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Topic: Sugar plantations in the Caribbean

	Martinique Plantations. Caribbean Sugar Plantations
		The sugar plantation is not satisfied to exploit vast fields of canes, it is also a true preindustrial establishment, very advances some over its time.
		The plantations which dominate the economy of the XVII and XVIII centuries (500 about 1750) disappear or are reconverted in the medium of XIX following the slump in prices of the sugar and the abolition of slavery (1848).
		This old sugar refinery built about 1650, on the commune of the Prêcheur, is one of the oldest plantation of the island.
	www.zananas-martinique.com /en-martinique-heritage/plantations.htm (1020 words)

	Sugar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sugars are used in food and drink as a source of sweetness and energy and are important in biochemistry.
		While sugar cane could not be grown in northern Europe, sugar could be extracted from certain beets and these began to be widely cultivated around 1801, after the British control of the seas during the Napoleonic wars isolated mainland Europe from the Caribbean.
		Sugar mill construction is the missing link of the technological skills needed for the Industrial Revolution that is recognized as beginning in the first part of the 1600s.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sugar (3747 words)

	Encyclopedia: Plantations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		A plantation is a large tract of monoculture, as a tree plantation, a cotton plantation, a tea plantation or a tobacco plantation.
		A plantation or tree farm is a replacement forest of usually fast-growing trees planted by humans either to replace already-logged forests or to substitute for their absence.
		Plantations are planted by state forestry authorities (for example, the Forestry Commission in Britain) and/or the paper and wood industries and other private landowners.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Plantations (722 words)

	Plantation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Plantations are also sometimes known as "man-made forests" or "tree farms", though this latter term more typically refers to specialist tree nurseries which produce the seedling trees used to create plantations.
		Plantations may include introduced trees not native to the area, including (in a few cases) unconventional types such as hybrid trees and genetically modified trees.
		Plantations are grown by state forestry authorities (for example, the Forestry Commission in Britain) and/or the paper and wood industries and other private landowners (such as Weyerhaeuser and International Paper in the United States).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Plantation (1600 words)

	Slavery in America
		The clarified sugar syrup was boiled in a series of kettles until it crystallized, producing granular sugar and molasses.
		Slaves of the Caribbean sugar plantations produced molasses that was transported to New England for distillation into rum that was shipped to Africa in exchange for the slaves who would endure the final leg of the triangle, the horrific Middle Passage to the sugar islands.
		The origins of the word "rum," may come from sugar via the Latin word for sugar, "saccharum." Although the Spanish and Portuguese probably began distilling alcoholic beverages on their sugar plantations at an early date, the British in Barbados were producing rum by 1627.
	www.slaveryinamerica.org /history/hs_es_sugar.htm (2733 words)

	Plantation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		A Plantation is a deliberately cultivated area, for example: a large farm, growing one species of plant only, eg.
		During the 1800s, Slave labour typically manned the early plantations (such as cotton plantations) in the southern states of the USA.
		Sugar plantations in the Caribbean and Brazil worked by slave labor are perhaps the best example of the plantation system at its height.
	www.encyclopedia-online.info /Plantation (104 words)

	Sugar plantations in the Caribbean - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Throughout the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries, sugar was the main crop produced on the numerous plantations throughout the Caribbean.
		On the British islands, sugar was the only crop grown, and on the French islands, sugar was their most important crop.
		The sugar was best grown on land that was near the coast where the soil was naturally fertile.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sugar_plantations_in_the_Caribbean (309 words)

	Encyclopedia: Plantation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Critics point out that due to the vastly different nature of the ecosystem that develops around plantations, they are not a fitting substitute for old-growth forests, and the replacement of old-growth trees by plantations results in the loss of biodiversity.
		A plantation economy is an economy which is based off of agricultural mass production, usually of a few staple products grown on large farms called plantations.
		The Caribbean or the West Indies is a group of islands in the Caribbean Sea.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Plantation (2535 words)

	Final Essay (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Mintz believed that the plantations tied the colonies in the Caribbean to the European country that was colonizing it.
		Mintz believed that the plantation system was something positive that helped to shape each colony into what it presently is, he states "the plantation system was not only an agricultural device; it also became the basis for entire societal design"(Mintz 27).
		In 1860 the island of Cuba was the world’s largest producer of cane sugar, and the slave population "was approximately 370,000 and by far the largest single occupation of slaves was that of the sugar worker"(Scott 26).
	www.trincoll.edu /~tosorio/final.htm (1918 words)

	Slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean
		In contrast to the continental slave plantation, the typical plantation on these islands was double the norm in terms of slaves and usually held around 200 slaves per unit.
		Given the dynamism of the expanding sugar economy and the dependence on slaves, the Cuban planters and the Spanish government fought against the abolition of the transatlantic slave trade.
		The Haitian collapse revived the sugar industry in the older northeastern plantations and the sugar fields in Rio de Janeiro.
	archive.blackvoices.com /research/encarta/tt_1033.asp (4621 words)

	Caribbean Economy \| caribbean-guide.info
		Once slavery was abolished and the sugar beet became part of European agriculture, the Caribbean sugar industry was neither able nor required to yield such high supply, and the islands' financial growth slowed considerably for more than a century.
		Sugar, bananas, eggplant and flowers are exported from many islands and other crops are still grown exclusively for domestic use.
		Because most of the Caribbean's import-export business is with the United States and the majority of Caribbean tourists are U.S. citizens, the influence the U.S. economy has on the islands, economy is significant.
	caribbean-guide.info /past.and.present/economy (755 words)

	Welcome to the Caribbean - HIstory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		In the 1640's Portuguese Jews emigrated from Brazil to Barbados taking with them the techniques of cultivating sugar cane, thus the sugarcane plantations of the Caribbean, some of which are still operational today.
		With sugar came slavery, an estimated 10 million slaves being brought from Africa to the Caribbean to work on the plantations, thus repopulating this region (with the exception of Puerto Rico) through the forced transportation of African peoples (mainly from western Africa).
		United States involvement in the Caribbean which began with the occupation of Cuba and Puerto Rico during the Spanish-American War (1898) grew in scope during the early 20th century.
	www.welcometothecaribbean.com /history.htm (1108 words)

	Slavery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		It is interesting to note the ever-increasing reliance on slaves as the transition to sugar plantations not only occurred but also proceeded to become the main form of economic activity in the Caribbean in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
		In regards to the relationship between the slave trade and the sugar plantations, I tend to disagree with Jonathan [a fellow student in the class] in his statement that "By the 17th century, over 50% of slaves coming into the New World were being led to the Caribbean.
		This led to the emergence of the sugar plantations, which drastically changed the lives of everyone in the Caribbean." I don't dispute the facts, but do disagree that the act of bringing many slaves to the Caribbean led to the emergence of the sugar plantations.
	www.trincoll.edu /~tgodfrey/slavery.htm (2843 words)

	\| The Demographic Cost of Sugar: Debates on Slave Societies and Natural Increase in the Americas \| The American ...
		A detailed examination of the Louisiana sugar enclave will be developed, first by examining the nature of the labor regime on sugar plantations and the overall composition of their slave populations, and then by exploring the character and scale of slave importation.
		The advance of the sugar kingdom was especially dramatic between 1818 and 1830, with contemporaries estimating that for much of this period sugar planters bought new slaves (from the eastern states) at the rate of 5,000 per year.
		Sugar and the Atlantic slave trade represented the worst of all worlds—the extreme demands of the sugar plantation, the urge to import (so as to maintain a male-dominated labor force), and the intensive sucking of Africans into an unfamiliar, and therefore hostile, disease environment.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/ahr/105.5/ah001534.html (11005 words)

	2001: A Sea Odyssey – Sugar Plantation
		The sugar plantations are now all gone on Antigua, but today we’ll visit the remains of an old one to see how the sugar was produced and how people lived and worked here.
		The plantation was once covered with fields of sugar cane, like the fields we saw on St. Kitts (See December 25, 2000 journal).
		Sugar cane is a type of tall grass that grows over eight feet high.
	www.theoceanadventure.com /2001SO/Day23.html (583 words)

	RUM FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Marco_Polo also recorded a 14th-century account of a "very good wine of sugar" that was offered to him in what is modern-day Iran.The first distillation of rum took place on the sugarcane plantations of the Caribbean in the 17th century.
		Plantation slaves first discovered that molasses, a by-product of the sugar refining process, fermented into alcohol.
		To support this demand for the molasses to produce rum, along with the increasing demand for sugar in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries, a labor source to work the sugar plantations in the Caribbean was needed.
	www.factagent.com /?req=rum (2600 words)

	Definition of Sugar plantation system
		Sugar plantations in the Caribbean islands and Brazil were an system that had to be followed to an exact science in order to profit from the production.
		The slaves working the sugar plantation were caught in an unceasing rhythm of arduous labor year after year.
		Some plantations also went a step further and distilled the molasses(the liquid left after the sugar is boiled or clarified) to make rum.
	www.wordiq.com /definition/Sugar_plantation_system (270 words)

	About the Virgin Islands
		The Virgin Islands are an archipelago in the Caribbean Sea.
		The sugar plantations are now gone, but the descendents of the slaves are still there, sharing a common West Indian culture with the other English-speaking islands of the Caribbean.
		Caribbean Places To Stay is a part of the Vacation Places To Stay Network powered by Reservations Direct, Inc.
	www.caribbeanplacestostay.com /locations/virgin-islands/about (373 words)

	Popa's Tales: Sugar and Spice (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Sugar cane originated in Southeast Asia, migrated to Persia and then moved with the Arab conquests to the eastern Mediterranean and Italy.
		Giovanni della Palma, an Italian, constructed a sugar mill in the Portuguese city of Algarve in 1404.
		When the plantations were first established in the Americas, the labor came from raids on the native population for slaves to work the sugar cane fields.
	www.paracompusa.com /SmartScience/Popa/Vol3-1.html (361 words)

	Making sugar - - Port Cities
		Description: European consumption of sugar increased enormously during the 17th and 18th centuries, fuelling the demand for enslaved African labour to work the plantations of the Caribbean.
		Sugar was not produced as granules or in cubes but rather as large cones.
		Sugar was then broken off in lumps for domestic use.
	www.portcities.org.uk /server/show/conMediaFile.5567/Making-sugar.html (64 words)

	RE/MAX Caribbean and Central America: St. Kitts and Nevis Real Estate
		Discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1493, St. Kitts (also known as "St. Christopher") and Nevis are two small, relatively "secret" eastern Caribbean jewels in the Leeward Islands.
		Tourists and residents in St. Kitts enjoy a variety of active adventures, including tropical hikes up the 3,792-foot Mount Liamuiga, a dormant volcano that stands in the center of the island.
		Nevis, too, offers all sorts of activities and stunning natural beauty to visitors and locals - and is well known for its rich history and restored sugar plantations.
	www.remax-caribbeanislands.com /property_search/st_kitts_nevis.asp (530 words)

	Articles - Rum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Marco Polo also recorded a 14th-century account of a "very good wine of sugar" that was offered to him in what is modern-day Iran.
		The first distillation of rum took place on the sugarcane plantations of the Caribbean in the 17th century.
		The circular exchange of slaves, molasses, and rum was quite profitable, and the disruption to the trade caused by the Sugar Act in 1764 may have even helped cause the American Revolution.
	www.free-biz.org /articles/Rum (2539 words)

	COCOS Hotel, Antigua - the most beautiful island in the Caribbean
		Antigua, known as "The Heart of the Caribbean", is located eight hours by direct flight from Europe and only two hours from the East Coast of the USA.
		There are many fine restaurants on the island serving a wide range of international and local cuisine, and many points of historical interest, including Nelson's dockyard and one of the oldest sugar plantations in the Caribbean to still be in working order.
		But most people come to Antigua for her beaches and the "sea life": Antigua's waters are home to an astonishing range of fish for diving enthusiasts, and her constant trade winds provide excellent fuel for indulging in your sailing passions.
	www.cocoshotel.com /location.htm (223 words)

	On Wine: Caribbean rums work magic in cocktails
		The story of rum is synonymous with the rise in the 18th century of sugar cane plantations throughout the Caribbean Basin.
		Distilled from sugar cane by-products such as molasses, rum is legendary as the staple drink of the British seaman, as well as infamous pirates.
		It also conjures images of exotic mixed drinks in secluded, snug little bays on Caribbean islands where the rum is distilled in small batches for local consumption.
	www.post-gazette.com /food/20010726bev0726fnp3.asp (455 words)

	Plantation Bay (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		1) " Plantation" -- In the context of Plantation Bay
		A Plantation is a deliberately cultivated area, for example: a large farm,growing one species of plant only, eg.
		In geography, a bay or gulf is a collection of water that issurrounded by land on three sides.
	www.cabaret-54.com /dust6703-plantation%20bay.html (249 words)

	Sugar & Spice
		In the 17th and 18th centuries, North America's sugar was imported from British sugar cane plantations in the Caribbean.
		The sugar was packaged in large cones that weighed about 10 pounds each.
		Molasses was a lower cost by-product of sugar refining and used widely.
	www.pilgrimhall.org /ThanksPieSpice.htm (312 words)

	martinique hotel reservation-Hotel Karibea : French caribbean hotel (martinique hotel, guadeloupe hotel) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Karibea, french caribbean hotel, french caribbean resort, west indies hotel, martinique hotel, hotels in martinique, martinique accommodation, martinique lodging, martinique resort, martinique vacation rental, apartment martinique, martinique hotel reservation.
		Beaches of Martinique, flooded with sun, transparent waters, edged with cocconut trees or wild vegetation, posses white sand in the south and fl sand in the north.
		From 1000 to 1400 coming from the continent the same way as their predecessors, the caribbeans people are more conquering & agressive.
	www.hotel-caribbean-karibea.com /decouverte_martinique.htm (1162 words)

	History and genealogy of the wealthy families of America
		Tobacco and rice were the favorite commercial crops of the South (Maryland, Virginia and the Carolinas) and the basis for the establishment of an aristocracy of large plantation owners.
		Wheat from tenant farms was collected as rents and bolted in the landlords’ gristmills to be sold in the city or exported, in general also by the landlord or his agents.
		The triangular trade, involving stops in West Africa where slaves were loaded and shipped to the Caribbean sugar plantations, was thereby the lucrative epitome of colonial trading patterns.
	www.raken.com /american_wealth/OTHER/newsletter/chronicle310804.asp (1181 words)

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