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Topic: Sultan of the Ottoman Empire

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List of Ottoman Sultans

Ottoman sultan

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Mehmed IV

State organisation of the Ottoman Empire

Mehmed V

Mehmed II

Reasons for the Decline of the Ottoman Empire

Mehmed VI

Theodosius III

Byzantine Emperors

	Wikipedia: Ottoman Empire
		The Ottoman Empire (sometimes referred to in diplomatic circles as the "Sublime Porte" or simply as "the Porte") was a Turkish state that comprised Turkey, part of the Middle East, North Africa and south-eastern Europe in the 14th to 20th centuries, established by the Seljuq Turkish tribe of Söğüt in western Anatolia.
		The Empire reached its apex under Suleiman the Magnificent in the 16th century when it stretched from the Persian Gulf in the east to Hungary in the northwest; and from Egypt in the south to the Caucasus in the north.
		The Empire had suffered hard from the Interregnum; the Mongols were still at large in the east, even though Timur Lenk had died in 1405; many of the Christian kingdoms of the Balkans had broken free of Ottoman control; and the land, especially Anatolia, had suffered hard from the war.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/o/ot/ottoman_empire.html (6149 words)

	Ottoman Empire
		As the power of the Seljuk Turkish Sultanate of Rum weakened in the late 1200s, warrior chieftains claimed the lands of northwestern Anatolia bordering on the Byzantine Empire.
		The Ottomans were defeated in World War I. After the war, the empire was abolished in 1923 by Kemal Atatürk and replaced with the modern Turkish Republic.
		Above, the tomb of Ertugrul Gazi, progenitor of the Ottoman Empire, at Sögüt, near Bilecik.
	www.turkeytravelplanner.com /details/History/Ottomans.html (443 words)

	ipedia.com: Ottoman Empire Article (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Ottoman Empire was a Turkish state in the Middle East that comprised Anatolia, part of Southwest Asia, North Africa and south-eastern Europe in the 14th to 20th centuries, established by a tribe of Oghuz Turks in western Anatolia.
		The Empire reached its apex under Suleiman the Magnificent in the 16th century when it stretched from the Persian Gulf in the east to Hungary in the northwest; and from Egypt in the south to the Caucasus in the north.
		For centuries, the Ottoman Empire was the refuge of the Jews of Europe.
	www.ipedia.com /ottoman_empire.html (883 words)

	The Ottomans and their dynasty - All About Turkey
		Although the Ottoman Empire is not considered a European kingdom per se, Ottoman expansion had a profound impact on a continent already stunned by the calamities of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries and the Ottoman Turks must, therefore, be considered in any study of Europe in the late Middle Ages.
		The conquest of Thrace gave the Ottomans a foothold in Europe from which future campaigns into the Balkans and Greece were launched and Adrianople (Edirne) became the Ottoman capital in 1366.
		Some historians consider that this policy of imprisonment contributed to the decline of the Ottoman Empire as mentally unstable and politically inexperienced sultans were rescued from prison and placed upon the throne.
	www.allaboutturkey.com /ottoman.htm (1765 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Mehmed I (Site not responding. Last check: )
		He restored the empire, moved the capitol from Bursa to Adrianople, and conquered parts of Albania, the Turkish emirate Candaroglu, and the Christian Kingdom of Cilicia.
		The reign of this Sultan is cited by Von Hammer as the period total taste for literature and fondness for poetry first prevailed among the Ottomans.
		Sultans of the Ottoman Empire The Osmanli Dynasty, also the House of Osman, ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1281 to 1923, beginning with Osman I (not counting his father, ErtuÄŸrul), though the dynasty was not proclaimed until 1383 when Murad I declared himself sultan.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Mehmed-I (1021 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Janissary (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Janissaries comprised infantry units that formed the Ottoman sultan's household troops and bodyguard.
		The force originated in the 14th century; it was abolished by Sultan Mahmud II in 1826 in The Auspicious Incident.
		Ottoman Turkish (Turkish: or, Ottoman Turkish: â€Ž) was the variant of the Turkish language that was used as the administrative and literary language of the Ottoman Empire.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Janissary (799 words)

	Travel Guide To Turkey, Guide de la Turquie, GUIDE MARTINE, Guide to Turkey, Guide de Turquie, Travel, Turkey, Voyage, ...
		In a short time, the Ottomans started a vertiginous expansion of their domains, and undertook the annexation of the beyliks (Turkish emirates) which was achieved in the beginning of the 16th century.
		Ottoman princes, called Şehzade, were sent off to the provinces (sanjaks) in the company of their tutors to learn the business of government.
		The Ottoman government took a decision fraught with consequences for both sides by transfering, until 1917, about 700,000 Armenians from the provinces of Van, Bitlis, Erzurum, from the districts of Adana, Mersin, Kozan, Maras, Iskenderun, Antakya, from the province of Aleppo, to central and eastern Syria and northern Irak.
	www.guide-martine.com /history7.asp (5185 words)

	First World War.com - Who's Who - Sultan Mehmed VI
		Sultan Mehmed VI (1861-1926) served as the last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1918 until his overthrow in 1922.
		Parliament was dissolved on 21 December with the Sultan publicly affirming his determination to suppress nationalist ideologies of all colours.
		However it was the Sultan's signing of the Treaty of Sevres on 10 August 1920 that sparked the ire of the nationalists under the leadership of Kemal Pasha.
	www.firstworldwar.com /bio/mehmedvi.htm (442 words)

	The Ottomans: Origins
		As Caliph, the Sultan was responsible for Islamic orthodoxy.
		In the early history of the Empire, the Sultanate clearly passes from father to eldest son; in 1603, at the death of Ahmed I (1603-1617), the Sultanate passed to the brother of the Sultan.
		The Ottomans believed that simple succession proved that the Sultan was worthy of the crown; however, the Sultan may grow old, feeble, or corrupt and thus lose his worthiness to serve as Sultan.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/OTTOMAN/ORIGIN.HTM (2272 words)

	Who are Turks??? Suleiman the ''Magnificent'' - Offspring.com Forums
		Suleiman I (Modern Turkish: Süleyman (November 6, 1494 – September 5/6, 1566), was the tenth Osmanli Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, and its longest-serving, reigning from 1520 to 1566.
		Under his leadership, the Ottoman Empire reached its zenith and became a world power, and Suleiman was considered one of the pre-eminent rulers of 16th-century Europe, a respected rival to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1519–56), Francis I of France (1515–47), Henry VIII of England (1509–47), and Sigismund II of Poland (1548–72).
		In the city of Jerusalem, the rule of Suleiman and the following Ottoman Sultans brought an age of religious peace; Jews, Christians and Muslims enjoyed the freedom of religion that the Ottomans granted them and it was possible to find a synagogue, a church and a mosque in the same street.
	www.offspring.com /forums/showthread.php?p=903690&mode=threaded (578 words)

	Ottoman Empire information - Search.com
		The Ottoman Empire was established by the Kayı tribe of Oghuz Turks in western Anatolia.
		Sultan Selim I (1512–1520) expanded the empire's eastern frontiers temporarily, defeating the young Safavid Ismail I ruler of Persia in the Battle of Chaldiran, establishing a naval presence in the Red Sea.
		The Ottomans were eventually defeated due to key attacks by the British general Edmund Allenby, as well as assistance from the Arab Revolt and the Republic of Armenia, which declared war upon the Ottoman Empire in a bid to gain international recognition as a sovereign nation.
	www.search.com /reference/Ottoman_Empire (8802 words)

	Mehmed II article - Mehmed II March 30 1432 1481 sultan Ottoman Empire 1444 1446 1451 1481 - What-Means.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Mehmed II Mehmed II Mehmed II (March 30, 1432 – May 3, 1481; nicknamed el-Fatih, 'the Conqueror') was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire for a short time from 1444 to 1446, and later from 1451 to 1481.
		Mehmed brought an end to the Byzantine Empire by capturing Constantinople in 1453 (during the well-known Siege of Constantinople), and other Byzantine cities left in Anatolia and the Balkans.
		He is also recognized as the first sultan to codify criminal and constitutional law long before Suleyman the Magnificent (also "the Lawmaker") and he thus established the classical image of the autocratic Ottoman sultan (padishah).
	www.what-means.com /encyclopedia/Mehmed_II (421 words)

	Osmanli - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Osmanli Dynasty, also the House of Osman, ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1281 to 1923, beginning with Osman I (not counting his father, Ertuğrul), though the dynasty was not proclaimed until 1383 when Murad I declared himself sultan.
		The sultan was the sole regent and government of the empire, at least officially.
		Caliph, and the Ottoman Empire was synonymous with the Caliphate, the Islamic State.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_Ottoman_Sultans (417 words)

	Ottoman Empire Details, Meaning Ottoman Empire Article and Explanation Guide (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Ottoman Empire was a Turkish state in the Middle East that comprised Anatolia, part of Southwest Asia, North Africa and south-eastern Europe in the 14th to 20th centuries, established by a tribe of Oghuz Turks in western Anatolia and ruled by the Osmanli dynasty.
		From 1517 onwards, the Ottoman Sultan was also the Caliph of Islam, and the Ottoman Empire was from 1517 until 1922 (or 1924) synonymous with the Caliphate, the Islamic State.
		The Empire was sometimes referred to in diplomatic circles as the "Sublime Porte" or simply as "the Porte," due to the greeting ceremony the sultan held for foreign ambassadors at the Palace Gate.
	www.e-paranoids.com /o/ot/ottoman_empire.html (980 words)

	First World War.com - Who's Who - Sultan Mehmed V
		Sultan Mehmed V (1844-1918) served as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1909 until his death in 1918.
		Accordingly the Committee advised the Sultan in 1911 to undertake a goodwill tour of Thrace and Albania, to which he acquiesced.
		Over the course of the next two years however the Ottoman Empire lost virtually all of its European territory in the wake of the Balkan Wars; and following war with Italy (1911-12) Tripoli was also lost.
	www.firstworldwar.com /bio/mehmedv.htm (320 words)

	Ottoman
		Sultan Ahmed I was born on 18th April 1590 in Manisa.
		Sultan Ahmed I was the first sovereign who organised the administrative regulations since Suleyman the Magnificent.
		He came to throne in the age of 14, he reigned for 14 years and he was the 14th sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
	www.theottomans.org /english/family/ahmet1.asp (176 words)

	Palestine as a part of the Ottoman Empire
		In 1516 the Ottoman Turks conquered Palestine, and the country was incorporated in the dominions of the Ottoman Empire.
		By 1840 the Ottoman authority was fully reestablish in Palestine, and the Palestinian played an active role in encouraging the political reforms in the Ottoman Empire of 1876 and 1908.
		Under the Ottoman Regime the Arabs formed an important part of the structure of the Ottoman Empire.
	www.jerusalemites.org /jerusalem/ottoman (566 words)

	Ottoman and Persian Empires 1300-1730 by Sanderson Beck
		The origins of the Ottomans are indicated by early tales of the Oghuz and Turks attributed to the soothsayer Dede Korkut.
		The Ottoman fleet was built up to enhance trade, and in 1492 many of the Jews expelled from Spain settled in Istanbul and other cities of the Ottoman empire.
		The Sultan refused to extradite Charles to Russia because of the tradition of hospitality.
	www.san.beck.org /1-10-Ottoman1300-1730.html (18048 words)

	Yeah, buddy, and I'm the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire \| MetaFilter
		In 1299, Osman I declared independence from the Seljuk Empire, thus beginning the rise of the Ottoman Empire.
		Because he claimed to be a citizen of the Ottoman Empire, and the Ottoman Empire did not exist, he refused the passport of any nation.
		One quibble, he is apparently not the last remaining heir to the throne, but the last one born in the Ottoman empire while the family still ruled.
	www.metafilter.com /60987/Yeah-buddy-and-Im-the-Sultan-of-the-Ottoman-Empire (804 words)

	Articles about Turks, Ottoman Empire, Seljuk, Anatolia, Greece, Balkans and Orientalism
		Misaki Milli is an act of the last Ottoman Parliment, which happens to be one of the foundation stones of the Turkish Republic.
		Sultan Abdul-Hamid and the Zionist Colonization of Palestine
		Sufism (Arabic تصوف tasawwuf) is a mystic tradition of Islam based on the pursuit of spiritual truth as it is gradually revealed to the heart and mind of the Sufi (one who practices Sufism).
	www.lahana.org /blog (1065 words)

	Ottoman Empire
		The Ottoman Empire was not a Turkish empire as such, since Turks did not profit more from the benefits of the state than the peoples in non-Turkish territories.
		And even though the first sultans were Turkish, they generally married non-Turkish women, so the race of later sultans was not Turkish either.
		The empire was through most of its period not a state in the modern sense of the word, but more of a military administration.
	lexicorient.com /e.o/ottomans.htm (189 words)

	Ottoman Empire: Sultan
		The sultan at the time would be Mehmet V Reshat Gazi (ruling 1909-1918), whos tughra can be found on the tughra website and was used for the above image.
		The flag of the Ottoman Sultans was red with a white device called the tughra.
		The naval flag of the Sultan was pink with a kind of star in the center (similar to that of Emirate of Afghanistan), with the white moon crescent and the star (five points) in the interior.
	www.allstates-flag.com /fotw/flags/tr-sult.html (290 words)

	Ottoman Traders Guild
		"All supreme authority in the Turkish Empire rests in a single man, all obey the Sultan, he alone rules: he receives all revenues, in a word he is master and all other men are his slaves." This quote from a Ragusan citizen to Maximilian I accurately describes the attitudes and politics of the day.
		In the Ottoman Empire the lowest born could become the highest official as was proven by Suleman's Grand Vizer Ibrahim, born a Christian Greek at Parga, he was captured by corsairs and sold to a Turkish widow who educated him in music, philosophy and languages.
		Suleman Kanuni (the Lawgiver), born 1494, Sultan from 1520-1566
	www.ottoman-traders.com /political.html (605 words)

	Othman I, Founder of the Ottoman Empire, Sultan 1299-1326 Giclee Print by John Young at AllPosters.com
		Othman I, Founder of the Ottoman Empire, Sultan 1299-1326 Giclee Print by John Young at AllPosters.com
		The Giclee printing process delivers a fine stream of ink resulting in vivid, pure color and exceptional detail that is suitable for museum or gallery display.
		Othman I, Founder of the Ottoman Empire, Sultan 1299-1326
	www.allposters.com /-sp/Othman-I-Founder-of-the-Ottoman-Empire-Sultan-1299-1326-Posters_i1592988_.htm (133 words)

	Muhammad IV, Ottoman sultan — FactMonster.com
		Muhammad IV Muhammad IV or Mehmet IV,1641–92, Ottoman sultan (1648–87).
		He was proclaimed sultan of the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) by the corps of
		After the Turkish defeat (1687) at Mohacs by Charles V of Lorraine, Muhammad was deposed.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/people/A0834343.html (115 words)

	Royalty.nu - Turkish Royal History - Ottoman Empire - Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent
		Sinan: Architect of Suleyman the Magnificent and the Ottoman Golden Age by John Freely, photographs by Ara Guler.
		A novel of Suleyman the Magnificent and the rise of the Ottoman Empire.
		This documentary explores the political, social and cultural background of the Ottoman Empire, focusing on the reign of Sultan Suleyman (1520-1566) under whose auspices the empire spread to Asia, Europe, and Africa.
	www.royalty.nu /history/empires/Ottoman/Suleiman.html (579 words)

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