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Topic: Substitution (chemistry)

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	UBC Okanagan - Course Descriptions - Chemistry - CHEM - Calendar 2006/07
		This course or CHEM 123 is prerequisite to all subsequent courses in Chemistry.
		This course or CHEM 113 is prerequisite to all subsequent courses in Chemistry.
		Analysis of the coordination chemistry of d- and f-block metals, including structure, bonding descriptions, spectroscopic and magnetic properties, and kinetics and mechanism of substitution and redox reactions.
	okanagan.students.ubc.ca /calendar/courses.cfm?code=CHEM (1276 words)

	Chemistry
		Chemistry majors are also required to register for and attend two semesters of Chemistry Symposia (CHEM 521/522).
		Students who do not study inorganic chemistry in CHEM 144, either through exemption or because they have satisfied the Introductory Chemistry requirement with CHEM141/142 must select CHEM 361 or CHEM 363 as one of their 300-level electives.
		A chemistry major planning graduate work in chemistry ordinarily takes at least one additional 300-level chemistry course (excluding 337/338, 348/349, or 350) and two semesters of undergraduate research, CHEM 409/410 or 421/422.
	www.wesleyan.edu /chem/chem_undergrad/requirements.html (654 words)

	Substitution (chemistry) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Substitution in the context of organic chemistry has the general meaning of replacing an atom, a functional group, or a substituent in a molecule.
		Substituted compounds are chemical compounds where one or more hydrogen atoms of a core structure have been replaced with a functional group like alkyl, hydroxy, or halogen.
		A substitution reaction is a general type of organic reaction where one functional group or substituent in the reactant molecule is replaced by another.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Substitution_(chemistry) (136 words)

	UM Chemistry
		Substitution of Honors sections of 461 and 463, maintenance of a satisfactory GPA (3.3) in concentration courses including prerequisites, and satisfactory completion of an Honors thesis (Chemistry 499) based on the research done in Chemistry 399 are required for Honors.
		Chemistry concentrators are encouraged to complete, as early as possible, the mathematics, physics, and language courses that are necessary for the concentration and to plan their distribution from among upper level courses which are open to juniors and seniors in social science, art, and humanities departments, often without prerequisites.
		Chemistry students planning to take laboratory courses abroad need to be aware that laboratory space and equipment may present problems and need to be checked out in advance.
	www.umich.edu /~michchem/undergrad/concentrate.html (3829 words)

	UVic Calendar: Program Requirements
		Substitution of appropriate courses from other departments may be made with the permission of the Chair, Supervisor, Graduate Adviser and Faculty of Graduate Studies.
		A graduate lecture course may be substituted for CHEM 670 or 680 when the latter are not offered.
		Substitution of an equivalent unit value course from another department or institution may be permitted with the permission of Chair, Supervisor, Graduate Adviser and Faculty of Graduate Studies.
	web.uvic.ca /calendar2005/GRAD/GPROGS/Chem/PrRe.html (1332 words)

	UVic - Department of Chemistry - MSc requirements
		Substitution of appropriate courses from other departments may be made with the permission of the Chair, Supervisor, Graduate Advisor and Faculty of Graduate Studies.
		The requirements for Chem 509 are regular attendance at departmental seminars and presentation of a research seminar in the final year of the degree.
		Substitution of an equivalent unit value course from another department or institution may be permitted with the permission of Chair, Supervisor, Graduate Advisor and Faculty of Graduate Studies.
	www.chemistry.uvic.ca /msc.html (1415 words)

	Chemistry
		Chemistry can be viewed as both a challenging intellectual pursuit and a powerful, practical tool for developing and handling the resources of our contemporary society.
		The Chemistry Handbook, which is available on the Web, outlines the teaching and research activities of the Chemistry faculty and offers a wide range of informal advice on undergraduate activities.
		The basic courses in chemistry are CHMA10H and CHMA11H which must be taken by those who wish to take further chemistry courses or who require chemistry for another science.
	www.scar.toronto.edu /courses/calendar/Chemistry.html (2229 words)

	Krische Group Members Page
		She graduated in 2002 with a BS in Chemistry from the State University of West Georgia.
		Chris was born in Detroit, Michigan and received his BS in chemistry from the University of Michigan in April 2006.
		Pete was born in Cleveland, OH in 1981 and graduated from Ohio State University with a B.S. in chemistry.
	research.cm.utexas.edu /mkrische/Members/groupmembers.htm (1675 words)

	Chemistry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Concentration in chemistry or biochemistry is suitable for students who wish to prepare for careers in the chemical profession or in the related fields of life, health, or earth sciences.
		Honors in Biochemistry may be awarded on the same basis as honors in chemistry, except that a student must have at least a 3.0 overall GPA and a GPA of at least 3.0 in all chemistry, biology, physics, and mathematics courses taken.
		Students considering a summer chemistry course must obtain a copy of the department criteria from the department office and seek approval before the summer course is taken.
	www.colgate.edu /DesktopDefault1.aspx?tabid=644 (2540 words)

	Ohio Board of Regents Transfer and Assurance Guides Review Business Page
		Chemistry I (Lecture and lab 4-5 semester hours) Note: These outcomes were aligned with the American Chemical Society (ACS) recommendations in mind.
		In a general chemistry laboratory, the student should have been exposed to a broad range of chemical laboratory experiences which build on topics covered in the corresponding lecture course, and which develop (1) analytical and preparative skills (2) the ability to effectively collect, analyze and report data.
		Chemistry II (Lecture and lab 4-5 semester hours) Note: These outcomes were aligned with the American Chemical Society (ACS) recommendations in mind.
	www.regents.state.oh.us /articulation_transfer/AT/OAN/Chemistry/learningoutcomes.html (1613 words)

	SparkNotes: Introduction to Organic Chemistry IV: Substitution and Elimination
		Substitution and elimination reactions are among the most common in organic chemistry.
		This section focuses on three concepts necessary for an understanding of substitution and elimination: the rate law, the leaving group, and the nucleophile.
		The rate law is a mathematical equation that relates the speed of a reaction and the concentration(s) of its reactants.
	www.sparknotes.com /chemistry/organic4/intro/summary.html (289 words)

	Crystal Chemistry
		It is useful to discuss mineral chemistry in terms of major elements -- those present at concentrations of several tens of percents by weight, minor elements -- those present at concentrations of less than 10%, and trace elements -- those present at concentrations of less than one percent by weight.
		Essentially the ionic radii of the substituting atoms, ions or molecules must be able to fit into the site occupied by the entity for which they are substituting.
		Substitution is favored by elevated temperatures at which there is a greater tolerance resulting from increased thermal vibration.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~jrice/geol_311/Chemistry.html (1434 words)

	UBC Student Services - Calendar 2007/08 - Course Descriptions - Chemistry - CHEM
		Chemistry of organic substances that have particular relevance to the life sciences.
		Chemistry of the solid-gas interface: Modern methods for investigation of the structure of solid surfaces and interactions between solid surfaces and gases.
		Inorganic aspects of biological chemistry; emphasis on the role of metal ions and metalloenzymes.
	www.students.ubc.ca /calendar/courses.cfm?code=CHEM (2726 words)

	Sciencemadness Discussion Board
		Substitution reactions on aromatic rings are so basic that any decent beginners textbook will have the info.
		The reactivities of benzene and a substituted benzene are compared in one of the following ways.
		Well, i do have a chemistry book, it just didn't cover what groups are activators/deactivators, and what positions on the ring they are likely to take.
	www.sciencemadness.org /talk/viewthread.php?tid=426 (1043 words)

	ARKAT USA, Inc.
		During the twenty year period 1970 – 1990, free-radical chemistry underwent a series of remarkable transformations that effectively drew to a close the era in which free-radicals were considered to give rise only to intractable tars or polymers.
		The increased understanding of the factors which govern the reactivity, regio-and stereochemistry of radical addition chemistry led to the emergence of a maturity which saw the development of several impressive syntheses based on radical chemistry.
		In much the same way that a clearer understanding of the details of homolytic addition chemistry gave rise to a rapid increase in the use of that methodology in synthesis, recent increases in the understanding of homolytic substitution processes have the similar potential of providing chemists with yet further tools for their synthetic endeavours.
	www.arkat-usa.org /home.aspx?VIEW=MANUSCRIPT&MSID=239 (2640 words)

	Course Descriptions
		Chemistry of transition metal complexes; ligand field and molecular orbital theory.
		Structure-reactivity correlations for inorganic complexes; ligand substitution and electron transfer processes in the context of a variety of inorganic processes, including external reagent attack on a metal complex at the metal center or at a coordinated ligand, carbon-carbon bond formation, and oxidation processes.
		A prior course in organometallic chemistry (Chemistry 521) is recommended.
	www.princeton.edu /~chemdept/archives/dept_old/grdcrs.html (1037 words)

	Chemistry Organic - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Chemistry Organic - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Chemistry, Organic, branch of chemistry in which carbon compounds and their reactions are studied.
		Substitution reactions in organic chemistry can be subdivided into electrophilic substitution and nucleophilic substitution, depending upon the...
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Chemistry_Organic.html (103 words)

	CHM 303b
		Chemistry 303b is a new offering in the Chemistry Department, designed to give students a choice in the style and content of Organic Chemistry I. It is designed to mesh smoothly with Chemistry 304b, Organic Chemistry II, and does not preclude continuation into Chem 304X instead.
		Chemistry 303b is not a complete course in organic chemistry.
		Chemistry Department Library, and can be profitably consulted for another view on things.
	www.princeton.edu /~mfshack/303b/303b-99-more-info.html (958 words)

	UVic - Department of Chemistry - PhD requirements
		Candidates for the PhD degree are required to complete at least 12 units of graduate courses in Chemistry.
		The PhD candidacy examination in Chemistry includes a Candidacy Report and an oral examination on subject areas relevant to the student's research area.
		The goal of the Candidacy exam is to assess the student's ability to understand and articulate ideas related to a given topic outside their area of expertise.
	www.chemistry.uvic.ca /phd.html (817 words)

	Fundamental Research
		The advantages of this method are that it allows control of the chain lengths and is the main access route to block, graft, and comb copolymers of polyphosphazenes with organic polymers and polysiloxanes.
		The synthetic techniques used are typical "wet chemistry" procedures of the type found in most organic or inorganic programs, as well as vacuum line and dry box manipulation of air-sensitive compounds.
		Our continuing work on the small molecule chemistry involves studies of the role of side group steric hindrance on the substitution chemistry of small molecule phosphazenes, on the sensitivity to hydrolysis of phosphazenes with biological important side groups, and on ring and chain conformations.
	research.chem.psu.edu /hragroup/fundamental.htm (1531 words)

	11th Hour - Organic Chemistry I & II
		Although in theory, any base could catalyze the process, in practice the base used to generate the enolate is the alkoxide that will be the leaving group in the last step of the nucleophilic acyl substitution.
		One equivalent of alkoxide is used to generate the enolate and an equivalent of that alkoxide catalyst is regenerated in the last step.
		For steric reasons, if two R groups are being placed on malonic ester, it is usually prudent to put the smaller one on first, then the larger.
	www.blackwellpublishing.com /11thhour/book6/oc2ch8.html (1179 words)

	Safer Chemicals Within Reach \| Greenpeace International
		Some companies are already using substitution as a means of eliminating hazardous chemicals from their businesses.
		However, there are also barriers and the development and adoption of safer substitutes is happening only slowly, in a piecemeal fashion and in some sectors not at all.
		For this reason, the Substitution Principle cannot be implemented to its full and necessary effect simply as a general policy statement within the regulatory framework, since this will be an insufficient driver for change.
	www.greenpeace.org /international/press/reports/safer-chemicals-within-reach (1041 words)

	The importance of pairwise interactions between peptide residues in the delineation of TCR specificity.
		Interestingly, one CTL line raised against the 5ALA substituted peptide was permissive for a double substitution at positions 5 and 6, in which lysine was permissive at position 5 only if the adjacent glutamic acid was replaced by alanine.
		Extensive analysis revealed three distinct patterns of responses with peptides doubly substituted in this region: recognition of both single substitutions but not the double substitution, recognition of only one single substitution but also the double substitution, or recognition of both single substitutions and the double substitution.
		It is not meant to be a substitute for the advice provided by your own physician or other medical professionals.
	www.aegis.com /aidsline/1999/jan/A9910558.html (542 words)

	aromatics
		To introduce at a fundamental level the area of aromatic chemistry.
		are used to illustrate the most important aromatic substitution reactions.
		substitution on 5 and 6 membered heterocyclic aromatic compounds as well as
	www.ch.ic.ac.uk /local/organic/steinke/aromatics.html (292 words)

	Tutor and Homework Help - Math Chemistry Physics
		If you need to ask an expert a chemistry question, send your chemistry questions to me and I’ll solve the chemistry problem for you and the solution will be shown, not just the answers.
		Homework help and Homework cheating in Chemistry with stoichiometry, Hess' Law, Thermodynamics, Thermochemistry, reactions, atoms, molecules, atomic weight, molecular weight, etc. As a chemistry teacher I can teach you about nuclear chemistry, coordination chemistry, ligand field splitting, basic organic chemistry, chemical kinetics, chemical equilibrium, acid-base equilibria, Ksp, equilibrium expression, pH, pOH, and various other topics.
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	www.tutor-homework.com (2153 words)

	Alkyl Halide Reactivity
		Nucleophilicity is thereby related to the relative rate of substitution reactions at the halogen-bearing carbon atom of the reference alkyl halide.
		Some of the most important information concerning nucleophilic substitution and elimination reactions of alkyl halides has come from studies in which the structure of the alkyl group has been varied.
		Furthermore, β-alkyl substitution also decreases the rate of substitution, as witnessed by the failure of neopentyl bromide, (CH -Br (a 1º-bromide), to react.
	www.cem.msu.edu /~reusch/VirtualText/alhalrx1.htm (2578 words)

	Organic Chemistry help - Student Doctor Network Forums
		Likewise, SN reactions are said to be a concerted mechanism, despite cases where the nucleophile must be neutralized with a work-up step (amines substituting for a halide are a great example).
		Hence, whether a carbonyl substitution reaction is carried out in acid (making the carbonyl more electrophilic) or base (making the nucleophile more nucleophilic), the number of key steps is still two: (1) formation of the tetrahedral intermediate following attack by the nucleophile and (2) the loss of the leaving group.
		Thus, substitution reactions involving carbonyls are commonly referred to as two-step mechanisms.
	forums.studentdoctor.net /showthread.php?t=42044 (2023 words)

	Chemistry & Biochemistry, USP
		One of the basic concepts taught in organic chemistry is the theory of Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution (EAS).
		When EAS is carried out on a substituted benzene ring, a mixture of ortho, meta, and para isomers can result.
		While syntheses that illustrate these reactions are found in most organic chemistry laboratory manuals, the final products isolated are usually a single isomer obtained after the reaction mixture is purified by distillation or recrystallization.
	www.usip.edu /chemistry/research/irspec2.asp (437 words)

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