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Topic: Substitution boxes

	HAND - Online Information article about HAND
		The small pieces of steel used for tool points are gripped in the boxes, as in tool-holders, and all the advantages which are derived from this arrangement of separating the point from its holder are thus secured (fig.
		deal of the efficiency of the box tools is due to the support which is afforded to the cutting edges in opposition to the stress of cutting.
		Allied to the drills are the D-bits, and the reamers (fig.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /GUI_HAN/HAND.html (7869 words)

	Data Encryption Standard - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Substitution — after mixing in the subkey, the block is divided into eight 6-bit pieces before processing by the S-boxes, or substitution boxes.
		Permutation — finally, the 32 outputs from the S-boxes are rearranged according to a fixed permutation, the P-box.
		The alternation of substitution from the S-boxes, and permutation of bits from the P-box and E-expansion provides so-called "confusion and diffusion" respectively, a concept identified by Claude Shannon in the 1940s as a necessary condition for a secure yet practical cipher.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Data_Encryption_Standard (3995 words)

	- mjidor - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Part II In Lecture 3, we continue our look into substitution ciphers, and move into the multiliteral substitution case, we field more tools for cryptanalysis, look at some fascinating historical variations, we review "the unbreakable cipher" and solve homework problems.
		If a multiliteral cipher includes a provision for the encipherment of a word separator, the cipher equivalent of this word separator may be readily identified because it will have the highest frequency of any cipher unit.
		In modern cryptographic systems, the DES family of ciphers use simple S-Boxes [substitution boxes] that are reorganized by ordered non-linear mathematical rules applied several times over (know as rounds).
	www.mjidor.com /lektion3.shtml (6127 words)

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