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Topic: Sudan Peoples Liberation Army

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	[No title]
		The main Sudanese opposition forces of the Democratic Unionist Party, the Sudan Peoples liberation Movement and Sudan Peoples liberation army, the Umma Party and the Sudanese Allied forces met on Tuesday 27th December 1994.
		THREE: The right of self-determination of the people of south Sudan to determine their future status through a referendum must be affirmed, and shall be exercised after an interim period, which shall be agreed upon during the expanded meeting of the Sudanese opposition groups.
		FIVE: The Sudan shall be ruled during the interim period as a decentralized country, and the degree of decentralization and the constitutional arrangements and the duration of the interim period shall be agreed upon in the coming expanded meeting of the Sudanese opposition groups.
	www.umma.org /08/8,1b2.htm (2615 words)

	Conflict over oil in Sudan
		The SPLA is demanding self-determination for the south of the country.
		Sudan is said to have more than 2 billion barrels of oil reserves in various parts of the country.
		Aid agencies in the south have recently reported that the SPLA is mobilising its fighters and press-ganging recruits ready for a new offensive.
	www.wsws.org /articles/1999/oct1999/suda-o20.shtml (1096 words)

	Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM)
		The north-south distinction and the hostility between the two regions of Sudan is grounded in religious conflict as well as a conflict between peoples of differing culture and language.
		The SPLA was formed in 1983 when Lieutenant Colonel John Garang of the SPAF was sent to quell a mutiny in Bor of 500 southern troops who were resisting orders to be rotated to the north.
		By 1986 the SPLA was estimated to have 12,500 adherents organized into twelve battalions and equipped with small arms and a few mortars.
	www.fas.org /irp/world/para/spla.htm (836 words)

	Sudan People's Liberation Army - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement (SPLA/M) is a member of the National Democratic Alliance (NDA), the main opposition group in Sudan.
		The SPLA is largely southern-based, non-Arabic and non-Muslim, in contrast to the predominantly Muslim and Arab north.
		While the war in southern Sudan has been largely described in religious and ethnic terms, it is also a struggle for control of the oil resources located in the south and the west.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sudan_People's_Liberation_Army (419 words)

	SudanTribune article : Hope must be followed by actions and good governance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The terms of the agreement are to apply during a six year interim period at the end of which the people of Southern Sudan would decide in a plebiscite whether to remain part of Sudan or opt for a separate independent state.
		People are expecting to experience basic things of life that for decades had been unimaginable.
		Meanwhile, the people are not waiting for the international community or even their new government to make a difference in their lives.
	www.sudantribune.com /article.php3?id_article=13564 (1185 words)

	[No title]
		Salva Kiir Mayardit for The Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army Witnessed by: Lt. Gen.
		Except for those deployed in the Joint/Integrated Units, the rest of SPLA forces currently deployed in Nuba Mountains and Southern Blue Nile shall be redeployed South of the South/North border of 1/1/1956 as soon as the Joint/Integrated Units are formed and deployed under international monitoring and assitance.
		Eastern Sudan:- The redeployment of SPLA forces from Eastern Sudan to South of the South/North border of 1/1/1956 shall be completed within one (1) year from the beginning of the pre-Interim period.
	www.medea.be /files/MEDEA_Sudan_Peace_Process_Documents_12_2003.doc (2821 words)

	FirstCoast News.com - Print Article
		The U.S. Embassy in Khartoum said there were reports of violence in southern Sudan and issued a reminder of its warnings to Americans to avoid nonessential travel to the country.
		Garang's longtime deputy, Silva Kiir, was quickly named to succeed him as head of his Sudan People's Liberation Army and as president of south Sudan, Garang spokesman Yasser Arman told The Associated Press.
		Garang died when the helicopter he was flying in crashed into a mountain in southern Sudan in bad weather, killing him and the other 13 people on board, Sudan's government said Monday.
	www.firstcoastnews.com /printfullstory.aspx?storyid=41582 (680 words)

	USCCB - "Implementing U.S. Policy in Sudan" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		As people are forced to move from their homelands, they join the millions of others who have been forcibly displaced, thus deepening the humanitarian crisis.
		A crucial obstacle to implementing U.S. policy in Sudan is the fact that the United States and the international community have yet to identify and employ the incentives and pressures necessary to ensure that the parties to the conflict in Sudan honor their agreements.
		The right of the people of Sudan to determine for themselves how they are to be defined as a people and governed as a society must be upheld.
	www.usccb.org /sdwp/international/callafrica/crstest.htm (2366 words)

	SudanTribune article : Political Declaration of Unity between SPLM-SNA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Aspiring to consolidate a New Sudan that safeguards equal opportunities for all in a country free from religious, cultural, ethnic, gender or regional biases and which abides by all human rights declarations and conventions.
		A Sudan that is at peace with itself, its neighbors and the rest of the world.
		A country that is liberated from racial and religious prejudices, mutual fear and suspicion and capable of forging a national identity embracing all ethnic and cultural groups.
	www.sudantribune.com /article.php3?id_article=12148 (709 words)

	[No title]
		Sudan acknowledges that China is one of its leading weapons suppliers. UN investigators have found that Libya, Chad, and Eritrea have also sent weapons to groups in Darfur.
		The SPLA troop deployment was part of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement that ended the civil war in south Sudan.
		June 11, 2006: As part of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement, the Sudan Peoples Liberation Army (SPLA) garrison in the Hameshborieb region (Kassala area, east Sudan) to the Sudan government.
	www.strategypage.com /qnd/sudan/articles/20060624.aspx (425 words)

	SPLA Offensive Overwhelms Muslim Forces (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The SPLA's dramatic new offensive has, therefore, broken the stranglehold of the NIF blockade on Western Equatoria and opened the road for relief supplies to be driven through Uganda into Western Equatoria.
		The SPLA offensive began at the end of the dry season, in March, with co-ordinated attacks on Government of Sudan (GOS) garrisons between Kaya (on the Ugandan border) and Yei (the heart of the agricultural belt) in central Equatoria.
		The scale and ferociousness of the SPLA offensive clearly took the NIF regime by surprise.
	users.frii.com /gosplow/2ffn97b.html (1199 words)

	Catholic World News : Formal pact ends Sudan's civil war
		Sudanese refugees living in Kenya-- some of the millions of people displaced by the war-- dances in the streets of Nairobi as the formal peace pact was signed.
		John Garang, the SPLA leder, inked the accord along with Ali Osma Taha, the vice-president of the Khartoum government.
		Sudan's civil war began in 1983, with fl Africans from the south of the country-- where Christianity and traditional African religions dominate-- revolting against the Islamic government controlled by the country's Muslim majority in the north.
	www.cwnews.com /news/viewstory.cfm?recnum=34528 (262 words)

	Sudan: Updates
		The collapse of this peace agreement in 2000, the growing conflict between Government of Sudan forces and the former SSDF/SSIA forces, now regrouped as the Sudan Peoples' Defence Forces (SPDF), and the increased presence of the SPLA in the area have apparently prompted a modification of the government's military strategy.
		Defecting soldiers from the Government of Sudan army base in Heglig and civilian victims of gunship attacks testified to the investigators that gunships had flown regular sorties from Heglig to attack civilian settlements.
		Talisman's claim that it serves as a positive influence on the Government of Sudan and its policies is not supported by the findings of the investigation; the evidence suggests that the company has been unable to achieve such constructive engagement.
	www.africaaction.org /docs01/sud0110.htm (2684 words)

	Resolution on Sudan Annexes -- National Council of Churches/Church World Service
		Appeals from the peoples’ regional court shall lie to the county judge or province judge as the case may be.
		Liberation is the common and prime agenda for people of southern Sudan (including Abyei), Nuba Mountains, and South Blue Nile and that it is the people who are at the center of the liberation struggle.
		Since it started the exploitation of the oil last year 1999, the government of the Sudan has however not used the revenues from the oil for the development of the people of Sudan and in particular those in the oil areas who throughout history were neglected in terms of equitable allocation of the national resources.
	www.ncccusa.org /news/02news15b.html (6776 words)

	Fourth World Bulletin, Spring/Summer 1996 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The news of his murder suggests the possibility of a major rift between the SPLA and the SSIA, both of which are at war with the Sudanese Islamist regime of General Omer Hassan el-Beshir.
		Both armies were understood to be at war with Beshir, that is, until it became clear that the SSIA had undergone factional division.
		Now the SPLA suspects that the violence with the SSIA was evidence of government complicity with Machar's faction.
	carbon.cudenver.edu /public/fwc/Issue10/Africa/sudan-1.html (331 words)

	FWB, December 1993
		The Arab and Arabized statists who control the Sudanese government today are attempting to suppress the insurrection of an amalgam of indigenous peoples who are usually referred to as "Christians and animists" of the southern part of the country.
		In fact, most of these peoples are distinct racially, culturally, and linguistically, as well as religiously, from northern Sudanese; they are members of the mostly tall and very-fl-skinned Nilotic race and include the Dinka (with the largest population), Nuer, Nuba, Bari, and about a dozen other nationalities.
		In response, the peoples of the South (this time, largely the Dinka, Nuer and Nuba peoples, whose lands then came under assault) organized the Sudan Peoples' Liberation Army (SPLA) under the leadership of Dr. John Garang, a Dinka colonel with a Ph.D. in Agricultural Economics from Iowa State University.
	carbon.cudenver.edu /public/fwc/Issue6/sudan-1.html (854 words)

	اتفاقية اسمرا الاولى 1994
		The main Sudanese opposition forces of the Democratic unionist party, the Sudan peoples liberation Movement and Sudan peoples liberation army,the Umma party and the Sudanese Allied forces met on Tuesday 27th December 1994.
		THIRD: The right of self-determination of the people of south Sudan to determine their future status through a referendum must be affirmed, and shall be exercised after an interim period which shall be agreed upon during the expanded meeting of the Sudanese opposition groups.
		Suspension of Sudan membership in the international parliamentary union and in the regional organizations and international unions of the civil society organizations.
	www.umma.org /07/7,04a.htm (900 words)

	Garang’s death puts Sudan’s future in the balance
		We are going to spare no efforts to rid the Sudan of a system based on sectarianism, on racism, on religion, on family and to establish a national democratic government that is well equipped to accelerate the development of these resources for the benefit of our people and within a united Sudan.
		New Sudan is the suggested name of the new state to be curved off Sudan in case the southerners vote for separation at the 2011 referendum.
		This is a clear manifestation of the desire of Garang’s people to be free from the rest of Sudan.
	www.eastandard.net /archives/cl/print/news.php?articleid=26894 (1107 words)

	Sudan: Ethnic Cleansing in Darfur
		For more than 20 years the people of Sudan have been witness to a civil war between the Government of Sudan in the north and the Sudan’s Peoples Liberation Movement/Army stationed in the south.
		Now as both sides are close to the signing of an agreement that would end the conflict in the country, the Sudanese government, using supported Jingaweid (Arab) militia group are systematically killing, looting and destroying ethnic African communities in the western Darfur region of the country.
		The Sudan Liberation Movement/Army (SLM/A) and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) demanded that the Sudanese Government stop arming the Arab groups in Darfur and address longstanding grievances about undervelopment in the region.
	www.state.gov /g/drl/rls/31822.htm (893 words)

	United Nations - OCHA IRIN \| Web Special \| Sudan - The Road to Peace (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		However, it was not until 1997 that the countries of IGAD (comprising Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia and Uganda, in addition to Sudan) managed to gain agreement from both parties to accept the DoP as a basis for negotiations, says John Young, an expert on the Sudan peace process.
		Indeed, the protocol specifically states the alternatives to be presented in the referendum to be to either: confirm the unity of Sudan by voting to adopt the system of government established under the peace agreement; or to vote for secession.
		While the protocol makes clear that "the people of South Sudan" will participate in the referendum, it does not state whether or not southerners have to be resident in the territory at the time of the vote, and whether or not they could participate while living in the north, or even outside the country.
	www.irinnews.org /webspecials/sudan/selfdeterminationp1.asp (999 words)

	PC(USA) - Presbyterian Disaster Assistance - Current Responses (International)
		Despite the recent liberation of Kapoeta town, the conference was reminded that the threat of hostile militia activity remains in the area and could increase if opportunities present themselves to the enemy.
		The discipline and management of the army in Budi County was discussed as an aggravating factor to the conflict.
		In this regard, we, the leaders of the SPLM/A, are encouraged by the long-standing commitment of the Didinga people to the liberation struggle and we are grateful to them for hosting the army and numerous displaced communities, over the years.
	www.pcusa.org /pda/response/africa/sudan-peaceconf0802.htm (3362 words)

	Islam Online- News Section (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Sudan's presidential peace adviser, Ghazi Salah Eddin Atabani, said delegates of the government and the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) would hold direct U.S.-sponsored talks in Bern during the week, SUNA said.
		The Sudan People's Liberation Army draws support from southern Sudan, where the animist and Christian population resent rule from the Muslim-dominated north.
		Sudan’s President, Omar El-Bashir, and the SPLA have agreed in principle to holding a referendum for the self-determination of what was defined as southern Sudan at the time of independence.
	www.islamonline.net /english/news/2002-01/14/article26.shtml (918 words)

	Press Releases: Sudan, Sudan: CJMC Press Conference Transcript for 26 Apr 2006
		As far as the Sudan Peoples' Liberation Army (SPLA) movement is concerned, we had a very historic movement starting from three, five days back when the Sudan Peoples' Liberation Army (SPLA), during the Phase I, had started redeploying from eastern Sudan towards southern Sudan.
		The Sudan government and the SPLM had not formed the committees at that time and the forces were being redeployed.
		The second is the issue of redeployment from north to south of border 1.1.'56 that is from eastern Sudan.
	www.reliefweb.int /rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/LSGZ-6PDCME?OpenDocument (1311 words)

	South Sudanese Lens for September, 1998
		This conference was held June 2-10, in Lokichokkio, a town at the border of Sudan and Kenya and center of UN aid operations.
		It appears that SPLA is dropping its fight for a secular state on the grounds that after the referendum in the south, independence is likely.
		The people are free to order their lives in ways that make best use of their energy and problem-solving capabilities.
	southsudanfriends.org /lens/sep98.html (2252 words)

	HEGLIG MAIN OIL RIG IS DESTROYED (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Sudan Peoples' Liberation Army (SPLA) special commando forces of the 20th Independent Command under the command of Cdr.
		This has brought to a halt the flow of the oil of the people of Southern Sudan to the North where the proceeds are used to purchase lethal weapons to exterminate them.
		Thousands of indigenous people have been dislocated from their ancestral homesteads to make way for the greedy oil companies that are oblivious to the suffering of the people.
	www.sudan.net /news/press/postedr/189.shtml (370 words)

	There’s no dissent in SPLA/M, says Garang
		The Sudan Peoples Liberation Army high command has said there is no dissent within its ranks.
		Garang, who is also commander-in-chief of the SPLA, announced yesterday that political disquiet within the movement had been clipped in the wings at a three-day consultative and "very successful" meeting of representatives from all its structures.
		The meeting brought together over 200 delegates from the various regions in the envisaged New Sudan who deliberated on the two issues that are core to the peace agreement — the comprehensive ceasefire agreement and implementation modalities.
	www.eastandard.net /archives/cl/print/news.php?articleid=7443 (752 words)

	Former Sudan Rebels Question Power-Sharing Arrangement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		An official in southern Sudan says the former southern rebel group is unhappy with certain aspects of Sudan's new power-sharing government.
		But, he adds, the Sudan People's Liberation Movement is generally satisfied with the new power-sharing government.
		Who controls the energy ministry is a point of contention, as much of the fighting during the civil war was a struggle over the oil-rich fields in the south.
	www.voanews.com /english/2005-09-21-voa34.cfm (386 words)

	Sudanese government continues bombing of south (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Despite signing a cease-fire agreement with the southern rebel group the Sudan Peoples Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A) on January 19 the National Islamic Front (NIF or National Congress) government of Sudan is continuing to attack civilians in the south of the country.
		All these measures remain in place, but the Bush administration is for the moment holding back on the full implementation of the Sudan Peace Act, pursuing instead a “carrot and stick” policy towards Khartoum in the hope of pressuring the government to adopt an agenda more favourable to US government interests.
		Sudan awarded a $23 million contract to Marconi Radar Projects Ltd for the implementation of surveillance radar and air traffic control systems to upgrade airports, some of which are used as bases from which to bomb civilians.
	www.wsws.org /articles/2002/mar2002/sud-m05.shtml (1458 words)

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