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Topic: Succinic acid

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Acid

Carboxylic acid

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Weak acid

Formic acid

Acid dissociation constant

Organic acid

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Citric acid cycle

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	Succinic Acid (Succinate) - Cheerz
		In the 1930's and 40's, European biochemists discovered that succinic acid is an amino acid created naturally in every cell of the body capable of aerobic respiration, participating in the citric acid, or Krebs cycle.
		Succinic acid was also prescribed to victims of the Spitak earthquake in Armenia.
		Succinic acid has more recently become renowned as the long-anticipated remedy for the alcohol hangover because of its remarkable effect in safely supporting the body's natural ability to process acetaldehyde, alcohol's first and most toxic metabolite.
	www.cheerzhangover.com /amber-succinic-acid.htm (486 words)

	Succinic acid - LoveToKnow 1911
		Numerous salts of the acid are known, the basic ferric salt being occasionally used in quantitative analysis for the separation of iron from aluminium.
		Succinic anhydride, C 2 H 4 (CO) 2 0, is obtained by heating the acid or its sodium salt with acetic anhydride; by the action of acetyl chloride on the barium salt; by distilling a mixture of succinic acid and succinyl chloride, or by heating succinyl chloride with anhydrous oxalic acid.
		CH (CH 3) C02H, is formed by the dry distillation of tartaric acid; by heating pyruvic acid with concentrated hydrochloric acid to 180° C.; by the reduction of citraconic and mesaconic acids with sodium amalgam; and by the hydrolysis of /-cyanbutyric acid.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Succinic_acid (812 words)

	CZH4 SUCCINIC ACID (CO... - Online Information article about CZH4 SUCCINIC ACID (CO...
		barium salt; by distilling a mixture of succinic acid and succinyl chloride, or by heating succinyl chloride with anhydrous oxalic acid.
		Methyl succinic acid (pyrotartaric acid), H02C•CH2•CH(CH2).0O2H, is formed by the dry distillation of tartaric acid; by heating pyruvic acid with concentrated hydrochloric acid to 18o° C.; by the reduction of eitraconic and mesaconic acids with sodium amalgam; and by the hydrolysis of 0-cyanbutyric acid.
		It may be distinguished from the isomeric ethylene succinic acid by the fact that its sodium salt does not give a precipitate with ferric chloride.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /STE_SUS/SUCCINIC_ACID_CZH4_CO2H_2.html (910 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Succinic acid
		Succinic acid (IUPAC systematic name: butanedioic acid; historically known as spirit of amber) is a dicarboxylic acid with the formula:
		This is catalysed by the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase (or complex II of the mitochondrial ETC).
		Spirit of amber was procured from amber by pulverising and distilling it using a sand bath.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Succinate (265 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Succinic acid (IUPAC systematic name: butanedioic acid; historically known as spirit of amber) is a dicarboxylic acid with the formula:
		At room temperature, pure succinic acid is a solid that forms colorless, odorless crystals.
		This is catalysed by the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase (or complex II of the mitochondrial ETC).
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Succinic_acid (227 words)

	Grape Stomper on Wine Acids
		In the United States, titratable acid in wine is expressed in grams of acid per 100 milliliters of wine, and titratable acid is calculated as if all of the different acids in the wine were tartaric acid.
		The acetic acid risk is much smaller after wine has been clarified and stabilized, and winemakers often increase the acid content of finished white wines by adding small amounts of citric acid.
		Succinic acid is formed by yeast, and small quantities of this acid are always produced during the primary fermentation.
	www.grapestomper.com /wineacids.html (2962 words)

	Oxyrase® AntiOxidant Products
		The oxygen-reducing activity of Oxyrase® starts when Oxyrase® comes in contact with oxygen and a hydrogen donor.
		Lactic acid, succinic acid, formic acid, alpha-glycerol phosphate, or their salts, are hydrogen donors for Oxyrase®.
		The product of the reaction with lactic acid is pyruvic acid; with formic acid it is carbon dioxide and water; with succinic acid it is fumaric acid; and with alpha-glycerol phosphate it is dihydroxyacetone phosphate.
	www.oxyrase.com /antiox.htm (132 words)

	Process for the production of succinic acid by anaerobic fermentation - Patent 5143833
		The succinic acid can be isolated from the fermentation broth if it is present in high enough concentrations by maintaining the pH at about 5.8 to about 6.4 and adding calcium hydroxide so that calcium succinate precipitates.
		Succinic acid and its derivatives are widely used as specialty chemicals for applications in foods, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics.
		Furthermore, the succinate is produced in sufficiently high concentration in the fermentation medium to permit economical recovery of succinic acid by simple purification method.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5143833.html (3658 words)

	Current Vineyard And Cellar Events
		Usually the fixed acid content of wines decreases during and after fermentation concomitant with a decrease in the two most important fixed acids in grapes and wine, namely tartaric acid, as a result of tartrate precipitation, and malic acid, due to malolactic fermentation.
		Succinic acid may be formed by yeasts from sugar or amino acids.
		Under certain conditions it may be beneficial if succinic acid is formed during fermentation so as to cause an increase in the total acid content of wines.
	www.wynboer.co.za /recentarticles/200508current.php3 (743 words)

	Winemaking: Acidity in Wines
		Succinic acid is a product of yeast fermentation and found in trace amounts in all wines.
		Its taste is a mixture of acid, salt and bitterness, and, while this description is rather indistinct, it is present in all wines and beers and contributes to total acidity.
		Fumaric acid in food grade powder form is sometimes used as a partial substitute for additions of tartaric acid because it tends to inhibit malo-lactic fermentation when used in the range of 1.5 to 5.7 grams per gallon (achieving an increase of 0.05 to 0.15% acidity).
	winemaking.jackkeller.net /acid.asp (2483 words)

	SUCCINIC ACID \| Nippon Shokubai
		"Succinic Acid" is distributed widely through the natural world, where it is contained in bivalves, fossils, seaweed, lichen, bacteria and so on.
		It is generated in a citric acid cycle (succinic acid dehydrate enzyme) and a succinic acid-glycine cycle through the process of metabolism and eventually becomes energy.
		Succinic Acid is industrially produced by hydrogenation of Maleic Anhydride.
	www.shokubai.co.jp /eng/products/succinic_acid.html (159 words)

	Effect of heat on dicarboxylic acid
		Malic acid contains one asymmetric carbon atom it exists in two optically active form (+), (-) and a racemic form which is a mixture of 50% (+) and 50% (-).
		Carbonic acid is assumed to exist in solution of carbon dioxide in water but it has not been isolated structurally it is hydroxy formic acid but because in its derivatives, carbonic acid function as a dibasic acid it is unstable but its acid chloride, amide and ester are stable.
		It is the acid chloride of carbonic acid.
	www.kaau.edu.sa /KBADAHDAH/lecturefive232.htm (384 words)

	Maleic acid and succinic acid in fermented alcoholic beverages are the stimulants of gastric acid secretion -- Teyssen ...
		acid output or release of gastrin (5, 7).
		Maleic acid and succinic acid are chemically characterized as
		-corpus (acetic acid and oxalic acid) or with
	www.jci.org /cgi/content/full/103/5/707 (4248 words)

	Care Cure Hrebs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		SUCCINIC ACID (also called BUTANEDIOIC ACID) is a dicarboxylic acid of molecular formula C4H6O4 that is widely distributed in almost all plant and animal tissues and that plays a significant role in intermediary metabolism.
		The common method of synthesis of succinic acid is the catalytic hydrogenation of maleic acid or its anhydride, although other methods are being used and investigated.
		Eighteen novel esters of succinic acid, including three mixed molecules formed of both succinic acid and nateglinide, were examined for their insulinotropic efficiency in isolated rat pancreatic islets.
	www.carecure.net /amber4.htm (458 words)

	Chemical process - Patent 4100188
		It is disclosed that water soluble salts of carboxyalkoxy succinic acids are obtained in solid form by crystallization from mixed solvent systems wherein the solvents are water plus a lower alkanol having up to about six carbon atoms per molecule.
		The process of claim 1 wherein the salt is a sodium salt of carboxymethoxy succinic acid and the amount of said salt is from about 10 to about 40 percent by weight based on the water present.
		The properties of systems of potassium salts of carboxymethoxy succinic acid are generally similar to those of the trisodium systems; however, the solubility of the potassium salts is higher than that of the sodium salts so that one usually prefers systems which are more concentrated in salt than the sodium salt systems.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4100188.html (3882 words)

	Development of matrix and coated units
		Acid base indicator methyl red was introduced into tablets to visually monitor the maintenance of acidic microenvironment inside the tablets.
		In accordance with the data obtained on solubility, different SR oral dosage forms of Verapamil HCl containing Succinic acid were developed in order to obtain near constant and complete release of the drug in the G.I.T. For this purpose the drug release was controlled by fabricating matrix as well as coated tablets.
		Inspite of this color change it was indicative that there was sufficient Succinic acid present inside the core and hence maintaining the solubility of the drug high even after transition of media from pH 1.2 to 6.8, as dissolution progressed.
	www.priory.com /pharmol/matrix.htm (1511 words)

	GABA - Benefits, Sources, Deficiency, Dosage
		Glutamate is a pivotal amino acid in the brain.
		Succinic acid semialdehyde is metabolized further to form succinic acid, which is also a Kreb's cycle intermediate.
		GABA (gamma-amino butyric acid) is found in almost every region of brain, and is formed through the activity of the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD).
	www.healthvitaminsguide.com /aminoacids/gaba.htm (781 words)

	Hot-melt polyester
		The molar ratio of succinic acid monomer units to glutaric acid monomer units is in the range of 1/9 to 9/1, preferably 2/8 to 8/2.
		The molar ratio of the isophthalic acid monomer units to the monomer units of the straight chain aliphatic dicarboxylic acids having 6 to 20 carbon atoms may preferably be in the range of from 100/0 to 10/90.
		The molar ratio of isophthalic acid monomer units to adipic acid monomer units may be in the range of 100/0 to 10/90, preferably in the range of 80/20 to 20/80.
	www.devileye.net /catalog/adjustable_gage_plate_assembly/hot-melt_polyester.html (5222 words)

	Krebs cycle — FactMonster.com
		This cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle, was named in recognition of the German chemist Hans Krebs, whose research into the cellular utilization of glucose contributed greatly to the modern understanding of this aspect of metabolism.
		After condensation, the oxaloacetic acid and acetyl CoA react to produce citric acid, which serves as a substrate for seven distinct enzyme-catalyzed reactions that occur in sequence and proceed with the formation of seven intermediate compounds, including succinic acid, fumaric acid, and malic acid.
		Malic acid is converted to oxaloacetic acid, which, in turn, reacts with yet another molecule of acetyl CoA, thus producing citric acid, and the cycle begins again.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/sci/A0828225.html (465 words)

	The WorldWide Anaesthetist Pain Page
		Tartaric and succinic acid are pretty stable acids, citric acid (which gives a fruity citrus tang to some white wines) is a potential problem as it can sometimes be turned into acetic acid, which as we all know, is vinegar.
		Acetic acid may increase by 0.05 to 0.2g/l, tending to be greater with reproduction of ML bacteria in wine than with actual ML fermentation.
		Lactic acid is often the consequence of ML fermentation of wine.
	www.anaesthetist.com /mnm/wine/wine.htm (3345 words)

	Organic Chemistry in Nature CHEM 312 Project
		Succinic acid, or butanedioic acid, is an organic compound that was originally observed in nature within all plant and animal tissues.
		Amber was believed to contain 3-8% succinic acid, which was formed from the micro-organism induced fermentation of the cellulose present in the resin (2).
		Succinic acid is primarily used today directly as a flavoring agent for food and beverages.
	facultystaff.vwc.edu /~jeaster/courseinfo/312/312Nature2001.html (2453 words)

	FAQ
		When it enters the digestive tract the acid increases appetite and the acid-producing functions of the stomach cells, then, unchanged, it enters the colon where it is quickly used up by pathogenic microorganisms.
		A similar biologically active form of succinic acid is found in citrus fruits, gooseberry, grapes, and other plants but to get the amount of succinic acid found in 1 tablet of RespiraCell you would, for example, have to eat 2 pounds of lemons.
		Besides that, hindering the development of hangover symptoms are glycine (an amino acid, an element in the structure of proteins).
	www.imgcorporation.com /faq.htm (1668 words)

	Chapter Subversion <i>to</i> Succorer of S by Webster's Dictionary (1913 Edition)
		Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid amide derivative of succinic acid, obtained as a white crystalline substance, and forming a series of salts.
		It is found in a number of plants, as in lettuce and wormwood, and is also produced artificially as a white crystalline substance having a slightly acid taste.
		It is a typical imido acid, and forms a series of salts.
	www.bibliomania.com /2/3/257/1210/24164/5.html (290 words)

	Poster078 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Succinic acid has many industrial applications—as a raw material for food, medicine, plastics, cosmetics, and textiles and for use in plating and waste-gas scrubbing.
		Succinic acid can be produced either chemically or biologically.
		This strain produced 70 g/L of succinate with a yield of 89% per mole of fumarate in 24 h, with few unwanted by-products such as acetic, lactic, or formic acid.
	www.ct.ornl.gov /symposium/20th/Abstracts/Poster114.htm (249 words)

	[No title]
		Several sorbents were tested more exhaustively for uptake of succinic acid and for successive loading and regeneration using hot water.
		Succinic acid was removed from simulated media containing salts, succinic acid, acetic acid, and sugar using a packed column of adsorbent resin, XUS 40285.
		Tests were performed with both simulated broth containing succinic acid at various concentrations and with actual broth provided by MBI.
	www.nrel.gov /biotechsymp25/docs/abst3-62.doc (455 words)

	Genome-Based Metabolic Engineering of Mannheimia succiniciproducens for Succinic Acid Production -- Lee et al. 72 (3): ...
		of 52.4 g/liter of succinic acid, with a succinic acid yield
		The filled circles indicate the genes disrupted for the characterization of metabolic-flux redistribution and the construction of a succinic acid overproducer.
		acid to acetic acid and the succinic acid yield on glucose at
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/72/3/1939 (4490 words)

	Electrophysiological Studies of Salty Taste Modification by Organic Acids in the Labellar Taste Cell of the Blowfly -- ...
		for 50 mM KCl by 1 mM citric acid, 2 mM succinic acid and
		1.5 mM succinic acid; and 40.6% of 0.5 mM citric acid.
		Hatano, H., Furuyama, A. and Shimada, I. Structure—activity relationships of benzenesulfonic acid related substances in the salt receptor of the fleshfly Boettcherisca peregrina.
	chemse.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/27/1/57 (4537 words)

	D-Lactate Production and [14C]Succinic Acid Uptake by Adherent and Nonadherent Escherichia coli -- McCabe et al. 66 ...
		C]Succinic Acid Uptake by Adherent and Nonadherent Escherichia coli
		Removal of succinic acid from the medium was tested in the three index strains.
		C]succinic acid was used as the tracer are shown in Table 6.
	iai.asm.org /cgi/content/full/66/3/907 (2617 words)

	Succinic Acid Conversion Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The catalytic hydrogenation of succinic acid alkyl esters to a family of products including 1,4-butanediol (BDL) gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), and tetrahydrofuran (THF) was investigated over simple, environmentally benign, silica-supported metal catalysts.
		A 30% - 40% solution of dimethyl succinate in methanol was vaporized in hydrogen and passed over a catalyst in a continuous flow, fixed bed reactor.
		A maximum BDL yield of 91% of theoretical with 83% selectivity was achieved over silica supported copper catalyst at 1200 psig and 250 C. maximum GBL yield of 61% was achieved over a copper-palladium catalyst.
	www.egr.msu.edu /lact/succinic.html (164 words)

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