
		His particular philosophy is referred to as substance dualism because he believed that the universe consisted of two different kinds of substances that he termed res extensa (extended things, physical things) and res cogitans (thinking things).
		The fact that substance dualism cannot explain mind-body interaction is by itself not a sufficient reason to reject the theory.
		Simply stating that dualism is correct because they believe it is, or the bible says we have souls, is a dead end and can lead to no new information or discoveries.
	www.mindcreators.com /Dualism.htm (1084 words)

	Dualism and Mind [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Substance dualists typically argue that the mind and the body are composed of different substances and that the mind is a thinking thing which lacks the usual attributes of physical objects: size, shape, location, solidity, motion, adherence to the laws of physics, and so on.
		Opponents typically argue that dualism is inconsistent with known laws or truths of science (such as the aforementioned law of thermodynamics), conceptually incoherent (because immaterial minds could not be individuated, or because mind-body interaction is not humanly conceivable), or reducible to absurdity (because it leads to solipsism).
		Although each of these arguments for dualism may be criticized individually, they are typically thought to share a common flaw; they assume that because some aspect of mental states, such as privacy or intentionality or truth or meaning cannot be attributed to physical substances, that they therefore must be attributable to non-physical substances.
	www.utm.edu /research/iep/d/dualism.htm (10592 words)

	The Existence and Nature of the Soul
		Fourth, a substance is a unity of "parts, properties, and capacities." Moreland gives the example of his dog, which has the property of brownness, parts such as legs and teeth, and capacities such as barking.
		The leaf is the substance, the colors are properties, and the change of the substance from the possession of one property to another (i.e., green to gold) is an event.
		In contrast, substance dualism holds that the soul is a mental substance -not merely a set of mental properties and events of the physical brain, but an independent mental entity in its own right.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Delphi/8449/soul.html (7088 words)

	Dictionary of Philosophy of Mind - dualism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Arguments against dualism have been provided on the basis of both empirical evidence and on philosophical grounds, and clearly express the predominant view ( Dennett, Damasio, Churchland).
		Indeed, this problem is just as evident in physics as in dualism: a conversion of, say, light to 'psychic energy' seems no more a problem than a conversion of energy to matter.
		Under this view, dualism is at least a viable possibility once we realize the difficulty may lie elsewhere than with a commitment to a dualist ontology.
	www.artsci.wustl.edu /~philos/MindDict/dualism.html (994 words)

	[No title]
		Substance dualism, that most unpopular of current theories of mind, continues to find interesting and able defenders.
		Swinburne has defended substance dualism on a number of occasions, and very often by appealing to quite different sets of arguments.
		Someone who is uncertain between some form of materialism and substance dualism is unlikely to regard (A) as uncontroversially true; for if they were certain of (A), they might think that (B) and (C) would obviously follow, and they would thus, contrary to hypothesis, not be uncertain betweeen materialism and substance dualism.
	www.uea.ac.uk /~j099/Substancedualism.htm (6237 words)

	Review of The Evolution of the Soul
		However, very few contemporary philosophers take substance dualism seriously (the thesis that the mental--what Swinburne calls the soul--and the physical are two distinct kinds of substance that interact with each other).
		I welcome Swinburne's contribution to the philosophy of mind because substance dualism, whether it is ultimately tenable or not, is often dismissed too quickly.
		I had indeed not discussed [this objection to substance dualism], for the simple reason that it seems no good argument against the existence of a causal connection which can be repeated endlessly at will, that we cannot explain how it works.
	www.infidels.org /library/modern/yujin_nagasawa/soul.html (2566 words)

	Dualism
		Dualism in general is the view that the mental is different than the physical.
		Property dualism is the view that there are two different kinds of properties : mental properties and physical properties.
		Substance dualism, in contrast, is the view that there are two different kinds of substances : mental substances and physical substances.
	www.unc.edu /~theis/phil20/dualism.html (220 words)

	Leibniz's Philosophy of Mind
		Leibniz's rejection of materialist conceptions of the mind was coupled with a strong opposition to dualistic views concerning the relationship between mind and body, particularly the substance dualism that figured in the philosophy of Descartes and his followers.
		In general, causation is to be understood as an increase in distinctness on the part of the causally active substance, and an increase in confusedness on the part of the passively effected substance.
		Second, even if conceptual considerations about substances were sufficient to explain their apparent causal activity, it does not seem to follow that substances do not interact—unless one is assuming that causal overdetermination is not a genuine possibility.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/leibniz-mind (5955 words)

	[No title]
		Substance dualism raises a question about creatures like us who have both minds (composed of the substance Descartes called mind) and bodies (composed of the substance Descartes call matter).
		Liberal Naturalism is like substance dualism by holding that some of these properties and laws are not physical properties and laws.
		Unlike substance dualism, Liberal Naturalism requires no further substances, nor does it require an interaction between the physical and nonphysical elements of reality for both to be causally relevant.
	www.ai.uga.edu /~ghrosenb/revision/chptr1.htm (5010 words)

	dualism
		Dualism is the metaphysical doctrine that there are two substances, i.e., distinct and independent types of being, one material and the other spiritual.
		Material substance is defined as physical and is asserted to be the underlying reality of the empirical world, i.e., the world we see, hear, etc., and measure with our senses and technical instruments that extend the range of the senses, such as electron microscopes, telescopes, radar, etc.
		They can certainly be coherently explained by dualism, but it is not necessary to bring in the belief in non-physical reality to explain everything that is hard to talk about physically.
	skepdic.com /dualism.html (511 words)

	The Dualism of Musical Substance \| Rudhyar Archival Project \| Musical Works and Writings
		The composer born in Germany in 1800 might be a Beethoven or a spiritless figure; but in any case he would be obliged to use the instruments, the notation, the scales, to conform to the general attitude to music of his civilization.
		The efforts required are so overwhelming as to preclude almost the possibility of working along such lines for a composer who is essentially a creative force needing to express himself, and who moreover is not wealthy or favored with wealthy patronage.
		Several pioneers are beginning to study Music in terms of universal Laws, to probe the meaning and contents of the musical substance which we are bound to use to-day if we want to be heard, to work toward the establishment of a new and fuller and more logical substance.
	rudhyar.com /musicalsubstance.html (2594 words)

	Diana Mertz Hsieh: NoodleFood
		Both dualism and materialism are premised on "fundamentalism," the view that what is fundamentally mental must be non-physical and that what is fundamentally physical must be non-mental.
		Dual aspect theories, however, are not without their own set of problems.
		In general, dual aspect theories may have only pushed the problem back a step, for we still must coherently explain the relationship between the mental aspects and the physical aspects of the entity.
	www.dianahsieh.com /blog/2002_09_29_weekly.html (5873 words)

	Motivating Factors for Adhering to Dualism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		that each mind is a distinct nonphysical thing, an individual 'package' of nonphysical substance, a thing whose identity is independent of any physical body to which it may be temporarily 'attached.' Mental states and activities derive their special character, on this view, from their being states and activities of this unique, nonphysical substance.
		The main argument in favor of substance dualism, however, springs from a combination of introspection, and the inspection of material things for the objects one encounters through introspection.
		The debate between dualism and materialism does seem to be less about which view explains the most, than about which view is mysterious in the less irritating way.
	vuletic.com /hume/dualism.html (1106 words)

	Afterlife (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		An argument used by dualists against monism is that the doctrine of the resurrection of the dead presupposes dualism, as it is impossible in a monistic framework.
		In dualism the body is extended in space, the soul is not.[43] Actions such as entering or leaving spatial, material bodies therefore, cannot be applied to this soul, given that entering and leaving spatial bodies would require moving through space from one location to another.
		Substance dualism can thus be divided into those on the one hand who say that the soul is inherently immortal and cannot be destroyed by anyone, and those on the other hand who say that the soul possesses derived immortality.
	www.afterlife.co.nz /articles/anthropology/identity.html (9595 words)

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