Sulfate-reducing bacteria

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	Sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB)
		SRB reduce sulfate to sulfide, which usually shows up as hydrogen sulfide or, if iron is available, as black ferrous sulfide.
		In the absence of sulfate, some strains can function as fermenters and use organic compounds such as pyruvate to produce acetate, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide.
		SRB are anaerobes that are sustained by organic nutrients.
	www.corrosion-doctors.org /Microbial/srb.htm

	Patent 4999286: Sulfate reducing bacteria determination and control
		Sulfate reducing bacteria are detected by preparing a lysate so as to release an enzyme essential to derive energy by reduction of sulfate such as adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate reductase (APS reductase), containing the lysate with an antibody for the enzyme, and detecting the presence of the reaction product of the enzyme and the antibody.
		The greatest variety of sulfate-reducing bacteria is found in nature in permanently anaerobic sulfate rich sediments of low or moderate temperature and salinities, such as the reduced zone in sediments of estuaries and marine habitats.
		The presence, and if present, preferably the quantity of sulfate-reducing bacteria are determined by a very specific immunoassay, and a nondeleterious but effective amount of a bactericidal or bacteriostatic agent is introduced into the aqueous environment to control sulfate-reducing bacteria which are detected.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4999286.html

	Sulfate Reducing Bacteria
		SRB are so adaptive they have even been known to reduce nitrates to ammonia when sulfur is not present.
		SRB microorganisms are difficult to detect because they are anaerobic and tend to grow deep down within biofilms (slimes) as part of a microbial community.
		SRB are very adaptive and may need the exact pressure, temperature, and velocity conditions of the system in question to thrive.
	mic-testing.com /srb.htm

	United States Patent Application: 0040009572
		In the case of thermophilic Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria, samples must be kept in the incubators for a period of 48 hours at a temperature ranging from 50 to 80 degrees, depending on the microbiological sample to be analyzed.
		The system detects the presence of sulfate-reducing bacteria by spectrophotometric measurements of the darkening observed in the vials as the result of the formation of iron sulfide as the sulfate-reducing bacteria grows.
		A procedure, according to claim 10, wherein the microorganisms are sulfate-reducing bacteria.
	appft1.uspto.gov /netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=/netahtml/PTO/srchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1="20040009572".PGNR.&OS=DN/20040009572&RS=DN/20040009572

	WWRC 85-19 : Microbiological Changes of Tastes and Odors in Laramie's Drinking Water
		Sulfate reducing bacteria may grow once in the distribution system, and monitoring this group of organisms should be continued to determine if the distribution network is susceptible to tuberculation.
		Sulfate reducing bacteria were counted by the multiple tube procedure of Mara and Williams (43), using their modification of Iron Sulfite agar (Oxold).
		Sulfate reducing bacteria have been shown to be of particular importance in corrosion problems (10,40,53).
	library.wrds.uwyo.edu /wrp/85-19/85-19.html

	Sulfate-reducing bacteria - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sulfate-reducing bacteria comprise several groups of bacteria that use sulfate as an oxidizing agent, reducing it to
		The sulfate-reducing have been treated as phenotypic group, together with the other sulfur-reducing bacteria, for identification purposes.
		Sulphate-reducing bacteria have been considered as a possible way to deal with acid mine waters other bacteria produce.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sulfate-reducing_bacteria

	Gulf Ecology Division
		In this study, the distribution of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) in anaerobic sediments was determined using oligonucleotide probes complementary to the 16S ribosomal RNAs of major phylogenetic groups.
		Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) play an important role in the sulfur cycle and the terminal mineralization of organic matter in estuarine and marine environments.
		Phylogeny of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria and a Perspective for Analyzing Their Natural Communities.
	www.epa.gov /gbwebdev/ged/publica/cabanc15.htm

	Professor Jay's Research
		Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) have been shown to be the primary mercury methylators in a wide range of aquatic systems, and bioavailability of mercury to the bacteria, as well as the activity of particular species of sulfate-reducing bacteria present, have both been shown to be important factors in controlling the rate of mercury methylation.
		As a first step, we have characterized the spatial structure and mercury-EPS binding capacity of biofilms formed by pure cultures of six strain of sulfate-reducing bacteria.
		We will test the hypothesis that differences in biofilm composition and structure can explain differences observed in methylation rates between six strains of pure culture sulfate-reducing bacteria in the lab.
	www.cee.ucla.edu /faculty/jayR.htm

	- CHEMTEX TECHNICAL TOPICS ARCHIVE - TT-006-0692 -
		This bacteria contains an enzyme, (hydrogenase) that enables it to use elemental hydrogen generated at the cathodic site to reduce sulfate to hydrogen sulfide.
		Sulfates are available in most waters due to outside contamination.
		This does not mean that sulfate reducers will not grow in oxygen rich cooling waters.
	www.chemtexcorp.com /techtopics/TT-006-0692.html

	M-II.htm
		The sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are a unique physiological group of prokaryotes They have the capability to use sulfates as the terminal electron acceptor in their respiration.
		In contrast to the autotrophic bacteria, the heterotrophic bacteria and fungi require organic carbon for growth and energy-generation and with a few exceptions do not derive any benefit from the degradation of the minerals which occurs because of their presence.
		The biotechnological methods in minerals processing until now have been applied, under commercial-scale conditions mainly as leaching of sulphide-bearing ores and concentrates by means of acidophilic chemolithotrophic bacteria.
	bioinep.hit.bg /M-II.htm

	Community Water Company of Green Valley - Hot Water Stinks Article
		Sulfate-reducing bacteria activities in the groundwater aquifer, distribution system, or hot water heater tank may all be responsible for the hydrogen sulfide concentration.
		This remedy will not eliminate problems associated with sulfate-reducing bacteria, but it can greatly reduce them.
		Non-pathogenic anaerobic bacteria, such as Desulfuvibrio desulfuricans, form enzymes as a metabolic function that have the power to accelerate the sulfate-reduction reaction by decreasing the activation energies of the reaction.
	communitywater.com /core/content_odor.html

	A Study on the Potential of Metal Corrosion by Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria in Animal Buildings
		Since the sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) has been considered the major bacterial species in causing metal corrosion under anaerobic environments (Crombie et al., 1980; Pankhania, 1988; Ford and Mitchell, 1990; Hao et al., 1996), most of the past studies concentrated on the corrosion problems caused by SRB encountered in those environments.
		Since the growth for sulfate-reducing bacteria on metal surfaces was limited (due possibly to the lack of sufficient nutrients), it is not believed that this type of bacteria can cause significant metal corrosion in animal buildings.
		Pankhania, I.P. Hydrogen metabolism in sulfate-reducing bacteria and its role in anaerobic corrosion.
	www.age.uiuc.edu /bee/RESEARCH/corrosion/Srb.htm

	Bacteria, domain bacterium, food bacterium
		Bacteria are the most ancient life forms Most bacteria are so small that under a light...
		Bacteria are often dismissed as germs, but help us do an array of useful things, like breathe, make vitamins and maintain our atmosphere.
		Bacteria consist of only a single cell, but don't let their small size and seeming simplicity fool you.
	www.healthinquire.com /bacteria.html

	Biosan Laboratories, Inc. is an industrial microbiological testing laboratory focusing on research and development in addition to routine technical service.
		Anaerobic sulfate reducing bacteria are ubiquitous in the environment.
		The Sani-Check SRB Test System is a kit that contains tubes of culture media specifically formulated to promote the growth of anaerobic sulfate reducing bacteria.
		These are organisms which reduce sulfate to sulfide in the absence of oxygen.
	www.biosan.com /indproducts1.htm

	The First Sulfur Eaters
		Sulfate-reducing bacteria had been known to exist at least 2.72 billion years ago, but this finding pushes the date of their existence back an additional 750 million years.
		"Sulfate reducers need dead organic matter to be able to reduce the sulfate, so there must have been other organisms that were primary producers," says Buick.
		Instead, he says the sulfate was reduced through exposure to hydrothermal fluids emitted from underwater volcanic vents.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/life-01zw.html

	Decoding a sulfate-breathing bug
		Desulfovibrio is a model for the study of sulfate-reducing bacteria, which use hydrogen, organic acid, or alcohols as electron donors to "reduce" (that is, add electrons to) certain metals, including uranium.
		"Understanding how sulfate-reducing bacteria use substrates to make energy and how they position themselves in the environment is fundamental to efforts to control the bacteria or use them for our purposes," she says.
		Such corrosion is caused by bacteria acting together in a biofilm that covers metal pipelines or equipment.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-04/tifg-das041304.php

	Molecular Biology of Sulfate Reducing Bacteria
		We are identifying genes of sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) whose expression is necessary for the survival and activity of these organisms in contaminated environments.
		We are asking which genes are expressed by sulfate reducers when they are exposed to and/or degrading a myriad of contaminants in sedimentary systems as opposed to those genes that may be expressed in laboratory cultures.
		Further, we believe that these activities are not detectable using traditional in vitro laboratory incubations and therefore we are studying the bacteria under more natural, in situ, conditions.
	faculty-staff.ou.edu /K/Lee.R.Krumholz-1/sulfatereducing.html

	Shock Chlorination Well Maintenance
		Bacteria may be introduced during drilling of a well or when pumps are removed for repair and laid on the ground.
		Bacteria collect in the pore spaces of the formation and on the casing or screened surface of the well.
		To thrive, iron bacteria require 0.5-4 mg/L of dissolved oxygen, as little as 0.01 mg/L dissolved iron and a temperature range of 5 to 15°C. Some iron bacteria use dissolved iron in the water as a food source.
	www.malibuwater.com /Shock.html

	Untitled
		It is likely, though not certain, that sulfate reducing bacteria may have been responsible for producing the sulfide needed to form these ore deposits.
		Sulfate)reducing bacteria strip away the four oxygen atoms leaving the sulfur atom in a form known chemically as sulfide.
		The sulfate reducers pick this off, use it as fuel, and leave the pipes susceptible to accelerated rates of corrosion.
	www.physics.uoguelph.ca /summer/scor/articles/scor210.htm

	Water Quality Deterioration in Distribution Systems: Part 2
		In the United States, confirmation of the role of anaerobic bacteria in the corrosion of iron pipes resulted from the studies of Hadley (1939),18 Pomeroy (1941),19 Starkey (1945)20 and Starkey and Wright (1945).21 In addition to sulfate-reducing bacteria, the researchers found large masses and encrustations of iron sulfides clogging cast iron pipe.
		Bunker (1939),23 Butline (1955)24 and Lewis (1965)25 isolated sulfate-reducing bacteria from tubercles.
		Since bacteria attached to larger particles occupy a microenvironment higher in nutrient concentrations than the surrounding water, epibacteria are both more active40â”43 as well as more susceptible to removal by the physical processes of a filtration plant.
	wqpmag.com /wqp/index.cfm/powergrid/rfah=cfap=/CFID/1815911/CFTOKEN/81652562/fuseaction/showArticle/articleID/1920

	gammaproteo.htm
		S is produced by sulfate reducing bacteria in the anoxic zone and is utilized as it diffuses to the oxic zone containing Beggiatoa and other sulfur oxidizers.
		Purple sulfur bacteria live in both freshwater and saline environments, however they are typically not found in the open ocean, but in estuarine habitats, closed bays, or salt marshes (3), or in saline lakes.
		Methanotrophic bacteria are known to live in a symbiotic relationship in the gill tissue of marine mussels and certain types of marine sponges.
	www.homepage.montana.edu /~umbls/mb301/gammaproteo.htm

	ETH e-collection
		Interrelations of methanogens and sulfate-reducing bacteria in sediments of through-flow and stratified lakes
	e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch /show?type=diss&nr=15337

	NSW HSC ONLINE - Chemistry
		This is why the anaerobic bacteria that cause this change are called sulfate reducing bacteria.
		The action of anaerobic bacteria appears to be an important factor in the corrosion of vessels that have sunk to depths below 1000 metres.
		This corrosion is the result of anaerobic bacteria as well as electrochemical reactions.
	hsc.csu.edu.au /chemistry/options/shipwrecks/2733/ch966Dec2_03.htm

	Welcome To Health.
		fitting or pipe which can cause corrosion of stainless steel or growth of sulfate-reducing bacteria.
		Iron Reducing Bacteria Iron bacteria is a group of microorganisms found in industrial waters, streams, lakes, wells and potable water supplies.
		Control of Iron Bacteria Treatment techniques which may be successful in removing or reducing iron bacteria include physical removal, pasteurization, and chemical treatment.
	www.ewgae2004.de /418-iron-reducing-bacteria-41918.htm

	Thesis ADEME
		Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are good candidates for the bio-decontamination of environments polluted by heavy metals (bioremediation).
		Bacteria and environment : bioremediation of chromium by sulfate-reducing bacteria
		Reduced forms are less toxic and isoluble, so that they can be extracted from waters or immobilized in soils.
	www.ademe.fr /anglais/thesis/thesis01/vath121101.htm

	Untitled
		Dissimilatory sulfite reductase is the enzyme catalyzing the final step in the reduction of sulfate to sulfide during anaerobic respiration in sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB).
		The results will also provide information about the evlution of sulfate respiration among prokaryots.
		nov., a sulfate reducer from a water-oil separation system.
	imp.imp.uib.no /aktivite/anaerob/generel.htm

	publications.html
		Sulfate reducing bacteria in tubes constructed by the marine infaunal polychaete
		Respiration and assimilation of 4-bromophenol by estuarine sediment bacteria.
		Recovery and analysis of formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase gene sequences from natural populations of acetogenic bacteria.
	www.biol.sc.edu /~lovell/publications.html

	ASM_Abstract-2004.doc
		MOA and sulfate reducing bacterial growth rates were determined by quantifying the increase in RNA gene copy number per gram sediment over time.
		To measure the growth of the two known MOA groups (ANME-1 and ANME-2) as well as sulfate reducing bacteria (related to Desulfosarcina), we incubated sediment cores for 29 weeks in our anaerobic sediment incubator and sampled sediments at regular intervals for use in quantitative PCR and methane oxidation rate measurements.
		Girguis, P.R., Cozen, A., Hallam, S.J., and DeLong, E.F. Abstract: Anaerobic methane oxidizing archaea (or MOA), in association with sulfate reducing bacteria, mediate the consumption of much of the methane found in anaerobic marine sediments.
	www.petergirguis.com /pdfs/ASM_Abstract-2004.doc

	BIOL/CSES 4684 - Desulfovibrio
		The blackening of the culture indicates that sulfate reduction is taking place and that the iron is acting as a detoxifier for the harmful sulfide; thus, enabling a higher growth yield for the sulfate-reducing bacteria to grow.
		All Desulfovibrio are sulfate reducing bacteria and are gram negative, non spore forming medium sized curved rod shaped cells that contain desulfoviridin and are motile.
		Due to how common Desulfovibrio is found in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats, this genus is the most studied of the sulfate-reducing proteobacteria.
	soils1.cses.vt.edu /ch/biol_4684/Microbes/desulfo.html

	Chromium Reduction by Metal-Reducing and Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria
		In estuarine and marine sediments the activities of populations of facultative and strict anaerobic metal-reducing bacteria (MRB) and sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) produce hydrogen sulfide and ferrous iron, important agents for the reduction of hexavalent chromium.
		SRB and MRB may also transform other metals from their dissolved to their particulate forms, which affects metal bioavailability and toxicity.
		Soluble metals are generally more toxic as they are bioavailable and may accumulate in living organisms.
	www.msi.ucsb.edu /msilinks/CRC/CRCtexts/Toxics/ucsd4.html

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