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Topic: Subsurface

	Pavement Subsurface Drainage Systems
		Two general types of subsurface drainage criteria are used: (a) a time for a certain percentage of drainage or (b) an inflow-outflow criterion.
		This emphasis is increasing the importance of subsurface drainage.
		Information supporting the good performance of subsurface drainage led to the use of more than 4 million linear m of edgedrains, crossdrains, and underdrains in new or reconstructed pavements at the time the national survey was conducted.
	www.usroads.com /journals/rmej/9803/rm980304.htm (5260 words)

	SUBSURFACE DRIP IRRIGATION - PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE
		If subsurface drip was used for germination, an excessive amount of irrigation was often required to wet the seed zone for germination, which could have resulted in excessive leaching and off-site environmental effects as well as increased cost.
		Initially, subsurface drip was used predominantly in California, Hawaii, and Texas for sugarcane, cotton, citrus, pineapple, vegetables, avocado, fruits, turfgrass, sweet corn, and potato.
		Subsurface drip irrigation of alfalfa in the Imperial Valley.
	www.oznet.ksu.edu /sdi/Reports/2000/K-StateRep/campis.htm (4785 words)

	Subsurface Drip (SDI)
		Subsurface drip (SDI) is a low-pressure, low-volume irrigation system that uses drip tubes buried below the soil surface.
		Subsurface application of water aimed directly at the root zone improves yields by reducing the incidence of disease and weeds.
		Subsurface drip (SDI) is a low-pressure, low-volume irrigation system that uses buried drip tubes.
	www.ext.colostate.edu /pubs/crops/04716.html (1134 words)

	CIT - Subsurface Drip Irrigation
		CIT established the subsurface drip trials in the fall of 1989 on the campus of California State University, Fresno.
		One of the big worries with subsurface drip irrigation is that grass roots might grow into the drippers and clog them.
		Even though the subsurface drip plots at CIT are surrounded on all sides by barren fields, the turf does not appear "dirty" nor are growth or quality impaired.
	cati.csufresno.edu /cit/rese/93/930405 (1405 words)

	Search Results for subsurface - Encyclopædia Britannica
		Subsurface processing differs from aboveground processing in that retorting to produce oil and gas takes place underground, or in situ.
		When the subsurface equipment is in place, a network of valves, referred to as a Christmas tree, is installed at the top of the well.
		Groundwater is that part of subsurface water that is below the water table—that is, water in the zone of saturation.
	www.britannica.com /search?query=subsurface&submit=Find&source=MWTEXT (350 words)

	Maine DEP - Waste Discharge - Subsurface - Definitions
		Aquifer storage and recovery well - A type of Class V well used to place excess water in the subsurface during periods of high flow and then withdraw the water later when it is needed.
		Authorized by rule - An owner or operator of an injection well who submits proper registration information to the UIC regulatory authority (the DEP, in Maine) may construct or use his or her well as long as the injection activity does not endanger ground water.
		Ground water - All the waters found beneath the surface of the earth which are contained within or under this State or any portion thereof, except such waters as are confined and retained completely upon the property of one person and do not drain into or connect with any other waters of the State.
	www.maine.gov /dep/blwq/docstand/uic/definitions.htm (1288 words)

	Mars Exploration: Missions
		To "follow the water" to where it is today, we must go beneath the surface of the planet with subsurface explorers.
		The subsurface of Mars may resemble some of the colder parts of Earth.
		The very first subsurface exploration of Mars for NASA will be in partnership with the European Space Agency (ESA) in their Mars Express mission.
	mars.jpl.nasa.gov /missions/subsurface.html (683 words)

	Subsurface Drip Irrigation
		Subsurface drip irrigation involves the application of water to plants or turf via pipes and emitters installed totally underground.
		It has been estimated that a subsurface drip irrigation system can save between 35-45% of water that would normally have been applied using a conventional sprinkler system.
		Subsurface drip irrigation can be easily fitted with fertiliser injection units using fertilisers in a soluble form.
	www.sprinklercity.com /sub_surface.htm (263 words)

	The RenderMan Academy - Subsurface Scattering Using Depth Maps
		When a beam of light is scattered by a surface it usually enters the surface at a point then scatters around before leaving the surface at a different point (Figure 3.)—sometimes it does leave through the same point it entered, but this is extremely rare.
		Subsurface scattering happens for all non-metallic surfaces, but is visually more noticeable for translucent materials such as wax or skin.
		Gollum had a subsurface term mixed with a straight lambertian term and 4 specular terms, one of which was a LaFortune which is essentially 3 specular calls.
	www.rendermanacademy.com /docs/SSS_depthmaps.htm (2446 words)

	Microbes from Deep Terrestrial Subsurface (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Microbial populations were demonstrated in samples from deep terrestrial subsurface environments.
		This project is a part of a collaborative program funded by the Subsurface Science Program of the U.S. Department of Energy.
		Subsurface samples aseptically retrieved to the surface by the research team are examined for indigenous bacteria; such bacteria have been found as deep as 2.8 km.
	methanogens.pdx.edu /boone/proj-deep.html (238 words)

	Subsurface Barriers
		Because cleanup technologies, when available for subsurface containment, can be costly and time consuming, it is necessary to examine other, possibly cheaper, ways to reduce the risk and protect human health and the environment at contaminated sites.
		Subsurface barriers can maintain the volume of waste and reduce the potential for migration into the surrounding geologic media, or groundwater.
		In many instances, subsurface barriers are able to effectively confine the contaminant for extended time periods and provide a cost-effective method of remediation.
	www.clu-in.org /products/intern/pearlman (12321 words)

	AGU Web Site: Researchers Seek Origin of Deep Subsurface Bacteria
		Under the extreme conditions of the deep subsurface environment, bacteria may have developed unique enzymes or metabolites that may prove to be of medical or biotechnological benefit.
		The contribution of the subsurface microbial community to the early evolution of life on the Earth's surface is the subject of speculation, and the extent to which the geological and hydrological environment influences the long-term survival or evolution of subsurface microorganisms is unknown.
		Some subsurface microorganisms may be survivors or progeny of bacteria incorporated near the time of deposition of the sedimentary strata.
	www.agu.org /sci_soc/deepbact.html (1789 words)

	Subsurface Science Graduate Program
		The Subsurface Science Graduate Program (SSGP) is a long-term collaborative effort by the universities of the Inland Northwest Research Alliance (INRA) to enhance research and education in the subsurface sciences.
		Subsurface science is the study of the processes that occur in the uppermost part of the Earth’s crust (nominally the first few hundred meters).
		Subsurface science is a field rich in opportunities for graduate research and education across a broad spectrum of disciplines.
	ssgp.boisestate.edu (292 words)

	Images with Subsurface Scattering by Henrik Wann Jensen
		True subsurface scattering cannot be simulated using the ubiquitous BRDF (Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function).
		The BRDF model is a simplified version of the BSSRDF that does not account for subsurface light transport (it assumes that the light scatters at a single point on the surface).
		Note that the BRDF model does include subsurface scattering - the contributed is integrated into a single scattering term and a diffuse term.
	graphics.stanford.edu /~henrik/images/subsurf.html (475 words)

	Amazon.com: Subsurface [ENHANCED] [EXTRA TRACKS] [LIMITED EDITION] [SPECIAL EDITION]: Music (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Subsurface is in some respect a continuation of the direction the band started to explore with Critical Mass, yet in many other ways is a brash, audacious step forward.
		Subsurface is a successful blend of prog metal and pop songwriting.
		Subsurface is progressive metal to the extreme of talent in every way imaginable.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/B0002I740Y?v=glance (1968 words)

	Fiji Scuba Diving - Subsurface Fiji
		Subsurface caters for all ages, novice divers, adventurous and experienced divers.
		Subsurface offers drift dives, night dives, an action packed shark encounter, wreck dives and more.
		Subsurface offers you ecofriendly dive practices and the ability of catering to groups.
	www.fijidiving.com /en/fiji-scuba-diving.html (275 words)

	SUBSURFACE UTILITY MANAGERS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Their development and management along with its safe removal therefore is vital for the society as we are not manufacturing surfaces as well as subsurface any more.
		Normally a subsurface network is designed for an effective economic life of 60 years but it seldom survives so long.
		It is therefore, vital that any subsurface asset, under creation or development, needs prudent approach for the best use of the subsurface space with the least possible damage to the environment, both natural as well as built.
	www.mitpune.com /trench/trench2.html (1001 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: Using Subsurface Stratigraphy to Determine Subsurface Water Flow Pathways (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		A protocol is presented that identifies subsurface convergent water flow pathways resulting from funnel flow which are critical for determining field-scale water fluxes.
		The subsurface topography influencing water flow was determined by subtracting the depth of the restricting layer from a digital elevation map.
		These findings suggests that a methodology incorporating GPR data may be used to identify subsurface flow pathways and to monitor subsurface water flow in sandy loam soils.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/Publications.htm?seq_no_115=148314 (280 words)

	Toxics Program Bibliography-Subsurface Injection of Liquid Waste (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Hydrogeology of subsurface liquid waste storage in Florida, in Braunstein, J., ed., Preprints of papers presented at the second international symposium on underground waste management and artificial recharge, New Orleans, Louisiana, September 26-30, 1973: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, v.
		Subsurface injection of liquid waste in Florida, United States of America, in van Duijvenbooden, W., Glasbergen, P., and van Lelyveld, H., eds., Quality of Groundwater--Proceedings of an International Symposium, Natioinal Institue of Water Suppy, Noordwijkerhout, Netherlands, March 23-27, 1981: The Science of the Total Environment, v.
		Subsurface injection of treated sewage into a saline-water aquifer at St. Petersburg, Florida--Water quality changes and potential for recovery of injected sewage: Ground Water, v.
	toxics.usgs.gov /bib/bib-injection-title.html (1342 words)

	ipedia.com: Drip irrigation Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Drip irrigation is a type of irrigation that applies water in slow amounts to the roots of plants, either by depositing the water on the soil surface or directly to the root zone using subsurface drip...
		Drip irrigation is a type of irrigation that applies water in slow amounts to the roots of plants, either by depositing the water on the soil surface or directly to the root zone using subsurface drip irrigation.
		Drip irrigation usually employs devices called emitters which emit the water drop by drop.
	www.ipedia.com /drip_irrigation.html (193 words)

	Subsurface School
		These requirements significantly increase the need for subsurface operator training and preparation for the examination for certification as a subsurface system operator.
		The Subsurface Wastewater System Operator Training School is intended for those planning to become certified operators of subsurface wastewater systems including low pressure pipe systems, drip irrigation systems, large septic systems (flows exceeding 3000 GPD), and subsurface systems involving pretreatment beyond a septic tank (sand filters, peat filters, aerobic treatment units, and package plants).
		Completion of the Subsurface Wastewater System Operators Training School is only one of several eligibility requirements that must be met in order to sit for the examination.
	www.soil.ncsu.edu /swetc/subsurface/subsurf.htm (760 words)

	Subsurface Drainage - Geotextiles - Civil Engineering Fabrics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Geotextiles have replaced graded soil filters for drainage of virtually all structures, including underdrains, dewatering trenches, intercept drains, pavement edge drains, walls and dams drains, leachate collection/detection removal drains, sport field drain, etc.
		Because the product you need will vary with construction conditions, your local distributor or Propex Fabrics technical engineers can assist you in selecting the ProPex geotextile that is appropriate for your job.
		A schematic of the construction procedures for a geotextile lined drainage trench is presented below.
	www.geotextile.com /drainage/drainage.htm (377 words)

	Fiji Scuba Diving, Fishing and Watersports with Subsurface Fiji
		Solo travellers, groups of friends, and every member of the family will have something to do with Subsurface Fiji.
		Subsurface is located in the Mamanuca Islands Group just minutes offshore from Nadi Airport:
		Subsurface Fiji - PO Box 3002, Nadi, Fiji Islands.
	www.fijidiving.com (127 words)

	Subsurface Surveys Home Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Many public- and privately-funded endeavors require subsurface information.
		Imaging the subsurface using geophysical/engineering/geological technology is often less expensive, safer, and faster than wholesale, brute force drilling and excavating Geophysical methods are nondestructive, and relatively unobtrusive.
		Subsurface Surveys specializes, with many years of experience, in geophysical data acquisition, processing and interpretation in terms of real world geology.
	www.subsurfacesurveys.com (70 words)

	Schlumberger, Subsurface Safety Valves
		The Recovery slickline-retrievable subsurface safety valves are engineered to provide industry-leading reliability and high value.
		The TRMAXX tubing-retrievable, surface-controlled, subsurface safety valves are engineered to provide remarkable versatility and reliability.
		Reliance tubing-retrievable subsurface safety valves are engineered to provide industry-leading reliability at a high level of value.
	www.slb.com /content/services/completion/safetyvalves (345 words)

	GEOFLOW
		These patented technologies completely solve root intrusion and biological plugging problems for subsurface drip applications.
		This is a technical website which includes research reports, articles, and product information in order to enable the user to evaluate the advantages and limitations of subsurface drip for use in agriculture, turf and landscaping, and wastewater dispersal or re-use applications.
		Slow loading graphics and special effects are avoided as much as possible.
	www.geoflow.com (101 words)

	Universe Today - ESA Will Risk Deploying MARSIS
		Mission controllers have performed computer simulations, and they can't rule out that the spacecraft will be hit by the booms, but they're pretty sure that any damage will be minimal.
		The European Space Agency has given the green light for the MARSIS radar on board its Mars Express spacecraft to be deployed during the first week of May. Assuming that this operation is successful, the radar will finally start the search for subsurface water reservoirs and studies of the Martian ionosphere.
		If, as expected, the deployment is successful, MARSIS will probe the secrets of Mars’s subsurface at least until 30 November 2005, the nominal end date of Mars Express operations, and beyond if the mission is further extended.
	www.universetoday.com /am/publish/ESA_risk_marsis.html?822005 (724 words)

	Nanoscale Subsurface Spectroscopy and Tomography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The project is aimed at developing techniques for imaging and characterizing nanoscale subsurface structures.
		Lukas Novotny's group at the University of Rochester has, for the first time, demonstrated that near-field Raman scattering can localize defects in carbon nanotubes with a resolution better than 15nm.
		Selim Unlu's group at Boston University found that numerical aperture increasing lens (NAIL) performs far superior for subsurface imaging of integrated silicon devices compared with state-of-the-art imaging systems used by the high-tech industry.
	xray.optics.rochester.edu /muri03 (177 words)

	Subsurface Computer Modeling, Inc. Geoscience - Consulting, Training and Software. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Subsurface Computer Modeling, Inc. Geoscience - Consulting, Training and Software.
		SCM is always in search of excellent geoscientists and technologists for positions in our own offices and for onsite positions at companies around the world.
		Copyright © 1996-2004 Subsurface Computer Modeling, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
	www.scminc.com /people (137 words)

	Amazon.co.uk: Subsurface [Limited Edition] [Enhanced] [Limited Edition]: Music (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Amazon.co.uk: Subsurface [Limited Edition] [Enhanced] [Limited Edition]: Music
		I bought Subsurface after reading a review in a well respected rock magazine.
		So I bought a copy and the album has been neber far from my CD player since.
	www.amazon.co.uk /exec/obidos/ASIN/B0002I740Y (945 words)

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