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	Eternal Egypt - Type: Sultan
		Al-Adel Seif Al-Din (Al-Adel The Second) was the son of the Sultan Al-Kamil Ibn Al-Adel Ibn Ayyub.
		Al-Ashraf Abu Al-Nasr Inal al-Hasani al-Zahiri was one of the Mamluks of Sultan al-Zahiri Barquq.
		Al-Sultan Izz Al-Din Aybak was one of the Mamluks of Sultan Al-Salih Najm Al- Din Ayyub.
	www.eternalegypt.org /EternalEgyptWebsiteWeb/HomeServlet?ee_website_action_key=action.perform.type.search&language_id=1&trait_item_id=84022 (731 words)

	Ottoman Egypt
		Egypt was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1517.
		The Mameluke emirs were to be retained in office as heads of twelve sanjaks into, which Egypt was divided; and under the next sultan, Suleiman I, two chambers were created, called the Greater Divan and Lesser Divan, in which both the army and the ecclesiastical authorities were represented, to aid the pasha by their deliberations.
		Not only was the governor unsupported by the sultan against the troops, but each new governor regularly inflicted a fine upon his outgoing predecessor, under the name of money due to the treasury; and the outgoing governor would not be allowed to leave Egypt till he had paid it.
	www.the-world-in-focus.com /Africa/Egypt/History/ottomanegypt.html (1372 words)

	Sultan of Egypt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sultan of Egypt was the title used for the leader of a number of Muslim dynasties that ruled over Egypt.
		The first to use this title was the Fatimid dynasty that conquered Egypt in 972 and established a dynasty that continued until 1171.
		The Sultan was forced to acknowledge the power of the Egyptian ruler by conferring the title of Khedive on Ismail the Magnificent.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sultan_of_Egypt (351 words)

	Egypt State Information Service - Rulers of Egypt
		He was appointed as the Ottoman Sultan's Viceroy, Egypt's Governor on May 17, 1805; ruled Egypt till September 1848; and died in Alexandria on August 2nd 1849 and was buried in his mosque in the Citadel.
		According to this agreement Mohammad Ali and his family were granted the hereditary right to rule Egypt and Sudan with the rule of succession to the eldest male in the family given that Egypt remains a part of the Ottoman Empire and that it pays an annual tribute (jizya) to the Ottoman Sultan.
		In 1882, Britain occupied Egypt and Egypt occupied Sudan in 1884/5.
	www.sis.gov.eg /En/History/ruler/080900000000000005.htm (1219 words)

	Egypt - Egypt And The Porte
		Although the settlement of 1840-1 had made Egypt virtually independent, the official relation of its ruler to the Porte was still nominally that of a provincial vali, or governor-general, whose powers were indeed larger, but his grade little if at all higher, than that of the governor of Baghdad.
		to 675,000 he received the title and rank of Khédivel-Misr (King of Egypt) commonly called Khedive--and the succession to the throne was made direct from father to son, instead of descending to the eldest agnate of the family of Mehemet Ali, as had been fixed by the treaty of 1840.
		With few (and certainly unconfessed) exceptions, "Egypt for the Egyptians " is now unmistakably the national aspiration, and no one who knows the country can doubt that, if the Khedive were to proclaim his independence to-morrow, he would be supported by every class of the population.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles36/egypt-4.shtml (1287 words)

	Egypt a dalších 10 000 LAST MINUTE zájezdů, dovolená, lastminute, last moment, lastmoment - NetTravel.cz
		Písčité pláže, jež omývá Rudé a Středozemní moře, pyramidy, Sfinga, řeka Nil, Údolí králů, Káhira – to vše je Egypt.
		Přidat recenzi Všechny recenze Tunisko (1265) Řecko (1184) Egypt (825) Turecko (530) Chorvatsko (301) Bulharsko (274) Španělsko (132) Itálie (126) Černá Hora (109) Kypr (96) Kanárské ostrovy (52) Francie (45) Slovensko (39) Spojené Arabské Emiráty (23) Česká republika (19) Maďarsko (19) Thajsko (13) Dominikánská republika (11) Portugalsko (11) Rakousko (11)
		Všechny země Francie Itálie Španělsko Řecko Švýcarsko Rakousko Chorvatsko Egypt Německo Turecko Tunisko Slovensko Thajsko Polsko Bulharsko Kanárské ostrovy Kuba Portugalsko Maďarsko Dominikánská republika
	www.nettravel.cz /Egypt/Dovolena (1135 words)

	Tour Egypt Photos - Main Index - Powered by PhotoPost
		Tour Egypt Photos - Main Index - Powered by PhotoPost
		Click Here to Mass Email Egypt Travel Companies to Request Tours
		All content, Graphic Art, Design, Layout, and Scripting Code Copyright 1999-2003 by InterCity Oz, Inc. main touregyptphotos
	www.touregyptphotos.com (81 words)

	TourismNet : Your Smart Gate To Egypt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		Egypt was thus informed that its 400-year- old role as an Ottoman province had come to an end.
		In 1921, Egypt was declared an independent sovereign state, though the control of the defense, communication, the Sudan and protection of foreign residents remained under British control.
		Egypt’s vital role in support of Saudi Arabia and Kuwait in the Gulf War combined with death of socialist-communist influence in the Arab world returned the country to the center of Middle Eastern politics.
	www.tourism.egnet.net /culture/modern_hist.asp?t=history&country=Egypt&ct=culture (1818 words)

	Egypt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		Egypt is a "friendly" Moslem country with massive economic and historic ties to the West and with a vast reservoir of admiration for the United States at the grassroots level.
		The oldest synagogue in Egypt, it dates back to the end of the ninth century AD and was restored in the twelfth century by the Rabbi of Jerusalem, Abraham Ben Ezra.
		One of the highlights of the area and one of the crown jewels of a trip to Egypt is the Temple of Philae.
	www.romartraveler.com /RomarPages/Egypt.html (4464 words)

	King Hetum II's Chronicle, Cilician Armenia, Byzantine History, Ayyubids, Mamluks
		Sultan Bunduqdar took K'rat of the Hospitallers, and Chastel Blanc (Aspe'l Plank) from the Templars and Gibelacar (Chplakar) from its prince and Montfort from the Germans and a fortress from the Assassins.
		In 723 A.E. [1274] Bunduqdar, the sultan of Egypt, entered the land of the Armenians and seized Masakandara and destroyed the country from Marash to Ko'r'iko's.
		In 740 A.E. [1291] Sultan Ashraf of Egypt took Acre from the Christians and the Christians, surrendered Tyre, Sidon, Beirut and Tartus (Atrtuz), and Astel Blur [Castellum peregrinorum] without a fight.
	rbedrosian.com /chet2.htm (1595 words)

	History of Ottoman Egypt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In 1743 Othman Bey was forced to fly from Egypt by the intrigues of two adventurers, Ibrahim and Ridwan Bey, who, when their scheme had succeeded, began a massacre of beys and others thought to be opposed to them; they then proceeded to govern Egypt jointly, holding the two offices mentioned above in alternate years.
		In future all posts in Egypt were to be open to all classes of the inhabitants; the conduct of affairs was to be committed to the men of talent, virtue, and learning; and in proof of the statement that the French were sincere Moslems the overthrow of the papal authority in Rome was alleged.
		This was the termination of the French occupation of Egypt, of which the chief permanent monument was the Description de l'Egypte, compiled by the French savants who accompanied the expedition.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Ottoman_Egypt (3896 words)

	Egypt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		Egypt was an Augustan province so the governors were appointed directly by the Emperor rather than by the traditional Senatorial lottery.
		Because of the importance of Egypt as the Empire's breadbasket, by law the governor of Egypt could not be of the Senatorial class (it was feared that consolidating too much power in a Senator invited revolt).
		Though their hegemony was short-lived, the Hyksos left a lasting impact on Egypt; they introduced the composite bow, the khopesh sword, the horse and the chariot as well as many Canaanite gods and religious concepts.
	www.hostkingdom.net /egypt.html (2776 words)

	Egypt in Prophecy!
		Egypt is the most populous and influential nation in all of Africa.
		The land of Egypt will be crushed, and smitten, by a modern Babylonian power from the "north." But this modern Babylon is centered in central Europe -- it will be a kingdom, or a union, of ten nations (symbolized by the "ten toes" of the image of Daniel the prophet, in Daniel, chapter two).
		God says of the "daughter of Egypt," meaning modern Egypt, "The nations have heard of thy shame, and thy cry hath filled the land: for the mighty man hath stumbled against the mighty, and they are fallen both together" (v.
	www.triumphpro.com /egypt_in_prophecy!.htm (6129 words)

	Female Hero: Shagrat al-Durr (Women in World History Curriculum) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		Shagrat's dismissal as Sultan by the Caliph of Baghdad reaffirmed the Islamic concept that the spiritual head and political head of a country must be one, and that such a position cannot properly belong to a woman.
		The time is 1250 A.D. The sultan of Egypt, Salih Ayyub has just died at the moment when the crusading armies of France are threatening Egypt.
		As sultan, Shagrat al-Durr has coins struck in name, and she is mentioned in weekly prayers in mosques.
	www.womeninworldhistory.com /heroine1.html (1140 words)

	Het'um, Turco-Mongolica, Cilician Armenia, Mongol Khans, Medieval Mongol History, Mamlukes
		Thus the Sultan of Egypt was easily able to conquer the country of Syria, and thus did the Christians lose dominion over Antioch and many other fortresses in Syria [as is written in the chronicle book of the Holy Land, oe44].
		The Sultan agreed on the condition that his own friend, Sankolasar [Sonqor al-Achqar], whom the Tartars were holding in captivity, be returned to him and that the fortresses of the city of Aleppo be handed over to him.
		When the Sultan of Egypt heard of the coming of the Tartars, [g55] he wanted to flee the land of the Turks, but was unable.
	rbedrosian.com /hetum4.htm (5878 words)

	Islam during the Crusades (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		The caliphate in Egypt was Shi'ite, whereas Saladin was Sunni.
		One of his uncles, Turan-Shah, was given Upper Egypt after the rebellion, to keep that region in line.
		It may have been that the troops Nuradin mustered in the spring of 1174 were meant for an invasion of Egypt.
	crusades.boisestate.edu /Islam/14.shtml (334 words)

	Egypt Heads
		She is the first dowager Queen of Egypt to have acted as regent for her son "Djoser" (Zoser) during the 3rd dynasty.
		She was daughter of Egypt's first pyramid builder, Pharao Khufu and his sister-wife Merityetes II, and first married to the crown prince Kawab who seems to have died at the end of Khufu's reign.
		She was politically influential in Egypt during the reign of her husband and uncle, Pharaoh and High Priest of Amun Pinodzhem II of Egypt (Pindudjem) who appointed her Vice-Queen and Chief of Foreign Countries.
	www.guide2womenleaders.com /egypt_heads.htm (4555 words)

	Egypt: Cairo: Mosques - The Sultan Hassan Mosque & Madrasa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		The Sultan Hassan Mosque and madrasa (School) is considered stylistically the most compact and unified of all Cairo monuments.
		The building was constructed for Sultan Hassan bin Mohammad bin Qala'oun in 1256 AD as a mosque and religious school for all sects.
		In allowing separate schools for the four Sunni rites, the Sultan Hassan is based on a classical cruciform plan, meaning that the Sahn opens from each of its sides into a separate liwan, which is an enormous vaulted hall, each serving one of the rites.
	touregypt.net /hassanmosque.htm (434 words)

	Sultan Hussein Kamel (1914-1917)
		Hussein Kamel was appointed sultan of Egypt after the deposition of Khedive Abbas by the British.
		Egypt was declared a British protectorate in 1914 at the beginning of World War I.
		Sultan Hussein was the son of Khedive Ismail (who was ruler of Egypt from 1863 till 1879)
	www.egyptgiftshop.com /modern_egypt/sultan_hussein.html (123 words)

	Feast Of St. Francis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		The Sultan was lost in admiration at the sight of such perfect disregard for worldly wealth and he felt greater respect than ever for the saint"
		An account of this same visit of Francis to the Sultan written some 100 years after the death of the saint, somewhat more embellished than the others, also underlines the admiration of the Sultan for Francis:"The Sultan willingly listened to him and asked him to come back to see him many times.
		Francis did not convert the Sultan to Christianity, but his courageous behavior and kind words impressed the leader so much that the Friars Minor, Francis' brothers and followers, were the only Christians with permission to roam freely the environs of the Sultanate and to preach there for the next long period of time.
	www.fmmusa.org /eng/sultan.html (176 words)

	InternationalReports.net : Egypt
		Given the fierce competition between the two operators, as well as the expected entrance of a third GSM provider, Telecom Egypt scheduled in late 2002, the number of subscribers is estimated to rise to five million by the end of 2002.
		As the first private GSM operator in Egypt, MobiNil (a consortium of Orascom Telecom, Motorola and France Telecom) paid approximately $516 million in May 1998 to obtain the license from Telecom Egypt (formerly state-owned Arab Republic of Egypt National Telecommunications Organization [ARENTO]).
		According to Sultan, the subscriber base is on track to meet the year-end target and will surpass the 2 million mark by the end of November, 2001.
	www.internationalreports.net /middleeast/egypt/2001/mobinil.html (1068 words)

	ALEXANDRIA
		The major monuments of the Ptolemaic and Roman periods were the Sarapeum, a temple dedicated to the god Serapis, which may have housed part of the library collection, the Caesarium (founded by Cleopatra in honour of Mark Anthony), and Kom es-Shawqafa, a labyrinth of rock cut tombs dating to the first two centuries AD.
		The famous lighthouse (Pharos), one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, was constructed early in the Ptolemaic period on the islet of Pharos, approximately 1.5km from the coast.
		The archaeological exploration of the city has been compounded by the fact that many of the antiquities in Alexandria were gathered together from all over Egypt to adorn new temples, or in preparation for transportation to other parts of the Roman empire.
	www.egyptologyonline.com /alexandria.htm (1725 words)

	Egypt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		Egypt is a signatory to the WTO Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement, the Bern Copyright Convention, the Paris Patent Convention, the Paris Convention for Protection of Industrial Property of 1883, the Madrid Convention of 1954, and the Nice Convention for the classification of goods and services.
		Egypt has made progress in strengthening its IPR regime through improvements in its domestic legal framework and enforcement capabilities.
		Egypt has elected to be treated as a Developing Country for pharmaceuticals and chemicals under the TRIPS Agreement, giving it until January 1, 2005 to comply fully with TRIPS provisions for these products.
	www.emich.edu /ict_usa/EGYPT.htm (2252 words)

	Beat Factor \| Sultan
		After living in Kuwait, Cyprus and Egypt Sultan moved to Montreal, Canada in 1996 to persue an education in Mechanical Engineering and Business.
		Inspired by the vitality of the nightlife and his passion for music, he quickly immersed himself into the house scene of his adoptive city by discovering, amongst other things, the power of events such as Cream and the Hang the DJ Tour.
		In the wake of his DJ successes, Sultan created his own studio in the summer of 2001 in order to unleash his talent as a producer.
	www.beatfactor.net /djs/sultan (471 words)

	Egypt's First Ladies
		On the other hand their travels within Egypt by private train were increasingly reported in the dailies as were their departures to and from Egypt by private yacht.
		Despite three pregnancies during her 10 years as queen of Egypt, Farida Zulfikar went public in the sense that she accepted the honorary chair of the Red Crescent Society as well as several noted charities and educational organizations where she appeared at fundraisers and commemorations.
		After several salacious affairs in Egypt leading to a rift with her son, she moved to the United States where she was feted as a Hollywood-type queen.
	www.egy.com /historica/egyptianconsorts.shtml (4315 words)

	Saladin
		(1138-1193) First Ayyubid sultan of Egypt, and famous for having recaptured Jerusalem from the Crusaders.
		Saladin was of Kurdish heritage, and all through his career he used mainly Kurdish officials as his closest partners.
		Saladin managed to revitalize the economy of Egypt, he reorganized the military forces and with the advice of his father, he stayed away from any conflicts with Nureddin, his formal lord, after he had become the real ruler over Egypt.
	i-cias.com /e.o/saladin.htm (481 words)

	Sultan Hussein Kamel
		He ruled from 19 December 1914 until he died in October 1917.
		Born in 1853 and the second son of Ismail he was enthroned Sultan of Egypt by the British.
		After this declaration Egypt officially became a British protectorate.
	www.presidency.gov.eg /html/e_sultan_hussein_kamel.html (56 words)

	The Mamluke Period
		The descendants of Mohammed An-Nasir were weak and the Turkish Bahri Mamluke dynasty gradually lost control of the sultanate, which was seized by the Circassian Mamluke Barquq who established the Burgi Mamluke dynasty, named after the Mamluke garrison set beneath the Citadel In Cairo.
		Although Sultan Mohammed An-Nasir had made a treaty with the Mongols, they remained on the borders of Syria and Sultan Barquq campaigned against the Mongols to drive them out of the Near East altogether.
		The 46th Mamluki sultan was Qansuh Al Ghuri who continued the Mamluki architectural tradition but saw his economy crash after European traders began using the Cape of Good Hope for their spice trade rather than trading through Cairo.
	www.goegypt.org /aboutegy/history/15-themamlukeperiod.htm (390 words)

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