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Topic: Sultan of Damascus

	Damacus - Crystalinks
		Damascus became in effect the capital of an empire that stretched from the shores of the Atlantic Ocean to the Indus River basin and from south of France to west of China.
		Damascus became a metropolis by the beginning of the second century and in 222 it was upgraded to a colonia by the Emperor Septimius Severus.
		In 1400 by Timurlank, the Mongol conqueror, besieged Damascus.
	www.crystalinks.com /damascus.html (3977 words)

	Damascus - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		Damascus or Dimashq, capital and chief city of Syria, in southwestern Syria, on the Baradá River, near the Anti-Lebanon Mountains in the southwestern part of the country.
		Damascus was the headquarters of Saladin, sultan of Egypt and Syria, during the Third Crusade.
		Damascus was returned to Egyptian rule by Ibrahim Pasha in 1832; in 1841 it was restored to the Ottoman Empire as part of Syria.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761571653___0/Damascus.html (797 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Damascus
		Damascus allied itself with Soba against David, was conquered and obliged to receive a Jewish garrison (2 Samuel 8:5; 1 Chronicles 18:5), but under Solomon it became the capital of an independent kingdom, established by Razon or Rasin (1 Kings 11:24).
		From this time Damascus was frequently at war with the kings of Israel, while it leaned on those of Juda, who sought with its aid to weaken their rivals of Samaria.
		Damascus is a Latin archiepiscopal titular see, and three bishops of the sixteenth century are mentioned in the "Revue benedictine" 1907, (82-85).
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/04611a.htm (1438 words)

	History
		Damascus soon became an important center of Christianity and its bishop used to be considered the most important ecclesiastical figure after the Bishop of Antioch.
		Byzantine Damascus remained much the same as it had during the Roman period, except for the mass construction of churches and the transformation of the Temple of Jupiter into a cathedral dedicated to St. John the Baptist in the fourth century.
		The period between the Memluk takeover in 1260 and the invasion of Tamurlane in 1400 was one of a relative prosperity to Damascus.
	www.damascus-online.com /damascus.htm (5366 words)

	Damascus, Syria (Homs Online - Homsonline.com)
		It is built at the foot of a buttress of the Anti-Lebanon, Mount Kassioun, and at the border of a fertile plain, the Ghouta.
		Damascus was conquered in 333 BC by Parmenion, one of Alexander's lieutenants, who took it from the Persians.
		The city was captured by the Ottoman Sultan Salim I in 1516 and the Ottoman occupation lasted for the next four centuries, until World War I. After World War I, a very exhausted Damascus was liberated in 1918, by an Arab contingent under the command of the British Army of General Allenby.
	www.homsonline.com /Citeis/Damascus.htm (1041 words)

	King Hetum II's Chronicle, Cilician Armenia, Byzantine History, Ayyubids, Mamluks
		And KayKhusrau [I, second reign, 1204-1210] (Xosrov-Shah), the sultan of Iconium and son of Kilij Arslan took Berdous from the Armenians and seized its lord, Grigor, Lewon's son.
		In 658 A.E. [1209] Lascari [Theodore I Laskaris, Emperor in Nicaea, 1204-1222] battled against the sultan of Iconium in Xonas, and the sultan was killed.
		And Sultan K'ak'auz besieged Kapan fortress and seized the prince of the Armenians, Kostandin the Constable (Go'nto'stapl) who was called the senior paron, and Kostandin, son of the lord of Lambron and Kyr' Sahak (Ker'sak), lord of Maghvay, and others.
	rbedrosian.com /chet1.htm (2914 words)

	The Invasion of Syria by Tamerlane
		In the meanwhile the report arrived that the Sultan was coming to Syria, and determination of the men to depart from Damascus, held as long as the Sultan was not present, weakened.
		Sultan Mahmud was but a tool in the hands of Tamerlane, appointed because according to their custom only one of royal descent might rule over them.
		Sultan Husain then proceeded against them a second time with a large army and arrived at Daghlugha, a narrow pass through which it takes a man an hour to ride; in the middle of it is a gate which when it is closed and defended no one can take; and around it are high mountains.
	www.deremilitari.org /resources/sources/taghri1.htm (10217 words)

	Al-lzz ibn Abdus-Salam: The Sultan of the Ulama - Ummah.com
		At Damascus, he was involved in the prestigious activity of giving religious consultation and views, sometimes in contradiction and defiance to officially supported ones.
		It was in the mosque of Damascus that he denounced the Sultan's alliance and confederation with the enemies of the faithful against his own brother.
		In addition, in Damascus Al-Izz defied the authorities by issuing a religious ruling that people should not sell arms to the crusaders, who were allies to Sultan Al-Saleh Ismail, an action that aroused the wrath of the Sultan against Al-Izz who was then imprisoned.
	www.ummah.com /forum/showthread.php?t=5964 (1426 words)

	DAWN - Opinion; May 14, 2006
		Nuruddin’s heir, Ismail al-Malik, in Damascus was a mere boy controlled by a bunch of eunuchs in the palace.
		The Sultan is said to have laughed and told his secretary to ride alongside, not behind, him, for a bit of mud would not hurt him any.
		Believe it or not, that is exactly what the sultan did, and the servant got away with behaviour that in most quarters would have been regarded as gross and intolerable impertinence.
	www.dawn.com /2006/05/14/op.htm (3084 words)

	Damascus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Damascus (دمشق translit: Dimashq Also commonly: الشام ash-Shām) is the largest city and capital of Syria.
		It is thought to be one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world (more under: ancient history), before Al Fayyum, and Gaziantep.
		From 1029 to 1041 the Turkish military leader Anushtakin was governor of Damascus under the Fatimid caliph al-Zahir, and did much to restore the city's prosperity.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Damascus (3418 words)

	Het'um, Turco-Mongolica, Cilician Armenia, Saljuqs, Rise of the Turkmens
		Malik-Shah sent Artuq, the Sultan of Mesopotamia, and Sulaiman, Sultan of the country of the Turks, to besiege the city of Antioch.
		Some of them went to the Sultan of Damascus, some to the Sultan of Homs, others to the Sultan of Hamah and yet others to the sultans of the kingdom of the Syrians--there were five Syrian sultans at that time--and served them as mercenaries.
		The Sultan of Baghdad's principality was enlarged greatly by the Khwarazmians, although before their arrival it had been small and weak.
	rbedrosian.com /hetum2.htm (2794 words)

	Ain-Al-Yaqeen - July 21, 2006 - Article 6
		The Saudi Embassy in Damascus is supervising the arrangement of their onward journey to the Kingdom," said Al-Melhem.
		Saudi Airlines has also posted special work force at the Damascus airport on round-the-clock duty and at the Saudia offices in Syria and Lebanon on 18-hour duty in order to facilitate speedy airlifting of the all the citizens and to answer their queries.
		Meanwhile Crown Prince Sultan Ibn Abdul Aziz Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Defense and Aviation and Inspector General chaired a meeting of the ministerial committee of administrative organization.
	www.ain-al-yaqeen.com /issues/20060721/feat6en.htm (2444 words)

	*Damascus Gate: Sultan Suleiman St
		Damascus Gate: Sultan* Suleiman St. (facing the road to Damascus) the largest and most impressive gate - Sha'-ar Shechem in Hebrew and Bab el-Amud in Arabic (after a pillar with Hadrian's statue on top, which once stood inside it).
		Entrance fee to the museum and to the ramparts which are open from 9 a.m.
		Down the steps, Damascus Gate Road forks into El-Wad Road (left, leading to the Via Dolorosa and Temple Mount) and Suq Khan Ez-Zeit (right, to the Holy Sepulchre and the heart of the market).
	www.travelnet.co.il /israel/Jerusalem/D.htm (637 words)

	Reginald: Wolf of Kerak
		The Sultan of Cairo, Saladin, the artful warlord and skilled statesman, knew that his dreams of unifying the Moslem lands of the Near East now depended upon his avenging Islam's damaged honor.
		The forces of the Sultan lay between the men of the Outremer and Lake Tiberias, between the Christians and the cool waters of the lake.
		In his tent, the Sultan offered Guy refreshments, and assured the young ruler that, "Kings do not kill Kings."(36) Then, the Sultan began to berate the Lord of Kerak for his lack of honor in breaking treaties as well as for his cruel treatment of religious pilgrims.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Forum/3807/features/kerak.html (5067 words)

	Jerusalem Peace Treaty of Jaffa (020303)
		He won over Malek-el-Khamil, the Sultan of Egypt, who was at war with the Prince of Damascus, and concluded a treaty with him at Jaffa, February, 1229, according to the terms of which Jerusalem, Bethlehem, and Nazareth were restored to the Christians.
		Due to their alliance with the Sultan of Damascus the Templars were able to occupy again their houses in Jerusalem and to fortify them when, at the request of Egyptian Sultans, Jerusalem was attacked and plundered by the Khwarismiens.
		When the said sultan heard this and noticed that the letter with this information was sealed with a familiar seal, he was disgusted at the cunning tricks, envy and treachery of the Christians, and especially of those who appear to wear the religious habit with the sign of the cross.
	www.solami.com /jaffa1.html (9950 words)

	Medieval Sourcebook: Frederick II's Crusade: Letters, 1229
		This conduct rendered him despicable in the eyes of the sultan and his subjects, especially after they had discovered that he was not at the head of a numerous army, which might have to some extent added weight to his words.
		Under the pretext of defending Joppa, he marched with the Christian army towards that city, in order to be nearer the sultan and in order to be able more easily to treat of peace or obtain a truce.
		We replied to him that the knife was still in the wound, since there was not a truce or peace with the sultan of Damascus, nephew of the aforesaid sultan and opposed to him, adding that even if the sultan of Babylon was unwilling, the former could still do us much harm.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/source/fred2cdelets.html (1510 words)

	Raid by Count Peter of Brittany against Muslim lands in 1239
		The sultan of Damascus [Al-Salih' Isma'il] knew very well what was happening, for his spies had told him that when the Christians had fortified Ascalon, they intended to besiege his noble city of Damascus.
		The sultan of Damascus had sent messages to all his friends requiring them to help him and to provision his city against the Christian army that was on its way.
		Soon, however, the unbelievers were completely crushed and they turned and fled, not towards Damascus but to the castle where they had spent the night.
	www.deremilitari.org /resources/sources/ctit4.htm (1893 words)

	Cairo History: The Age of Saladin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		It was in 1168 that the victorious Shirkoh entered Cairo, and was named governor of Egypt by the Sultan of Damascus, Noor-el-Din.
		For the next 10 years, he fought the Crusaders and managed to end their presence in the region, at least temporarily.
		When he died in Damascus in 1193, he had almost no personal possessions, but he earned himself a remarkable place in history.
	ce.eng.usf.edu /pharos/cairo/history/saladin.html (560 words)

	DeProgram Program
		Yet for three months prior to being voted from power, its overtures to Damascus were at a standstill with little hope on the horizon for just restarting negotiations, let alone succeeding in them.
		But Assad always said no. Over four years the Sultan of Damascus was offered more and more and more, but nothing was ever enough.
		The last thing Damascus wants is passels of loud, young Israelis in their early 20Â’s cruising into town on a Friday night looking for a party.
	www.deprogramprogram.com /wbswebpage.cfm?pagetextid=nofrontsyria (2278 words)

	Al-`Izz Ibn `Abdus-Salam - Sultan of the `Ulama' (Islaam.Com) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		He taught at Damascus schools and in Cairo as well, where in the latter he spent the last twenty years of his life in teaching and writing.
		This caused the Sultan to issue decrees that our hero stop giving religions rulings and verdicts and be confined to his house.
		And in Damascus our hero defied the authorities by issuing a religious ruling that people should not sell arms to the crusaders, who were allies to Sultan Al-Saleh Ismail.
	www.islaam.com /Article.aspx?id=543 (1141 words)

	Third Egyptian-Arab Period: the Reign of the Mameluke Sultans
		He wrote a letter of protest to the Sultan As-Saleh Ayyub concerning the massacre of innocent Christians and the destruction wrought by the Khawarismians in the Holy Places.
		Baybars sacked Cilicia and the Turkish territories of Anatolia (1275 and 1277) and retired to Damascus.
		The Ayyubid Sultans were numerous: 8 in Egypt (1171-1250); 6 in Damascus (1186-1249); 3 in Aleppo (1186-1260); 5 in Mesopotamia or Iraq.
	www.christusrex.org /www2/liberation/I-12.html (3224 words)

	Egypt: History - Ayyubid Period
		He had made a deal with the Sultan of Damascus, Nur ed Din, for Shawar to become the first minister in Egypt.
		Saladin did not remain in Egypt long, for as soon as the country was secure, he turned it over to his brother, al-Adil and his vizier, al-Fadil, and left to drive the Crusaders from the Holy Land.
		He died in Damascus in 1193 after having liberating all Palestine from the English, French, Austrians and Sicilians.
	www.touregypt.net /hayyubid.htm (1315 words)

	The Second Crusade - Saint Bernard
		Sangi was assassinated 2 years later but the re-conquest had already begun.
		The dangerous concentration of power in the hands of Nureddin (sultan of Aleppo and Damascus) and the capture of Edessa caused the preaching of the second Crusade to relieve the pressure of Frankish states before they were swept away completely...
		The siege of Damascus failed, and the princes returned home having effected nothing.
	www.latter-rain.com /ltrain/crutwo.htm (512 words)

	Mounted Lidded Bowl (Getty Museum)
		The soft gray-green color of the glaze on this bowl is known as celadon.
		The name is probably a corruption of Saladin (Salah-ed-din), Sultan of Egypt, who sent forty pieces of ceramics decorated with this glaze to the Sultan of Damascus in 1171.
		Alternatively, some scholars think the name was taken from the gray-green costume of Céladon, a character in a French play of the 1600s.
	www.getty.edu /art/gettyguide/artObjectDetails?artobj=6277 (182 words)

	Crac des Chevaliers Crusader Castle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		They also had to restore parts of the castle that were shattered by earthquakes in 1157, 1170, 1201 and 1202.
		The castle was attacked in 1163 by Nur ed-Din Sultan of Damascus, whose troops met the Franks in the Buqai'ah valley below the castle.
		Saladin (Salah ad-Din Yusuf) beseiged it in 1188, but renounced his plans to occupy it and continued on his march northward.
	www.crock11.freeserve.co.uk /crac.htm (335 words)

	Saladin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		However, in spite of this lowly beginning, his life did not follow the pattern of common folk.
		Saladin made a disgraceful income out of the prostitutes of that city, none of whom could ply her filthy trade without first buying a license from him.
		He was inspired with hopes of the kingdom by the prophecy of a certain Syrian, who foretold that he would hold sway over Damascus and Cairo.
	www.umich.edu /~iinet/worldreach/assets/docs/crusades/saladinwest.html (570 words)

	Al-Adil (12th Century, Black Knight character)
		He became Sultan of Damascus from where he started an attack on the faction of Al-Afdal, who he defeated in January, 1200 to become Sultan of Egypt and Syria.
		He ruled for nearly two decades and for the most of this time he lived and traded peacefully with the Crusader states until he returned to the field against them in 1217 when he organized the defences in Egypt and Palestine against their invading forces.
		Al-Aziz was Sultan in Egypt, Al-Afdal was Sultan in Damascus and Az-Zahir, Saladin's favorite son, was Emir of Aleppo.
	www.marvunapp.com /Appendix3/aladilbk.htm (1063 words)

	Baybars al-Bunduqdari, the First Great Mameluke Ruler of Egypt
		Baybars decided to remedy this situation, and in June of 1261, he brought from Damascus to Cairo an uncle who had escaped the massacre resulting in the murder of the former Caliph.
		The Caliph seems to have been overjoyed and set out with a small army provided by the Sultan for Damascus, which was to become his base.
		He was buried in Damascus, so there is no tomb, and the long standing Madrasa that he built next to the tomb of al-Salih was unfortunately torn down in 1874 to make way for a road, though a few blocks remain.
	www.touregypt.net /featurestories/baybars.htm (2362 words)

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