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Topic: Sumerian architecture

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	Sumerian Art & Architecture - Crystalinks
		Sumerian art and architecture was ornate and complex.
		Sumerian techniques and motifs were widely available because of the invention of cuneiform writing before 3000 B.C. This system of writing developed before the last centuries of the 4th millennium B.C. in the lower Tigris and Euphrates valley, most likely by the Sumerians.
		Inanna in the Middle East was an Earth and later a (horned) moon goddess; Canaanite derivative of Sumerian Innin, or Akkadian Ishtar of Uruk.
	www.crystalinks.com /sumerart.html (2410 words)

	Baroque architecture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The centre of baroque secular architecture was France, where the open three wing layout of the palace was established as the canonical solution as early as the 16th century.
		During the golden age of the Swedish Empire, the architecture of Nordic countries was dominated by the Swedish court architect Nicodemus Tessin the Elder (1615-81) and his son Nicodemus Tessin the Younger (1654-1728).
		Architectural theory was more lively in the north than in the south of Germany, e.g., Leonhard Christoph Sturm's edition of Nikolaus Goldmann, but Sturm's theoretical considerations (e.g., on Protestant church architecture) never really made it to practical application.
	www.knowledgehunter.info /wiki/Baroque_architecture (5164 words)

	Sumerian Architecture - History for Kids!
		Sumerian Architecture for Kids - the architecture of the Ancient Near East in the Sumerian period: houses, temples, palaces, ziggurats
		Sumerian architecture is probably the oldest serious architecture (not just building houses and barns) in the world.
		The Sumerians also built town walls around their towns, which were also built mainly out of mud-brick, and which could also be solid.
	www.historyforkids.org /learn/westasia/architecture/sumerian.htm (0 words)

	Sumerian and Babylonian art. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The art of the Sumerian civilization, as revealed by excavations at Ur, Babylon, Uruk (Erech), Mari, Kish, and Lagash, among other cities, was one of enormous power and originality that influenced all of the major cultures of ancient western Asia.
		The ziggurat temple form was the most striking architectural achievement of the Sumerians.
		Among other Sumerian arts, one of the most sophisticated was the cylinder seal, a small carved cylinder of stone or metal that, when rolled over seals of moist clay, would leave the reverse image of its carving in relief as an identifying mark or signature.
	www.bartleby.com /65/su/Sumerian.html (1250 words)

	The Book of THoTH (Leaves of Wisdom) - Sumer
		Sumerian speakers spread down into southern Mesopotamia because they had developed a social organization and a technology that enabled them, through their control of the water, to survive and prosper in a difficult environment where, other than a hypothesized hunter-gatherer population in the marshlands near the Persian Gulf and seasonal nomads, they had no competition.
		Sumerian culture may be traced to two main centers, Eridu in the south and Nippur in the north.
		The Sumerian language is generally regarded as a language isolate in linguistics because it belongs to no known language family; Akkadian belongs to the Afro-Asiatic languages.
	book-of-thoth.com /thebook/index.php?title=Sumer (3350 words)

	Finance Choices - Personal Finance Wiki
		Sumerians harvested during the dry fall season in three-person teams consisting of a reaper, a binder, and a sheaf arranger.
		Sumerian culture may be traced to two main centers, Eridu in the south and Nippur in the north.
		Sumerian temples consisted of a forecourt, with a central pond for purification (the Abzu).
	www.financechoices.co.uk /personal-finance-wiki.php?title=Sumer (4195 words)

	Sumerian - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Sumerian Language, language of the peoples of the ancient kingdom of Sumer in Mesopotamia.
		The Sumerian language of ancient Sumer was spoken in Southern Mesopotamia from at least the 4th millennium BCE.
		Sumerian was replaced by Akkadian as a spoken language around 1800 BCE, but continued to...
	encarta.msn.com /Sumerian.html (202 words)

	Sumeria
		The Sumerians were at one time believed to have been invaders, but the archaeological record shows cultural continuity from the time of the early Ubaid period (5200-4500 BC C-14, 6090-5429 calBC) settlements in southern Mesopotamia.
		In fact, the Sumerian language is replete with terms for canals, dikes, and reservoirs, indicating that Sumerian speakers were farmers who moved down from the north after perfecting irrigation agriculture there.
		Sumerians invented picture-hieroglyphs that developed into later cuneiform, and theirs is the oldest known written human language.
	www.sfcrowsnest.com /scifinder/a/Sumeria.php (2943 words)

	Sumeria (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Sumerians harvested during the dry fall season in three-person teams consisting of a reaper, a binder, and a sheaf arranger.
		The Sumerian religion is thought to be the basis or source of inspiration for a number of modern religions.
		Perhaps most importantly, many scholars believe the Sumerians were the first to domesticate both plants and animals, in the former case by the systematic planting and harvesting of mutant grass strains known today as einkorn and emmer wheat, in the latter case by confining and breeding ancestral sheep (similar to mouflon) and cattle (aurochs).
	home.comcast.net /~sylvanarrow/sumeria.htm (1415 words)

	EVERT A. ROBLES art
		The Sumerians occupied the fertile lower valley between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in what is now southern Iraq between 4000 and 2000 BC They migrated from an unknown place, possibly around the Black Sea and seemed to suddenly appear in the area.
		Sumerians produced sculptures and objects carved from alabaster, gypsum, lapis lazuli, limestone, marble, and wood.
		The art of the Sumerian civilization was one of enormous power and originality that influenced all of the major cultures of ancient western Asia.
	evertrobles.com /ezine2.002.html (1315 words)

	REALISM VS. REALITY: CREATING VIRTUAL ARCHITECTURE FROM ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORDS
		The exceptional quality of 3D architectural renderings has made it substantially more difficult for viewers of visual reconstructions to determine which features were actually identified by the archaeologists and which represent more tenuous interpretations that the modelers were forced to make as part of the modeling process.
		This is perhaps the 21st-century equivalent of having grade-school students build architectural models out of tongue depressors and papier-mâché, but the advantage with digital models is that the students can create the models using accurate measurements and actual "materials" that were used in the original structure.
		Architectural reconstructions presented on the Internet have the most potential to be both misrepresented and misinterpreted since so many people with a wide variety of backgrounds both produce the online materials and view the resulting models.
	sipapu.gsu.edu /SAA00 (4974 words)

	Ur, Mesopotamia, and Chaldea
		The Sumerian agriculture, architecture, law, science, mathematics, philosophy, and religion was far-reaching in their effects on the world.
		The Sumerian irrigation conduits that channeled the precious river water to their fields was so well constructed that their remains are visible today.
		The characteristic architectural type for a large building was the ziggurat, a semi-pyramidal tower built in layers (or terraces) and often crowned with a religious shrine.
	aneriaromana.tripod.com /ur.html (2518 words)

	Sumer
		The Sumerians also performed trade with foreign countries, they even trade with other peoples out in the Persian Gulf, from where they among other things bought home ivory and other luxury items.
		The Sumerians were the first to start using the alloy bronze, which allowed them the development of much better instruments than what had been possible before.
		The architecture of Sumer was limited, in the respect that there were no solid building materials available in the region.
	i-cias.com /e.o/sumer.htm (944 words)

	Kids.Net.Au - Encyclopedia > Sumerian architecture (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Sumerians generally built structures using mud brick.
		The most famous type of Sumerian architecture was the Ziggurat.
		The Sumerians ate raw worms for breakfast everyday and then vomited them up and added them to the mud brick used for building.
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/su/Sumerian_architecture (66 words)

	pachman.com Roman architecture and Byzantine architecture
		The Romans adopted the external language of classical Greek architecture for their own purposes, which were so different from Greek buildings cabinet as to create a new architectural style.
		Roman architecture represents a fusion of traditional Greek and Etruscan elements, notably the trabeated orders, with new characteristics and classification structural principles based on the development of the arch and of a new building material, concrete.
		The Romans achieved originality in characteristics of gothic architecture building very late in their existence; for the whole of the republican period, Roman architecture was a nearly chibchas exact copy of that of Greece, aside from the Etruscan contribution of the arch, and its later three-dimensional counterpart, the dome.
	www.pachman.com /Roman-and-Byzantine-architecture.htm (946 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		Sumerian structures comprised plano-convex mudbrick, not fixed with mortar nor cement.
		Scribes were also important to Sumerian architecture, to make records of construction carried out for government, nobility, or royalty.
		The most famous Sumerian buildings are the ziggurats -- large terraced platforms with temples on top.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Sumerian_architecture (277 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for sumerian
		Sumerians A people living in southern Mesopotamia in the 4th and 3rd millennia BC.
		The Sumerians are credited with inventing the cuneiform system of writing, which was originally pictographic but gradually...
		Endowed with great intelligence by Ea but still mortal, he was the hero of the Sumerian myth of the Fall of Man. Adapa was fishing when he was blown into the sea by the southern wind, whose wings he broke in rage.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=sumerian&StartAt=1 (798 words)

	Where We Work ::: Iraq Heritage Program :: UR (modern name: Tell el-Muqayyar)
		The centerpiece of this Sumerian renaissance was the city of Ur, the capital of the empire ruled by the Third Dynasty of Ur.
		The ziggurat is an important architectural form for ancient Mesopotamia and Iran, both as a genre of world architecture and as the symbol of the city and centre of cult for each major city in ancient Mesopotamia.
		This reconstruction has undermined the original architectural and social principles of the era by undermining the spatial integrity of a period house and the prevailing notions of privacy that were as important in ancient Mesopotamia as they are today in modern Iraq.
	www.globalheritagefund.org /where/ur.html (5406 words)

	pachman.com Architecture of Ancient Greece
		Architecture (building executed to an aesthetically considered design) was extinct in Greece from the end of the Mycenaean period (about 1200 BC) until the 7th century BC, when urban life and prosperity recovered to a point where public building could be undertaken.
		Most of our knowledge of Greek architecture comes from the few surviving buildings of the Classical, Hellenistic and Roman periods (since Roman architecture heavily copied Greek), and from late written sources such as Vitruvius (1st century).
		Architecture, like painting and sculpture, was not seen as an “art” in the modern sense for most the Ancient Greek period.
	www.pachman.com /architecture-of-ancient-greece.htm (1433 words)

	pachman.com Classical and Sumerian architecture
		Sumerian cylinder seals also depict houses built from reeds, not unlike those built by the Marsh Arabs of Southern Iraq until recent years.
		Sumerian temples and palaces made use of more advanced materials and techniques, such as buttresses, recesses, half columns, and clay nails.
		Scribes were also important to Sumerian architecture, to make records of construction carried out for government, nobility, or royalty.
	www.pachman.com /Classical-and-Sumerian-architecture.htm (758 words)

	Akkadian and Sumerian Studies
		Students pursuing a graduate degree in Akkadian and Sumerian Studies are required to meet the general graduate requirements for all students pursuing graduate degrees in the Department of Near Eastern Language and Civilizations.
		In addition to these requirements, students must also meet the field requirements in Akkadian and Sumerian Studies.
		For a complete list of the courses in Akkadian, Sumerian, and in other fields in NELC, please click here.
	www.fas.harvard.edu /~nelc/akkadian.html (0 words)

	The Lightspan Network - sw
		Development of Cuneiform, 3000 B.C.-600 B.C. "The ancient system of writing known as cuneiform (from Latin for wedge) was probably invented by the Sumerians.
		Sumerian people originally migrated from the Armenian region of the Black and Caspian Sea area.
		The Sumerians believed in sin, war, male supremacy, and slavery, and they created a tradition in writing sacred stories in the oldest writing that archaeologists have discovered.
	www.lightspan.com /common/studyweb/sw.asp?target=http://www.studyweb.com/links/9550.html (606 words)

	Sumer: Mr and Mrs Smith's World History (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The size, variety, and complexity of the architecture show that the buildings had been carefully designed for religious purposes and were built to IMPRESS the population with the wealth and power of those who built them.
		The Sumerians employed a system of counting that is based on 60, and a circle of 360 degrees-this system was used to measure time.
		The Sumerians were clearly in touch with the spirit world...In matters of physical health, they relied on spiritual remedies, and turned to exorcists, to get rid of the demons that were possessing them.
	www.members.aol.com /ksmith9526/HistoryoftheWorld/Sumer.htm (4888 words)

	60 Centuries of Copper: The Sumerians and Chaldeans
		Although the Sumerian art-forms were rather crude, many of the objects they produced were wonderfully life-like.
		The Sumerians were masters of sculpture and some splendid examples of their art may be seen in London.
		Another proof of the indestructibility of copper is connected with a Sumerian wooden sled which was intended to run on the sands; it is picturesquely known as 'The Queen's Sledge'.
	www.copper.org /education/60centuries/ancient/thesumerians.html (602 words)

	ARTKids - ARTAges History of Architecture
		Thus it has come about that next to the theater-set architecture of New York City's Fifth Avenue there is that of the hospital-like housing projects, which has left many architects with the difficult choice between working as decorative artists or as social planners.
		At the same time that the revival of Gothic architecture and the development of new forms based on Gothic structure were taking place, Classicism was continuing to develop in European and American architecture.
		A dramatic growth in the influence of technology on architecture occurred in the 19th century.
	www.artfaces.com /artkids/architect.htm (3067 words)

	pachman.com Ancient Egyptian architecture
		Even today, its architectural monuments, which include Great Pyramid and the Great Sphinx, are among the largest and most famous buildings in the world.
		Thus, our impression of ancient Egyptian architecture is based mainly on its religious monuments, massive structures characterized by thick, sloping walls with few openings, possibly echoing a method of construction used to obtain stability in mud walls.
		Horemheb and Tutankhamun added columns, statues, and friezes – and Akhenaten had earlier obliterated his father's cartouches and installed a shrine to the Aten – but the only major expansion effort took place under Ramesses II some 100 years after the first stones were put in place.
	www.pachman.com /ancient-egyptian-architecture.htm (1287 words)

	iranian.com: Kurds and Gutians, Samir Abbas
		Already since the 3rd millenium BC the Sumerians, Babylonians and, somewhat later, the Assyrians as well, provided mutually concordant reports of peoples in the central and northern Zagros mountains who were known as 'Guti,' 'Qurti,' 'Kurtie' or something similar and whose region was known as 'Gutium' or 'Kardaka'.
		The reason given for the Gutian attack on the Akkadians by the Sumerians is the destruction of the main Sumerian religious shrines by the fanatical Akkadian ruler Naram-Sin.
		The earlier rivals of the Sumerians were the Akkadians, but they finally went down before another group of Semites, namely the West Semitic Amorites." (Luckenbill 1923, p.3) However, the foreign descent of the Gutians was never forgotten, and the founders of the Ur III dynasty emphasised this fact when expelling the Gutian rulers.
	www.iranian.com /History/2005/March/Gutians (7442 words)

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