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Topic: Subsumption

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	Subsumption Architecture
		Subsumption architecture agents are designed to perceive and act.
		Subsumption Agents are explicitly designed for real environments, where they face real-world sensor and actuator problems.
		Subsumption Architecture agents are rational in that they are dedicated agents that try to achieve fixed goals.
	ai.eecs.umich.edu /cogarch2/specific/subsumption.html (461 words)

	INI : Abstracts : LAA : On the selectivity of a semantic subsumption (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Subsumption is a way of saying that one first order clause is ''more general'' than another.
		Millions of pairs of clauses need to be tested for subsumption in a single run of a typical first order resolution-based theorem prover.
		Since subsumption is a syntactic notion, it is the syntax of the clauses which is indexed in the trees.
	www.newton.cam.ac.uk /programmes/LAA/marcinkowski.html (240 words)

	SCROB - Subsumption Controlled RObotic Bug
		Subsumption architecture is the result of work by professor Rodney Brooks and the Mobile Robotics Group at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab.
		Brooks' subsumption architecture arose from an attempt to escape the confines of traditional robot control methods and provides a way of combining distributed real-time control with sensor-triggered behaviors.
		SCROB is a micro-robot that uses subsumption architecture to implement a variety of different attitudes that are consisted from a hierarchical group of behaviors.
	www.seattlerobotics.org /encoder/200210/prj4/scrob.htm (2208 words)

	Subsumption
		The concepts of formal and real subsumption date back to Marx’s theorisations of the historical emergence of absolute and relative surplus value, produced as an appendix to Capital Volume 1.
		Subsumption is used to describe a real process within social relations where an element previously exterior or autonomous is integrated into a new cycle of reproduction in relation to a different determination of power.
		Hence in Marx subsumption refers to the historical processes whereby the wag-labour relation becomes generalised.
	www.generation-online.org /c/csubsumption.htm (185 words)

	Scrum Log Jeff Sutherland: Scrum: Subsumption Architecture and Emergent Behavior
		Brooks' Subsumption architecture was designed to provide all the functionality displayed by lower level life forms, namely insects.
		Using a common house fly as an example, Brooks claims that creatures at this level of intelligence have attributes such as close connection of sensors to actuators, pre-wired patterns of behavior, simple navigation techniques, and are "almost characterizable as deterministic machines".
		The Subsumption architecture provides these capabilities through the use of a combination of simple machines with no central control, no shared representation, slow switching rates and low bandwidth communication.
	www.jeffsutherland.com /scrum/2004/12/scrum-subsumption-architecture-and.html (366 words)

	Subsumption Architecture
		A subsumption architecture allows the architect of the software to determine which lower-level, self-managed behaviors should be subsumed by other higher-level layers of the architecture.
		These subsumptive layers can be added on top of one another to create complex behavior modifications and reactions to outside stimulus.
		Subsumptive architectures are easy to implement on multi-tasking operating systems or parallel processor designs.
	www.acroname.com /robotics/info/concepts/subsumpt.html (230 words)

	Idaho National Laboratory - Adaptive Robotics - Behavior-Based Robotics
		The subsumption architecture originally developed by Brooks in 1986 provided a method for structuring reactive systems from the bottom up using layered sets of rules.
		Subsumption architectures do not require an explicit plan of action.
		Clearly, one of the biggest challenges in designing a subsumption architecture is giving the system the ability to automatically select among behaviors (arbitration).
	www.inl.gov /adaptiverobotics/behaviorbasedrobotics/subsumptionarchitectures.shtml (362 words)

	DAI Database: MSc Thesis #92143 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The agents and their environments can be tailored to the user's needs at two levels: by the creation of unique examples from a kit of components, and the addition of new components to the kit.
		Graphical representation of the environment and agents allows the visualisation, of emergent behaviours, required for teaching and experimentation with subsumption architecture.
		The modular nature of subsumption architecture has been exploited, by its distribution over multiple machines, thus enabling the software to run at "real-time" speeds suitable for experimentation with multiple agents or massively repetitive testing techniques.
	www.dai.ed.ac.uk /daidb/papers/documents/mt92143.html (119 words)

	Subsumption - Definition of Subsumption by Webster's Online Dictionary
		The first act of consciousness was a subsumption of that of which we were conscious under this notion.
		That which is subsumed, as the minor clause or premise of a syllogism.
		subsumption - the premise of a syllogism that contains the minor term (which is the subject of the conclusion)
	www.webster-dictionary.org /definition/subsumption (115 words)

	Dr. Dobb's \| A Multithreading Library In C For Subsumption Architecture \| April 15, 2003
		Subsumption architecture, created at the MIT Mobile Robot Lab by Professor Rodney Brooks as a control system for autonomous robots, decomposes the control program in terms of task-achieving layers.
		A major characteristic of a subsumption architecture implementation is the ability to write concurrent asynchronous executing modules with certain communication capabilities.
		Although the library was created for the purpose of writing subsumption architecture-based robot control software, it may also be used to write simulation software that runs on PCs or workstations.
	www.ddj.com /184402443?pgno=5 (2783 words)

	The Subsumption Architecture
		In Brooks' early machines such as Herbert [Brooks 88] each subsumption agent was composed of a finite state machine implemented by timers and a processor.
		To implement subsumption each card contained an inhibit line: if a message arrived on one of these lines all output from the card would be suspended for a time specified by an on-board potentiometer.
		However adding more behaviours to a subsumption machine by hand is a fl art and may have some very unfortunate consequences, this was shown in [Ferrell 93] and [Brooks 90-2].
	www.janus.demon.co.uk /alife/notes/subsump.html (730 words)

	Subsumption Robot Theory
		The theory of Subsumption (from to subsume, meaning to classify, include, or incorporate in a more comprehensive category or under a general principle) is quite nicely described in the summary from the University of Michigan.
		Subsumption Architecture can be characterized as interruptible because it is always pays keen attention to its sensory readings and acts accordingly.
		Thus, Subsumption Architecture may be better characterized as always interrupting a null action.
	members.home.nl /b.vandam/lonely/pagina31.html (1145 words)

	Dawson Margin Notes On
		Brook’s subsumption architecture has more of an engineering flavor than a cognitive science flavor.
		The subsumption architecture uses the term “behavior” in two different ways.
		“Subsumption is sometimes criticized as being an engineering principle that bears little relationship to designing intelligent systems.” But, the subsumption architecture is a departure from the sense-think-act cycle.
	www.bcp.psych.ualberta.ca /~mike/Pearl_Street/Margin/Pfeifer/chap7.html (999 words)

	Subsumption hierarchies, taxonomies and generalisation
		The subsumption relation can be understood as a relation of implication which relates more specific to more general concepts in conceptual taxonomies.
		In formal terms, subsumption defines a lattice, a kind of partial ordering, which may be represented as a directed acyclic graph.
		The subsumption relation may be seen as a generalisation relation, in that the subsumer expresses a generalisation over the subsumed.
	coral.lili.uni-bielefeld.de /DATR/inherlexweb/node7.html (205 words)

	Evolution of a Subsumption Architecture Neurocontroller - Togelius (ResearchIndex)
		Abstract: An approach to robotics called layered evolution and merging features from the subsumption architecture into evolutionary robotics is presented, and its advantages are discussed.
		This approach is used to construct a layered controller for a simulated robot that learns which light source to approach in an environment with obstacles.
		1 Evolution of the layers in a subsumption architecture robot..
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /togelius04evolution.html (398 words)

	Haphazard webpage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The subsumption architecture was introduced in "A robust layered control system for a Mobile Robot" by Rodney Brooks in 1985.
		Haphazard doesn't implement the subsumption architecture for embodied robots, but is quite content to keep to simulated robots in a simulated world.
		This behaviour is a terminator for a subsumption net, it transforms an input vector to a move command and executes that.
	haphazard.sourceforge.net /documentation/subsumption.html (817 words)

	Citations: The tractability of subsumption in framebased description languages - Brachman, Levesque (ResearchIndex)
		As a reaction, the implementors of the Classic system (the first industrial strength DL system) carefully restricted the expressive power of their DL [69, 17] Phase 2 (1990 1995) started with the introduction of a new algorithmic paradigm into DLs, so called tableau based algorithms [75, 32,....
		Ronald J. Brachman, Hector J. Levesque, "The Trac- tability of Subsumption in Frame-based Description Languages" in the Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, AAAI 1984, 34 - 37.
		Brachman and H.J. Levesque, The tractability of subsumption in frame-based description languages, Proceedings of the AAAI-84, Austin, Texas (1984) 34-37.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /context/70319/0 (2000 words)

	Spring 1999
		Formal subsumption: incorporation of what is foreign, pre-existing labor processes.
		The process of formal subsumption is modernization or the phase of the formal subsumption is modernity.
		This is where I want to speak of the real subsumption as the postmodern condition: the apparent autonomy of capital, it is no longer apparently relying on labor for the production of wealth; the end of the dialectic between self and other, inside and outside, and so forth.
	www.duke.edu /~hardt/ONE-APP.htm (1900 words)

	MICS publication: Efficient Probabilistic Subsumption Checking for Content-based Publish/Subscribe Systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Abstract: Efficient subsumption checking, deciding whether a subscription or publication is covered by a set of previously defined subscriptions, is of paramount importance for publish/subscribe systems.
		As the subsumption problem was shown previously to be co-NP complete and existing solutions typically apply pairwise comparisons to detect the subsumption relationship, we propose a ‘Monte Carlo type’ probabilistic algorithm for the general subsumption problem.
		It determines whether a publication/subscription is covered by a disjunction of subscriptions in O(k m d), where k is the number of subscriptions, m is the number of distinct attributes in subscriptions, and d is the number of tests performed to answer a subsumption question.
	www.terminodes.org /micsPublicationsDetail.php?pubno=1711 (267 words)

	4. Self Awareness
		Higher level Subsumption Architecture behaviours supproess lower level behaviours and take over their functionality in a process called "subsumption." Lower level behaviours can never suppress higher level behaviours.
		The principal advantage of Subsumption is that low level behaviours can be readily designed and implemented, and subsequencty layers can be added on top of the correctly functioning lower levels.
		Since the Subsumption Architecture's hierarchical structure is strictly reductionist, the higher level behaviours fall victim to the task decomposition problems inherent in the Complexity Trap (Brooks, 1986, section IIC);
	www.geocities.com /n_porcino/AI/syntSelfawareness.html (790 words)

	Mobile Robot Control: The Subsumption Architecture and occam-pi
		An exploration of Brooks’ Subsumption Architecture in combination with the occam-pi language for creating robotic control systems.
		Brooks’ subsumption architecture is a design paradigm for mobile robot control that emphasises re-use of modules, decentralisation and concurrent, communicating processes.
		Through the use of occam-pi the subsumption architecture can be put to use on general purpose modern robotics hardware, providing a clean and robust development approach for the creation of robot control systems.
	www.jonsimpson.co.uk /weblog/2006-09-24/mobile-robot-control-the-subsumption-architecture-and-occam-pi.html (233 words)

	Foundations of Semantic Subsumption in Deductive Databases
		Semantic subsumption can be characterized as logic programming with declarative deletion and introduces a restricted but efficient form of non-monotonic reasoning into deductive databases.
		It is shown that the subsumption fixpoint can be computed efficiently by a differential iteration scheme called delta-iteration with subsumption.
		The feasibility of semantic subsumption in deductive databases and the practical applicability of this programming methodology are exemplified by applications from various areas.
	www.informatik.uni-augsburg.de /lehrstuehle/dbis/db/publications/dissertations/1995_koestler (280 words)

	From subsumption to instance checking (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		It is a common opinion that subsumption is the central reasoning task in frame-based languages (or concept languages).
		We do so by considering several languages where subsumption belongs to different complexity classes, and we show that there are cases where instance checking is strictly harder than subsumption.
		This result singles out a new source of complexity in concept languages, which does not show up when checking subsumption between concepts, and is due to the presence of individuals in the knowledge base.
	www.dis.uniroma1.it /%7Eai/citations/dlns-92.html (215 words)

	TIP: Theories
		A primary process in learning is subsumption in which new material is related to relevant ideas in the existing cognitive structure on a substantive, non-verbatim basis.
		There are also similarities with Bruner's "spiral learning" model, although Ausubel emphasizes that subsumption involves reorganization of existing cognitive structures not the development of new structures as constructivist theories suggest.
		He distinguishes reception learning from rote and discovery learning; the former because it doesn't involve subsumption (i.e., meaningful materials) and the latter because the learner must discover information through problem solving.
	tip.psychology.org /ausubel.html (390 words)

	Meanings of the word "subsumption" and its relationships to other words
		Meanings of the word "subsumption" and its relationships to other words
		subsumption (incorporating something under a more general category).
		The premise of a syllogism that contains the minor term (which is the subject of the conclusion).
	www.massmind.org /dict/subsumption (110 words)

	Subsumption Checking (parsing only)
		If subsumption checking is enabled when a grammar is compiled, this code will be compiled also.
		Only in the former case, however, will subsumption checking be used during EFD closure to reduce the number of empty categories to consider at run-time.
		Grammars that incorporate some notion of thematic or functional structure for representing the meaning of a sentence normally realise structural ambiguities as semantic ambiguities that should be retained in the chart.
	www.ling.ohio-state.edu /~dm/2001/winter/684.01/etc/ale-manual/html/node58.html (352 words)

	Logic-based Subsumption Architecture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The LSA is a logic-based AI architecture based on Brooks' subsumption architecture.
		We implement the subsumption of lower layers by higher layers using circumscription to make assumptions in lower layers, and nonmonotonically retract them when higher layers draw new conclusions.
		E. Amir and P. Maynard-Reid II, Logic-Based Subsumption Architecture: Empirical Evaluation, AAAI Fall Symposium on Parallel Architectures for Cognition, 2000.
	www-formal.stanford.edu /eyal/lsa (330 words)

	Subsumption
		Subsumption is a posh word for the is-a relation.
		It’s a good idea to have fixed in your mind which way this relationship goes, as it sometimes seems that intuitively it should be in the other direction.
		This is the asserted subsumption hierarchy or asserted taxonomy for your model so far.
	www.opengalen.org /tutorials/grail/tutorial3122.html (357 words)

	Blue Bell Design: Subsumption Engine Page
		Now that you have seen the basics of a Subsumption Engine and Finite State Machine (FSM) programming, you are ready to see how our Co-Processor's Subsumption Engine is structured and how to program it.
		Let's start with a general example of subsumption programming taken from the ramping servo example.
		These levels give you total control over the final Subsumption Engine behavior without having to duplicate all the code in the Stamp processor.
	www.bluebelldesign.com /Subsumption_Engine.htm (557 words)

	ccd images
		Since this is a very abstract and complex subject, my goals are to describe the process in simplified everyday terms so you can apply this to your application with a minimal learning curve.
		On the right is the Level 1 Processor, the same part with an LED on the Subsumption line to show the action.
		For the next version of a Subsumptive Architecture robot, it would be better to use the $1.80 16F628 processor because of its 16 I/O lines will allow a wider degree of sensory inputs and allow a full 4 bits or more of Subsumption to both inputs and outputs.
	www.schursastrophotography.com /robotics/subsumption1.html (3428 words)

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