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Topic: Substantia nigra

	Title
		We have studied the sensory and oculomotor properties of cells in the monkey substantia nigra pars reticulata by recording extracellular unitary spikes of these cells while the monkey was performing behavioral paradigms that allowed the presentation of visual and auditory stimuli and the initiation of saccadic eye movements under different behavioral conditions.
		These substantia nigra cells respond to the appearance of a light spot that the monkey is going to fixate or to the disappearance of a light spot that it was fixating.
		For each of the substantia nigra cells that showed visual- or occulomotor-related responses, we determined the center of the visual receptive or movement field of the cell and compared it with the field center of the superior colliculus cells found at the lowest threshold point.
	www.biology.emory.edu /research/Jaeger/Interests/Evidence_Refs.html (5316 words)

	Dopamine and substantia nigra
		Parkinson's disease is a movement disorder characterized by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta.
		In the present study, we assessed the feasibility of grafting embryonic DA neurons into the substantia nigra (SN) of adult parkinsonian monkeys as an approach to restoration of the DA modulation of striatal-nigral afferents that is lost after degeneration of SN neurons.
		Inflammation and neuronal degeneration of the substantia nigra (SN) occur in Parkinson's disease (PD).
	lansbury.bwh.harvard.edu /da_and_substantia_nigra.htm (17143 words)

	Memory Loss & the Brain
		The substantia nigra is a region of the brain which contains neurons that produce the neurotransmitter dopamine.
		It is fl in appearance, giving rise to the name ("substantia nigra" is Latin for "fl substance".) Neurons in the substantia nigra travel to brain areas which are important for motor control as well as to the frontal lobes, which are important for attention and executive function.
		Parkinson's disease is a disorder that involves progressive death of neurons in the substantia nigra, leading to motor and cognitive symptoms.
	www.memorylossonline.com /glossary/substantianigra.html (159 words)

	Substantia Nigra (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Cell body located in the substantia nigra (part of the midbrain).
		The DiI was injected into the caudate nucleus and transported back to this cell in the substantia nigra.
		The substantia nigra is an important area of the brain for controlling movement.
	faculty.washington.edu /chudler/subn.html (67 words)

	A Review of a Neurosurgery Effective Against Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease
		The degeneration of substantia nigra cells leads to a progressive depletion of dopamine and, ultimately, a severe shortage of dopamine in the nearby striatum, which is the part of the brain that controls movement, balance, and walking.
		substantia nigra: the brain's motor control center; a group of cells that projects to the basal ganglia and is involved in the performance of willed movements (refer to Figure G-1 for location).
		The degeneration of neurons of the substantia nigra is responsible for a severe loss of dopamine, which causes symptoms of Parkinson's disease.
	tc.engr.wisc.edu /UER/uer97/author2/content.html (3370 words)

	Basal Ganglia - Scholarpedia
		The basal ganglia comprise two principal input nuclei, the striatum and the subthalamic nucleus (STN), and two principal output nuclei, the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) and the internal globus pallidus (GPi) (primates) which in cats and rodents is known as the entopeduncular nucleus (Figure 1).
		Substantia nigra pars reticulata is the second principal output nucleus also receiving afferents from other basal ganglia nuclei and providing efferent connections to the thalamus and brainstem.
		Substantia nigra pars compacta/ventral tegmental area are regions of the ventral midbrain that contain the dopaminergic neurones that give rise to the nigrostriatal and mesolimbic/mesocortical projections (Lindvall and Bjorklund 1974).
	www.scholarpedia.org /article/Basal_Ganglia (5447 words)

	Wilkey
		In 1893 the substantia nigra of the basal ganglia was identified as an area of disease for Parkinson’s.
		The pathologic changes in the substantia nigra involve dopaminergic neurons that project to the striatum and thus lead to the depletion of dopamine in the caudate nucleus and putamen.
		Disturbance of function of inhibitory nerve fibers emanating from the substantia nigra allows unwanted and excessive excitatory message to escape from the corpus striatum, which are transformed in the neighboring thalamus into oscillating burst of nervous activity which are relayed through the cerebellum and the spinal cord.
	web.indstate.edu /thcme/anderson/NW.html (2004 words)

	Sample (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Messages pass through the cells of the substantia nigra and the cells of the striatum through the aid of the neurotransmitter dopamine.
		In Parkinson’s disease, many of the cells of the substantia nigra and a few of the cells in the striatum are damaged.
		Approximately eighty percent of the cells of the substantia nigra’s pigmented cells are deteriorated.
	www.accd.edu /pac/science/hopper/ResePape/sample.htm (2475 words)

	Medical Neurosciences
		NUCLEUS (C.N. The substantia nigra lies in the midbrain immediately dorsal to the cerebral peduncles.
		The most consistent pathological finding in Parkinson’s disease is degeneration of the melanin-containing cells in the pars compacta (another part is called the pars reticulata) of the substantia nigra (melanin is an inert by-product of the synthesis of dopamine).
		This substance passes—via axoplasmic flow—to the nerve terminals in the striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen), where it is released as a transmitter.
	www.neuroanatomy.wisc.edu /virtualbrain/BrainStem/20Substantia.html (210 words)

	Neuropathology For Medical Students
		The reason for grouping the latter disease together with the former is simple: the neuronal cell bodies in the substantia nigra are connected via their axons with cell bodies in the basal ganglia.
		The neurotransmitter released at the synapse in the basal ganglia is DOPamine (dihydroxyphenylethylamine), a catecholamine closely related to norepinephrine, and synthesized in the neurons of the substantia nigra.
		The pigment in the substantia nigra is dark (arrows) because of the presence of brown neuromelanin in neurons (below).
	www.pathology.vcu.edu /WirSelfInst/neuro_medStudents/BASALGANG.html (1280 words)

	Physiological Dysfunction of PD (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The substantia nigra is a pigmented, dopamine rich nucleus that forms part the basal ganglia.
		The substantia nigra consists of the densely cellular pars compacta and the less cellular pars reticulata, and it’s neurons project to the caudate and putamen (together the striatum) forming the nigrostriatal tract.
		In Parkinson’s Disease, the neuronal cells in the substantia nigra are lost or compromised and contain inclusions in the cytoplasm called Lewy bodies.
	pbl.cc.gatech.edu /mindy/1566 (499 words)

	Basal Ganglia Components and Pathways (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The internal section is one of two main output nuclei of the basal ganglia, along with the substantia nigra pars reticulata [84].
		The substantia nigra, along with the internal globus pallidus, is one of the two major output sections of the basal ganglia.
		The major output of the basal ganglia, from the internal globus pallidus and the substantia nigra pars reticlata, project to three nuclei in the thalamus: the ventral lateral, ventral anterior, and mediodorsal.
	www.hitl.washington.edu /publications/prothero/node51.html (517 words)

	Notes on the Basal Ganglia
		Caudate and putamen project to both regions of the globus pallidus and the pars reticulata of the substantia nigra.
		The globus pallidus and substantia nigra are intimately connected with the subthalamic nucleus.
		Presumptive cause: lesions in the dopaminergic projection form the substantia nigra to the striatum (Patients also show loss of locus ceruleus neurons [noradenergic neurons]: depigmentation of the pigmented nuclei of the brain stem).
	www2.umdnj.edu /~paneuweb/basgang.htm (833 words)

	Substantia nigra neuromelanin: structure, synthesis, and molecular behaviour -- Zecca et al. 54 (6): 414 -- Molecular ...
		Substantia nigra neuromelanin: structure, synthesis, and molecular behaviour -- Zecca et al.
		Substantia nigra neuromelanin: structure, synthesis, and molecular behaviour
		The pigmented neurones of the substantia nigra are typically
	mp.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/abstract/54/6/414 (338 words)

	Parkinson's Disease
		The fact that Parkinson's patients experience low levels of dopamine and apoptosis in the substantia nigra led many scientists to hypothesize that the substantia nigra generates dopamine, further implying that the low levels of dopamine paired with apoptosis led to the symptoms of Parkinson's disease.
		In short, Parkinson's disease is caused by the degeneration of neurons in the substantia nigra which results in the decrease of dopamine.
		Dopamine is vital for normal movements because it allows messages to be transmitted from the substantia nigra to the striatum, which then initiates and controls the ease of movement and balance (3).
	serendip.brynmawr.edu /bb/neuro/neuro04/web1/sramirez.html (1336 words)

	Wilkey
		In 1893 the substantia nigra of the basal ganglia was identified as an area of disease for Parkinson’s.
		The pathologic changes in the substantia nigra involve dopaminergic neurons that project to the striatum and thus lead to the depletion of dopamine in the caudate nucleus and putamen.
		Disturbance of function of inhibitory nerve fibers emanating from the substantia nigra allows unwanted and excessive excitatory message to escape from the corpus striatum, which are transformed in the neighboring thalamus into oscillating burst of nervous activity which are relayed through the cerebellum and the spinal cord.
	www1.indstate.edu /thcme/anderson/NW.html (2004 words)

	Journal of Neuroinflammation \| Full text \| Complement activation in the Parkinson's disease substantia nigra: an ...
		Substantia nigra specimens from young normal subjects (n = 11–13), aged normal subjects (n = 24–28), and subjects with PD (n = 19–20), Alzheimer's disease (AD; n = 12–13), and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB; n = 9) were stained for iC3b and C9, representing early- and late-stage complement activation, respectively.
		[21] reported staining of Lewy bodies in the PD substantia nigra for both early-stage (C3d and C4d) and late-stage (C7 and C9) complement proteins, and C3d and C4d staining on Lewy bodies was subsequently reported in the brain stem from subjects with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) [22].
		In addition to the concentrations of complement proteins deposited on melanized neurons, neuronal expression of complement inhibitory molecules [45] and complement receptors [46] in normal and diseased substantia nigra is also likely to be important in determining the influence of complement activation on these neurons.
	www.jneuroinflammation.com /content/3/1/29 (4230 words)

	Connections of the Basal Ganglia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		- arise from both the pars reticularis of the substantia nigra and connect with the caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus, as well as with the thalamus, frontal cortex, amygdala, superior colliculi and olfactory tubercle.
		The substantia nigra receives multiple input from the globus pallidus, cerebral cortex, dorsal raphe nucleus, amygdaloid body, subthalamus septal area and stria terminalis.
		Neurons in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) project principally to the thalamus (ventral anterior, ventral lateral, and dorsomedial nuclei) but also to brain stem nuclei (superior colliculus, pedunculopontine nucleus) and use GABA as the neurotransmittter.
	www.cerebromente.org.br /n04/fundamentos/connections.htm (459 words)

	Parkinson's disease: a novel MRI method for determining structural changes in the substantia nigra -- Hutchinson and ...
		Parkinson's disease involves the degeneration of neurons in the substantia nigra (mainly in the pars compacta).
		Note that the substantia nigra pars compacta (SN reaches the edge of the peduncle in the upper slice and becomes smaller in the lower slice.
		The substantia nigra pars reticulata (SN) is also seen in the upper slice, extending into the corticospinal tracts anteriorly.
	jnnp.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/67/6/815 (2063 words)

	What is Parkinson's Disease
		Paralleling the loss of nerve cells in the substantia nigra is the loss of dopamine, a chemical which carries messages from one nerve cell to another.
		These drug-induced disorders are not associated with a loss of nerve cells in the substantia nigra and differ from the permanent PS associated with the nerve toxin MPTP which does result in loss of nerve cells in the substantia nigra.
		At least 60% of the nerve cells in the substantia nigra and 80% of the dopamine in the striatum must be lost before the first symptoms of PD appear.
	www.pdcaregiver.org /WhatIsParkinsons.html (3308 words)

	Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum
		There are some regional differences: for example, medial caudate and nucleus accumbens receive their input from frontal cortex and limbic areas, and are implicated more in thinking and schizophrenia than in moving and motion disorders.
		The caudate and putamen are reciprocally interconnected with the substantia nigra, but send most of their output to the globus pallidus (see diagram below).
		The substantia nigra can be divided into two parts: the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNpr).
	thalamus.wustl.edu /course/cerebell.html (1725 words)

	Substantia nigra
		Substantia nigra (auch Soemmerring-Ganglion nach Samuel Thomas von Soemmerring) bezeichnet einen Teil des Gehirns.
		Histochemisch lassen sich verschiedene Neurotransmitter in den Neuronen der Substanz nachweisen, jedoch imponiert besonders ein hoher Dopamingehalt in der Pars compacta.
		Die Substantia nigra ist in diverse Schaltkreise des extrapyramidalmotorischen Systems eingegliedert und steht auf diese Weise mit Cortex, Striatum, Nucleus subthalamicus, Thalamus und anderen Hirnstrukturen in Verbindung.
	www.weblexikon.de /Substantia_nigra.html (320 words)

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