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Topic: Sultan Murad

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	Murad II - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Murad II Murad II (1404–February 3, 1451) was the sultan from 1421 to 1451 (except for a period from 1444 to 1446).
		Murad's reign was marked by the long war he fought against the Christians of the Balkans and the Turkish emirates in Anatolia, a conflict lasting for 25 years.
		Murad won the Battle of Varna in 1444 against János Hunyadi but lost the Battle of Jalowaz and was forced to abdicate.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Murad_II (374 words)

	Wikipedia: Ottoman Empire
		Murad advanced the reformation of the state and founded such entities as the divan (the government and advisors), the beylerbey (great chief), the kaziasker (military judge) and the defterdar (financial minister).
		Sultan Djem Osman, the younger son of Sultan Mehmed III, though elder son born during the reign of his father, took the reins of the Empire.
		Sultan Djem’s invitation to Rome was the start of his European tour to gain support for his “Christian” conversation of the Ottoman Empire from the European powers such as France, Holy Roman Empire, Spain and the Italian States and Kingdoms.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/o/ot/ottoman_empire.html (6149 words)

	Encyclopedia: Murad IV
		Murad IV of the Ottomans This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright.
		Mustafa I Mustafa I (1592 – January 20, 1639) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1617 to 1618 and from 1622 to 1623.
		Sultan Ibrahim I Ibrahim I (November 5, 1615 – August 12, 1648) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1640–1648.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Murad-IV (1153 words)

	Murad IV - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sultan Murad IV Murad IV (June 16, 1612 – February 9, 1640) (nicknamed Cruel, in Turkish Zalim) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1623 to 1640, known both for restoring the authority of the state and for the brutality of his methods.
		Murad was for a long time under the control of his relatives and during his early years as sultan, his mother, Kösem Sultan essentially ruled through him.
		Murad himself commanded the invasion of Mesopotamia and proved to be an outstanding field commander.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Murat_IV (582 words)

	Ottoman Sultans and Their Jewish Subjects
		Sultan Selim had borrowed money from a Jewish banker for his Egyptian campaign, but the banker passed away before payment was due and his minister of finance reported the death to the Sultan adding that there was no need for payment.
		SULTAN MURAD III (Born) 1546 - (Deceased) 1595 CE During the reign of Sultan Murad III, the son of Joseph Amon (killed during the campaign for the conquest of Egypt) Izak Amon was appointed adviser to the divan.
		SULTAN ABDULMECID (Born) 1823 - (Deceased) 1861 CE The declaration of equality for all Ottoman subjects is tarnished by blood libel accusations in Syria and Rhodes.
	www.sephardicstudies.org /sultans1.html (3644 words)

	Murad V - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sultan Mehmed Murad V (September 21, 1840 – August 29, 1904) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire who reigned from May 30, 1876 to August 31 of the same year.
		Son of Sultan Abdul Mejid, he was placed in power after his uncle Sultan Abdul Aziz was deposed.
		He failed to deliver the Constitution that his supporters had sought, and under his reign the country moved closer to the disastrous Russo–Turkish War, 1877–8 against Alexander II of Russia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Murad_V (127 words)

	Murad IV - free-definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Sultan Murad IV Murad IV (June 16, 1612 – February 9, 1640) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1623 to 1640, known both for restoring the authority of the state and for the brutality of his methods.
		Brought to power by a palace conspiracy in 1623, Murad was for a long time under the control of his relatives.
		Militarily Murad's reign is most notable for a war against Persia in which Ottoman forces conquered Azerbaijan, occupied Tabriz and — in the last great feat of Imperial Turkish arms — captured Baghdad in 1638.
	www.free-definition.com /Murad-IV.html (275 words)

	Sultan Mehmet II - Olga's Gallery
		Sultan Mehmet II In 1479, the Republic of Venice sent Gentile Bellini to Constantinople to paint the portrait of Sultan Mehmet II.
		Mehmet II was born in 1433, the third of Murad’s sons.
		After Murad’s second reluctant return to power he gave up all thoughts of retirement and settled down once again in Adrianople, banishing his unsatisfactory son to Magnesia in Anatolia; and it was there that news was brought to Mehmet that his father had died, on 13 February 1451, of an apoplectic seizure.
	www.abcgallery.com /list/2001july16.html (1051 words)

	tarih1
		In 1389, the Ottomans defeated the Serbians at the infamous Battle of Kosovo; it was during this battle that, Murad I died.
		Murad lacked any real power at this time, but later, order was reestablished and he eventually took control of the government.
		Abdulmecid I then became sultan and one of his first acts was to issue the Imperial Rescript of Gulhane, the first constitutional document ever issued in an Islamic country.
	www.stfrancis.edu /hi/tarih1.htm (3051 words)

	Untitled
		Murad's execution of the judge of Iznik for a minor offense generated such discontent among the religious hierarchy in Istanbul that rumors began to circulate that the mufti Ahizade Huseyin Efendi was stirring up sentiment against the sultan and aiming at his overthrow.
		Murad's success in restoring the military fortunes of the empire and in filling its treasures is legendary, as is the cost in the thousands of lives exacted by the sultan.
		As the sultanate became more sedentary, the status of the domestic household was enhanced: not only did the valide sultan acquire greater authority, but her relationship with her son was transformed from an essentially private one into one that encompassed the whole of society.
	www.h-net.msu.edu /~fisher/hst373/readings/peirce.html (16201 words)

	Encyclopedia: Sultan Murad (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Murad II Murad II (1404–February 3, 1451) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1421 to 1451 (except for a period from 1444 to 1446).
		Whilst besieging that city, the Byzantines in league with some independent Turkish Anatolian states,sent the Sultan's younger brother Mustafa (who was only 13 years old) to rebel against the Sultan and besiege Bursa.
		When the Balkan front was secured Murad turned east to defeat Timur Lenk's son, Shah Rokh, and the emirates of Karamanid and Çorum-Amasya.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Sultan-Murad (406 words)

	Murad Ii (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Murad's reign was marked by the long war he fought against the Christians of the Balkans and the Turkish emirates in Anatolia.
		In the 1430s Murad captured huge terretories in the Balkans and could annex Serbia in 1439.
		Murad won the Battle of Varna in 1444 against Janos Hunyadi but lost the Battle of Jalowaz and was forced to abdicate.
	www.wikiverse.org /murad-ii (329 words)

	Safiye Sultan -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		the favourite consort of the Ottoman sultan Murad III (reigned 1574–95) and the mother of his son Mehmed III (reigned 1595–1603); she exercised a strong influence on Ottoman affairs during the reigns of both sultans.
		Mahmud of Ghazna (reigned AD 998–1030) was the first Muslim ruler to be called sultan by his contemporaries, and under the Seljuqs of Anatolia and Iran it became a regular...
		Mohammad II (Mehmed the Conqueror) (1432–81), Ottoman sultan, born in Adrianople (now Edirne); during rule (1444–46 and 1451–81), captured Constantinople and thus completed the Ottoman destruction of the Byzantine Empire; fourth son of Murad II; restored and repopulated Constantinople after capture in 1453; reorganized Ottoman administration, codified laws, encouraged scholarship...
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=9064722 (684 words)

	T.C. KÜLTÜR VE TURİZM BAKANLIĞI - Sultan V. Murad (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Sultan Murad, otuzüçüncü padişah olarak Osmanlı tahtına çıktı.
		Sultan Abdülaziz’in, Avrupa seyahatine katılmış ve genç bir şehzade iken batıyı yakından görmüştü.
		Sultan Murad orta boylu, açık tenli ve yumuşak bir karaktere sahipti.
	www.kultur.gov.tr /portal/tarih_tr.asp?belgeno=40413 (208 words)

	Kim Kimdir? - FORSNET
		Sultan Birinci Murad, Bizans Kilisesi'ne göre bir kâfir ve Ýsa düþmaný olarak görülse de, fethettiði yerlerde yaþayan Hýristiyan halka Papa'dan daha iyi davrandýðý için onlarýn sevgisini kazanmýþtý.
		Sultan Murad Hüdavendigar'ýn yaptýðý önemli iþlerden birisi de Týmar Kanunu'nu çýkarmasýydý.
		Sultan Murad Hüdavendigar, savaþlarýn ve fetihlerin yaný sýra imar iþlerine de gereken önemi verdi.
	www.kimkimdir.gen.tr /kimkimdir.php?id=908 (791 words)

	OSMANLI WEB SİTESİ - Osmanlı'nın 700. Yılı - KALDERA / FORSNET (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Rumeli'den Anadolu'ya, Anadolu'dan Rumeli'ye durmadan dinlenmeden seferler yapan Sultan Murad Hüdavendigar, bizzat katıldığı 37 savaşın hepsini kazandı.
		Sultan Murad Hüdavendigar, 1360 yılında Karadeniz Ereğlisi'ni fethetti.
		Sultan Murad Hüdavendigar'ın Trakya'daki asıl hedefi, stratejik bir öneme sahip olan Edirne'yi almaktı.
	www.osmanli700.gen.tr /padisahlar/03idari.html (264 words)

	All Empires - The Ottoman Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Murad II suppressed Balkan resistance and eliminated all but two of the Turkish principalities in Asia Minor.
		Under Murad III (ruled 1574-95) new campaigns were undertaken.
		The Caucasus was conquered, and Azerbaijan was seized.
	www.allempires.com /empires/ottoman/ottoman1.htm (1593 words)

	Murad, Ottoman Sultan (1361-1389) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Second son of Sultan Orkhan, Murad created the European part of the Ottoman Empire.
		Murad himslf invaded with relatively small numbers, but by the end of his reign he was able to raise large numbers of troops settled as Timariots across the Balkons.
		He was killed at the Battle of Kossovo in 1389, although the battle was an Ottoman victory and crushed the last Serbian resistance to the Turks, leaving the burden to fall on the Hungarians.
	www.rickard.karoo.net /articles/people_murad.html (133 words)

	Murad II
		Murad II Set home page · Bookmark site · Add search
		Murad II (1404 - February 3, 1451) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1421 to 1451 (except for a period from 1444 to 1446).
		The Anatolian states that had been constantly plotting gainst him - Aydin, Germian, Mentese,and Teke were annexed and henceforth became part of the Ottoman Empire.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/murad_ii (417 words)

	LookSmart - Directory - Sultan Murad IV of the Ottoman Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Sultan Murad IV of the Ottoman Empire - Explore the details of the reign of this sultan that captured Baghdad in 1638.
		Features a short biography of the Ottoman sultan who purged his administration from corruption and ruled from 1623 to 1640.
		Join the Zeal community and help build the "Sultan Murad IV of the Ottoman Empire" Directory Category.
	lsxml.looksmart.com /p/browse/us1/us317837/us317918/us53345/us53346/us917219/us563103/us564063 (162 words)

	aysebulut.com - Sultan Murad'ýn Duasý (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Sultan Murad, oðullarý Beyazid ve Yakup Beyler, Vezir Çandarlý Ali Bey, Gazi Evrenos Bey ve öteki ileri gelenlerle toplanýp durumu görüþtü.
		Sultan Murad'ýn bu içten duasý Allah katýnda kabul edilmiþ olacak ki, yaðan yaðmur tozu - topraðý yatýþtýrdý, sisler daðýldý.
		Sultan Murad þehid olmuþtu ama, Balkanlarda 500 yýldan fazla sürecek olan Türk hakimiyetinin temelleri de atýlmýþtý.
	www.aysebulut.com /osmanli1/sultan_muradin_duasi.asp (267 words)

	HOW MILOSH ÓBILICH SLEW THE SULTAN MURAD
		And thus to Murad, the Turkish tsar, the vizier spake aloud:
		“Murad, the Sun of all the East, holy Mahomet’s heir!
		Murad gaped wordless on the ground; and underneath the tent
	www.sacred-texts.com /neu/hbs/hbs13.htm (1023 words)

	The Kosovo Pristina Press
		I remember the slighting description of Sultan Murad's tomb in "Black Lamb and Grey Falcon" and resolved to reread it when I got home.
		This is perhaps not surprising as the tower is a potent symbol of Serbian domination of the area.
		The dark green in the center is the garden of Sultan Murad's Mausoleum.
	home.xnet.com /~jkelley/Kosovo.fldr/PrishtinaPress32.html (1125 words)

	Geschichtsforum - 1904 - 100. Todestag von Sultan Murad V. - 2004
		Todestag von Sultan Murad V. Sa 07:30 Uhr König David und das Geheimnis des Tempels
		Todestag von Sultan Murad V. Vor genau 100 Jahren starb mit Murad V. (* 21.9.1840, + 29.8.1904) eine der tragischsten und zugleich vergessensten Figuren in der Geschichte des Sultanats.
		Murad V. wurde vom Großwesir Midhat Pasha zum Sultan erhoben.
	www.geschichtsforum.de /showthread.php?goto=lastpost&t=1793 (643 words)

	Murad IV
		Murad was succeeded by his brother Ibrahim (reigned 1640–48) and Ibrahim's son Muhammad IV.
		Beyazid - Beyazid, 1612–1638?, Ottoman prince; brother of Sultan Murad IV.
		Mustafa I - Mustafa I, 1591–1639?, Ottoman sultan (1617–18, 1622–23), brother and successor...
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/people/A0834465.html (200 words)

	Murat V : Murad V (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Sultan Mehmed Murat V (September 21, 1840 - August 29, 1904) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire who reigned from May 30, 1876 to August 31, of the same year.
		He failed to deliver the Constitution that his supporters had sought, and under his reign the country moved closer to the disastrous Russo-Turkish War against Alexander II of Russia.
		It uses material from the wikipedia article Murat V : Murad V.
	www.eurofreehost.com /mu/Murad_V.html (189 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		In the latter part of the 16th century Sultan Murad III reportedly ordered the governor of the Anatolian Maras province to send him in total 100,000 hyacinth bulbs.
		This was in the beginning of the 18th century, when there came to be a conscious development of greater interest in the life and manners of the Western world, including their experience in gardening.
		The example of Sultan Ahmed III and his love for flowers and gardening was emulated everywhere in Istanbul.
	www.byegm.gov.tr /yayinlarimiz/NEWSPOT/1997/3/N8.htm (1419 words)

	Osmanli Padisahlari (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Kendisinin en büyük saadeti, Fatih Sultan Mehmed gibi eşine ender rastlanacak ve çok kıymetli bir zatın babası olmakti.Sultan Murad.
		İkinci Murad küçük yaştaki oğlunu tahta çıkarınca,ümide kapılarak Osmanlı topraklarına girdiler.Oğlu İkinci Mehmed (Fatih) ordunun başına babasını başkumandan tayin etti.
		Varna Zaferinden sonra İkinci Murad tekrar tahta geçti.
	www.sevde.de /OsmanliPad/IkinciMurat.htm (249 words)

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