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Topic: Successor States

	Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of Treaties
		In cases falling under paragraph 1 or 2, a successor State which establishes its consent to be a party to the treaty is considered as a party from the date of the succession of States unless the treaty otherwise provides or it is otherwise agreed.
		A newly independent State is not bound to maintain in force, or to become a party to, any treaty by reason only of the fact that at the date of the succession of States the treaty was in force in respect of the territory to which the succession of States relates.
		Paragraph 1 does not apply if: (a) the States concerned otherwise agree; or (b) it appears from the treaty or is otherwise established that the application of the treaty in respect of the successor State would be incompatible with the object and purpose of the treaty or would radically change the conditions for its operation.
	www.taiwandocuments.org /vienna02.htm (3694 words)

	MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING
		The United States of America, and the Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation and Ukraine, hereinafter referred to for purposes of this Memorandum as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) Successor States,
		Each USSR Successor State shall implement the provisions of the Treaty with regard to its territory and with regard to its activities, wherever such activities are carried out by that State, independently or in cooperation with any other State.
		The USSR Successor States shall collectively be limited at any one time to a single anti-ballistic missile (ABM) system deployment area and to a total of no more than fifteen ABM launchers at ABM test ranges, in accordance with the provisions of the Treaty and its associated documents, including the Protocols of July 3, 1974.
	www.fas.org /nuke/control/abmt/text/ad-mou.htm (445 words)

	Succession of States [Part II] (KurdishMedia.com) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		State practice during the 1990s supports the view that obligations arising from a human rights treaty are not affected by change of sovereignty.
		Successor states may therefore be held accountable for violations of human rights committed by the successor state.
		But the successor state is obliged by the international law either to permit the circulation of the old currency, or establish parity between it and the new currency.
	www.kurdmedia.com /reports.asp?id=2644 (1018 words)

	[27 Oct 1999] GA/L/3120 : LEGAL COMMITTEE CONTINUES DEBATE ON NATIONALITY TEXT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		The nationality of the constituent unit should be introduced as a criterion that the successor State, in cases of dissolution of federations, could choose as the dominant one.
		Persons habitually residing in the territory of a successor State who, on the basis of the criterion of republic citizenship became ex lege nationals of the other successor State, could in that way acquire the nationality of the State in which they were residing.
		The most important element regarding the acquisition of nationality in successor States was whether the persons concerned had their habitual residence in the territory affected on the date of succession, he said.
	www.un.org /News/Press/docs/1999/19991027.gal3120.doc.html (3967 words)

	Succession of States [Part I] (KurdishMedia.com) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		As far as state property, archives and debts are concerned, the general practice is that the successor state acquires ipso jure all movable and immovable; corporeal and incorporeal state properties of its predecessor state irrespective of whether they are situated inside or outside the territory to which the succession relates.
		But when a predecessor state dissolves and ceases to exist and the parts of its territory form two or more states, and unless the successor states reach an agreement, immovable property of the predecessor state shall pass to the successor state in the territory of which it is situated.
		In the case of dismemberment of the predecessor state, the state debt of the predecessor state shall pass to the successor state in equitable proportion.
	www.kurdmedia.com /reports.asp?id=2643 (1406 words)

	Independent States of Rome (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Instead, by 280 or 290 AD successor states are taking on their own identity in what is now France, maybe England, Egypt, the rest of North Africa, the Greek areas that in our time-line became the Byzantine empire, and maybe even the Roman parts of Romania.
		Unlike the Roman Empire, the Roman successor states are forced to remain efficient and militarily strong.
		The successor states have better-organized armies, and those armies are continually honed by wars between the successor states.
	hometown.aol.com /althist1/PODMar99/rome.htm (577 words)

	USIA - Text: U.S. Statement on Yugoslav State Succession, 97-09-29
		Washington -- Deputy State Department spokesman James B. Foley said the United States "unequivocally rejects" the assertion of the "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" (the "FRY") that it is "the sole successor state to, or the sovereign continuation of, the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY)."
		The U.S. government reiterates that it unequivocally rejects the assertion of the "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" (the "FRY") that it is the sole successor state to, or the sovereign continuation of, the former socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY).
		Consistent with customary international law, the United States considers that all five successor states, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Slovenia and the "FRY" are equal successors to the SFRY.
	www.hri.org /news/usa/usia/1997/97-09-29_1.usia.html (1004 words)

	[No title]
		In cases falling under paragraph 1 or 2, a successor State which establishes its consent to be a party to the treaty is considered as a party from the date of the succession of States unless the treaty otherwise provides or it is otherwise agreed.
		Subject to paragraphs 3 and 4, a successor State falling under article 31 may, by making a notification, establish its status as a contracting State to a multilateral treaty which is not in force if, at the date of the succession of States, any of the predecessor States was a contracting State to the treaty.
		Paragraph 1 does not apply if: (a) the States concerned otherwise agree; or (b) it appears from the treaty or is otherwise established that the application of the treaty in respect of the successor State would be incompatible with the object and purpose of the treaty or would radically change the conditions for its operation.
	fletcher.tufts.edu /multi/texts/Vienna.txt (3289 words)

	Explore Byzantium: Map of the Byzantine Successor States 1218 AD
		Explore Byzantium: Map of the Byzantine Successor States 1218 AD Map of the Byzantine Successor States 1218 AD The death of Manuel Komnenos in 1180 exposed the improvised nature of the Komnenian revival and ushered in a new period of instability and weakness, culminating in the disaster wrought by the 4th Crusade in 1204.
		A new so-called "Latin Empire" was established upon the ruins of Byzantium, whilst Byzantine refugees established fragmented successor states in Northern Greece and Asia Minor, each claiming the the Byzantine inheritance.
		The Empire of Nicaea emerged as the most viable successor state and was to go on to recapture Constantinople in 1261.
	byzantium.seashell.net.nz /articlemain.php?artid=mapbase_1218 (141 words)

	CONSTITUTIONALITY OF LEGISLATIVE PROVISION REGARDING ABM TREATY
		The State Department informs us that the resolution of succession questions after the dissolution of a State has been regarded as a function of the Executive branch, and that many executive agreements have been concluded that recognized the succession of new States to the treaty rights and obligations of their predecessors.
		The question of determining which States are the "successors" to a State that, like the former Soviet Union, has been completely dissolved, is a matter for the President alone to determine in the exercise of his recognition authority.
		References to the "successor States" and the like should not be understood to include the Baltic States, whose conquest by the Soviet Union the United States had refused to recognize.
	biotech.law.lsu.edu /blaw/olc/abmjq.htm (2288 words)

	Successor States - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the fictional BattleTech universe, the Successor States (named such due to their being the "Successors" of the Star League) are the major military powers of the Inner Sphere, each governed by one of the Great Houses.
		While not strictly being one of the Successor States, ComStar is politically influential, as it maintains a monopoly over the HyperPulse Generators, which are crucial to interstellar communication; the threat of a communications flout makes ComStar a significant power within the Inner Sphere.
		Soon, the resistance developed into a widespread organization that was joined by ComStar, the Successor States, the Clans, and the mercenary unit Wolf's Dragoons, and, thence united, succeeding in pushing the Word of Blake back until their final defeat on Terra in 3081.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Successor_States (1912 words)

	i. Russia (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Successor States). 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		Russia (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Successor States).
		An amendment to the constitution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics granted separate commissariats for defense and for foreign affairs to each of the constituent republics.
		The Ministry of State Control announced widespread dismissals in industry for incompetence and dishonesty.
	www.bartleby.com /67/3261.html (283 words)

	Recognition of States: A Comment
		The paradoxical aspect of this approach was that this type of caution was unnecessary, as the successor states of the former Soviet Union showed a remarkable level of political wisdom and common sense - and resolved most of the outstanding questions in 1991 by agreement.
		On the other hand, the guidelines, and the pertinent practice of Western states disregarded one of the classical criteria for recognition namely the criterion of effectiveness of the governments of the states which were aspiring for recognition.
		In that declaration all successor states of the former Soviet Union agreed that the USSR ceased to exist.
	www.ejil.org /journal/Vol4/No1/art5.html (2655 words)

	ABM Treaty: Memorandum of Understanding
		The United States of America, and the Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation and Ukraine, hereinafter referred to for purposes of this Memorandum as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) Successor States,
		Each USSR Successor State shall implement the provisions of the Treaty with regard to its territory and with regard to its activities, wherever such activities are carried out by that State, independently or in cooperation with any other State.
		The USSR Successor States shall collectively be limited at any one time to a single anti-ballistic missile (ABM) system deployment area and to a total of no more than fifteen ABM launchers at ABM test ranges, in accordance with the provisions of the Treaty and its associated documents, including the Protocols of July 3, 1974.
	www.dod.mil /acq/acic/treaties/abm/ad_mou.htm (502 words)

	Timur's Empire and Successor States (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Mongolian hordes maintained central and inner Asia in the usual state of turmoil that characterizes nomadic empires.
		Jenghizid armies included many Turks and it was usually Turks that broke away from Mongol overlords to establish more stable states of their own.
		Before leaving Anatolia, Timur besieged Smyrna, defended by the Knights of Rhodes, the successors of the original order of the Knights Hospitallers of St. John.
	www.worldhistoryplus.com /history/t/Timurs_empire.htm (2407 words)

	18 - PEACEKEEPING IN THE SOVIET SUCCESSOR STATES
		The United States is unlikely to undertake unilateral peace-keeping initiatives, let alone become militarily involved in the conflicts in the successor states, but Washington developed some interest in the idea of US mediation in the regional disputes on former Soviet territory during summer 1993.
		The first military mission dispatched by the UN to the Soviet successor states was a group of observers established in August 1993 (by Resolution 858) to monitor for six months the Georgian-Abkhazian ceasefire (a force of 88 observers was eventually approved).
		The greater concern among Western and CIS states is the possibility that in defining Russian military-security and economic interests in the `near abroad', Russian leaders may be tempted by revanchism or a softer form of neo-imperialism and that peacekeeping may become an instrument of coercion in the conduct of such a policy.
	www.iss-eu.org /chaillot/chai18e.html (18762 words)

	Project on Defense Alternatives - Defensive Restructuring in the Successor States of the former-Yugoslavia
		Defensive Restructuring in the Successor States of the former-Yugoslavia
		Small numbers of armed scout helicopters (12 per state entity in Bosnia-Herzegovina) could contribute to stability by providing early warning of incursions, by facilitating force allocation, and by assisting in the protection of convoys and the interdiction of raiding parties.
		Carl Conetta, Charles Knight, and Lutz Unterseher, "Defensive Restructuring in The Successor States of the former-Yugoslavia," Briefing Report 6, Project on Defense Alternatives, Commonwealth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA, March 1996.
	www.comw.org /pda/bozfinal.htm (3563 words)

	Carnegie Corporation - Publications & Multimedia
		The especially amorphous character of these states' respective national interests is due in part to the very novelty of this model of interstate relations in the region and in part to poorly consolidated domestic institutions and political processes that could help overcome the persistent distance between ruling elites and nascent citizenries.
		The three recognized states, for example, believe that the longer the stalemate continues, the more life will return to normal and the greater the chances that interim measures for restoring the economy and stimulating development will slowly but surely bring the rebellious territories back into their respective folds.
		Intended to strengthen the capacity of state agencies to combat the illicit drug trade, this program assumes that local officials share a commonality of interests with Western countries and thereby overlooks the complicity of these very officials in the drug trade they are ostensibly seeking to curtail.
	www.carnegie.org /sub/pubs/reports/russia.html (13119 words)

	[No title]
		The working paper states that in many countries, women who marry foreigners still face discrimination, since marriage to a foreigner involves the loss and change of their nationality.
		Kartashkin on the issue of regulation of citizenship by successor States and the situation of women married to foreigners.
		Of particular importance were recommendations stating that military tribunals did not have jurisdiction to try civilians; that such tribunals were not competent to try persons accessed of serious human rights violations; and that the right of appeal before civil jurisdiction was guaranteed.
	www.unhchr.ch /huricane/huricane.nsf/view01/B234549CE717ABA0C1256D7B0026D214?opendocument (4641 words)

	Successor state - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A successor state is a state that takes over some or all of the territory and assets from a previously well-established state (the predecessor state).
		In a broader context, successor state is applied where the international law concept would be at best anachronistic; for example in universal history or comparative history.
		Arnold J. Toynbee used it to describe the fragments of an empire (for him, a universal state), so that it could properly be applied both to the kingdoms set up by the generals of Alexander the Great after he died, and to Belarus as a modern successor state to the USSR.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Successor_state (454 words)

	Is there a "Resource Curse"?: Mineral Wealth and Institutions in the Soviet Successor States - CDDRL
		The main point of departure between these two bodies of literature is whether weak institutions are endogenous to resource wealth, and thus, inevitable in mineral rich states, or exogenous, and thus, can account for the variation in performance across these states.
		The experience of the Soviet successor states, which consist of both mineral rich and mineral poor countries, provides a unique opportunity to assess the relationship between mineral wealth and institutional capacity, and, in doing so, to consider whether there is in fact a resource curse.
		Her area of focus is the former Soviet Union, particularly the Russian Federation and the newly independent Central Asian states (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan).
	cddrl.stanford.edu /events/4784 (384 words)

	NTI: WMD 411
		The United States feared that Russia and other Soviet successor states would have difficulties in fulfilling their commitments under START I within the time limits specified by that treaty.
		The United States and others feared that because of this turmoil, thousands of tons of Soviet nuclear weapons material were not being adequately secured against theft and diversion.
		The United States has also assisted these countries in the elimination of strategic nuclear delivery systems, such as strategic bombers, and intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and their associated launch silos.
	www.nti.org /f_wmd411/f1b5_1.html (338 words)

	The Senate's Right to Approve ABM Treaty Changes Must Be Upheld
		The SCC's multilateral nature under the tentative successor state agreement would make it much more difficult for the United States to resolve ambiguities in the treaty or propose viable amendments because the United States would have to obtain agreement from four states, not one.
		These states, therefore, would not be entitled to the privileges enjoyed by the other two parties to the new treaty.
		Under the Administration's successor state agreement, Kazakhstan, for example, presumably would be able to deploy such a radar on the periphery of its territory that is oriented toward Russia.
	www.heritage.org /Research/MissileDefense/EM479.cfm (1209 words)

	Amazon.com: The Soviet Experiment: Russia, The USSR, and the Successor States: Books: Ronald Grigor Suny (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		"A comprehensive overview of the Soviet state from the point of origin to the successor states after the dissolution.
		The first impression of the traveler moving across Russia at the turn of the twentieth century was the vast size of the country.
		The Soviet Experiment is a snapshot of the social, cultural and polical paradigms that have helped shape this most interesting nation.
	www.amazon.com /Soviet-Experiment-Russia-Successor-States/dp/0195081056 (1247 words)

	Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, General Recommendation XII on successor States, (Forty-second ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Encourages successor States that have not yet done so to confirm to the Secretary-General, as depositary of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, that they continue to be bound by obligations under that Convention, if predecessor States were parties to it;
		Invites successor States that have not yet done so to accede to the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination if predecessor States were not parties to it;
		Invites successor States to consider the importance of making the declaration under article 14, paragraph 1, of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, recognizing the competence of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination to receive and consider individual communications.
	www1.umn.edu /humanrts/gencomm/genrexii.htm (233 words)

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