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| | Sumer |
 | | Sumer represented one half of Mesopotamia, where Akkad, to the north, represented the other half. |
 | | From early on, Sumer consisted of 12 city-states: Adab, Akshak, Bad-tibira Erech, Kish, Lagash, Larak, Larsa, Nippur, Sippar, Umma and Ur. |
 | | It was the inhabitants of Sumer that developed the first pictographic writing system, which after a few hundred years developed into the writing style that we now call cuneiform. |
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