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Topic: Sumerian astronomy

	Sumerian Calendars and Astronomy - Crystalinks
		Sumerian astronomy was primitive compared to later Babylonian standards.
		Sumerians also developed a rudimentary system of astrological divination for use in foreseeing the future of city-states and battles, but not for predicting personal futures.
		It is important to note the similarity of the old Sumerian calendar and the Hebrew calendar, including the timing of the Hebrew Passover (around the same time as the Sumerian New Year), and the beginning of the Hebrew Sabbath (at sundown).
	www.crystalinks.com /sumercalendars.html (794 words)

	ephemeris.com Early History of Astronomy - Mesopotamia
		Sumerians invented a form of writing in clay with a wedge-shaped stylus that was an evolution of their earlier pictographs.
		Sumerians believed that their pantheon of gods could bring about whatever changes were in their power simply by wishing or declaring events to be so.
		Sumerian literature speaks of the "four rivers." This has a parallel in Genesis 2:11-14, which speaks of the four rivers that flowed from the Garden of Eden: Pison, in Havilah; Gihon, in Ethiopia; Hiddekel, east of Assyria; and the Euphrates.
	ephemeris.com /history/mesopotamia.html (4562 words)

	Sumer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sumerians harvested during the dry fall season in three-person teams consisting of a reaper, a binder, and a sheaf arranger.
		Sumerian culture may be traced to two main centers, Eridu in the south and Nippur in the north.
		Sumerian temples consisted of a forecourt, with a central pond for purification (the Abzu).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sumeria (3738 words)

	Babylonia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Astronomy was of old standing in Babylonia, and the standard work on the subject, written from an astrological point of view, later translated into Greek by Berossus, was believed to date from the age of Sargon of Akkad.
		The Babylonian development of methods for predicting the motions of the planets is considered to be a major episode in the history of astronomy.
		A considerable amount of Babylonian literature was translated from Sumerian originals, and the language of religion and law long continued to be the old agglutinative language of Sumer.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Babylonia (2570 words)

	Enki - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		He is the lord of the Apsu (Akkadian, Abzu in Sumerian, hence Greek and English Abyss), the fresh-water ocean of groundwater under the earth.
		Enki in Sumerian astronomy also represented the planet Mercury, known for its ability to shift rapidly, and its proximity to the Sun, Sumerian Utu, Akkadian Shamash, the God of Justice.
		In Sumerian and later Akkadian or Babylonian Cosmology there were six generations of Gods that led to the creation of the Younger (Igigi) divinities of the Anunaki (Anu = heaven, Na = And, Ki = Earth).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Enki (2769 words)

	General Survey
		Astronomy and astrology became among the most important and influential disciplines in the ancient Near East for their perceived ability to read the wants and needs of the gods directly from the sky.
		The official practice of astronomy in Babylon was secret and conducted by priests in the elevated privacy of ziggurrats.
		Rather, astronomy advanced as a function of religion, and it was of the utmost importance that they improve their science in order to better understand their gods.
	www.astronomy.pomona.edu /archeo/outside/gnsurvey.html (1056 words)

	Sumerians
		The Sumerians would scrawl their picture words using reeds as a writing instrument on wet clay which would then dry into stone-hard tablets, which is very good because it's hard to lose your records if they are big old heavy tablets.
		Sumerian law sits half way between individual revenge and state-administered revenge: it is up to the individual to drag (quite literally) the accused party into the court, but the court actually determines the nature of the retribution to be exacted.
		Sumerian law was also only partly administered by the state; the victim had to bring the criminal to court.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/MESO/SUMER.HTM (1864 words)

	Sitchin's Sumerian Astronomy Challenged
		Uranus is only visible with the naked eye on the clearest of nights, moves so slowly that one would have to watch it over years to notice movement without telescopic aid, and fails to show up on any known pre-Galilean sky charts.
		Below I list what planets were identified by what names by the Sumerians, It also seems clear from the mythology that Tiamat and Ea were both associated with the Abyssal waters (the Apsu) beneath the mountains and underworld as well as those same waters which lay above the dome of the sky.
		Ea was designated one band of space in the sky by the Babylonians, but it did not include all of the zodiacal region - which would have fit for a planet - but only the southern most portion, which a planet might wander through during one sixth of its orbit.
	www.ramtops.co.uk /siren.html (2104 words)

	Sumerians
		Sumerian cities were often rectangular in shape, surrounded by high, wide walls.
		To Sumerians, their highest duty was to keep these divine beings happy and thereby ensure the safety of their city-state.
		Sumerian scribes had to go through years of strict schooling to acquire their skills.
	home.cfl.rr.com /crossland/AncientCivilizations/Middle_East_Civilizations/Sumerians/sumerians.html (1154 words)

	The Sumerian Calendar - aliraqi Community
		Sumerians numbered their years by the year of the reign of a king, i.e., ‘in the third year of the reign of Lugalzaggesi,’ etc. King lists were kept for dating prior reigns.
		Sumerian months were strictly lunar and each month began at the first sighting of the new moon.
		The length of Sumerian a hour actually varied by season (a daytime hour was one-sixth of the available daylight and so would be much longer in the summer than in the winter) but over a year, an hour averaged double the length of our present-day hours (120 minutes).
	www.aliraqi.org /forums/showthread.php?t=59613 (1501 words)

	The tale of an Invader that re-arranged our solar system and ended up being part of it can be considered as a Unified ...
		It was the Sumerians who first divided the celestial circle into twelve houses of the Zodiac, who named these zodiacal constellations by names we still use, and depicted them pictorially as the Bull or the Ram or the Maiden the way we still continue to do.
		Indeed, Sumerian knowledge in the field of astronomy is the most amazing aspect of their attainments, for it included knowledge which we are only now beginning to attain.
		For the same Sumerian creation tales echoed in the Book of Genesis also dealt with the origin of Life and the Creation of Man. They said that the "seed of life" was brought into our solar system by Nibiru, transferred by it to Earth as a result of the collision with Tiamat.
	www.mursshud.org /teachings/writings/sitchin.html (6115 words)

	EVERT A. ROBLES art
		The Sumerians occupied the fertile lower valley between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in what is now southern Iraq between 4000 and 2000 BC They migrated from an unknown place, possibly around the Black Sea and seemed to suddenly appear in the area.
		The art of the Sumerian civilization was one of enormous power and originality that influenced all of the major cultures of ancient western Asia.
		Sumerians traded crops from their fertile soil for the metal, stone, and wood that they required.
	evertrobles.com /ezine2.002.html (1315 words)

	AUANEWSWATCH Sumerian Dictionary to Decipher Ancient Texts Faye Flam The Philadelphia Inquirer July 24 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The people known as Sumerians are credited with starting the first civilization and building the first settlements worthy of being called cities.
		Scholars studying the ancient world are therefore eagerly awaiting the first Sumerian dictionary, a 30-year project at the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.
		Sumerian is so different from any current language that to understand each word requires a detailed entry explaining how each word was used and its various shades of meaning, both literal and metaphorical.
	aanf.org /midwest/july2002/auanewswatch01.htm (1285 words)

	The Sumerians and Nibiru
		Besides the fundementals of day counting, the Sumerians also had knowledge of more arcane astronomical features, some of which are hard to fathom just how they knew.
		The Sumerians were also able to measure the distance between stars very precisely.
		Given the extraordinary accuracy of Sumerian astronomical calculations, perhaps it is prudent to have another look at those areas where their information differs from ours.
	www.subversiveelement.com /Sumerians.html (677 words)

	Syndex II A Synergetic Revisioning of Number Dynamics in Light of Ancient Metrology & Modern Cosmography
		Earlier measures of astronomy, astrology, and cosmology were usually in units of 12, as were various ancient units of measurement of time.
		Spherical astronomy methods are characterized by the use of the interior of a sphere for determining the length of circular arcs on the sphere.
		In oriental astronomy, it is an important metrological unit (1080): divide a circumference of 3393 by 108 = 3.1416666.
	www.geocities.com /ResearchTriangle/Campus/7107/syn2intr.html (10920 words)

	Animal Round in Sumer
		Different from the Sumerian sign is that the forelegs stand in an empty boat and we have to think the space-time river behind that.
		They are Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian and Semitic and to that come that the scientists are from different backgrounds.
		Sumerian texts mention the Cow of Heaven that in Egypt was Hathor and important during the winter season.
	www.catshaman.com /13Sumerian/03round.htm (4741 words)

	Did the ancient Sumerians know about our "solar system?"
		The Sumerians were clearly intelligent people with a value system, a set of laws, diversification of labor, a monetary system, marriage and divorce, and many of the attributes of a sophisticated culture.
		Sumerian symbology stressed the power of the gods, and also honored the moon's phases with monthly rites: "on the day of the disappearance of the moon, on the day of the sleeping of the moon." Did they know what the moon's phases really constituted?
		In later Sumerian traditions, she is the daughter of Nanna (Narrar), the Moon God and Ningal, the Moon Goddess (both of Ur)...
	www.edwardtbabinski.us /geocentrism/sumerians.html (2156 words)

	Phenomenon - the Sumerian civilization - Religion (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Sumerian people did not have a well formulated view of the afterlife with regard to their human ancestors.
		Sumerians believed that once in the Underworld, in order for a soul to reach tha land where the dead dwelled, he would have to cross a river, being carried across by a ferryman, (similar to the Greek concept of the River Styx and the ferryman, Charon).
		There were two "seasons" in the Sumerian year; a "summer" season emesh, which began on the Vernal Equinox; and a "winter" season, enten, which began on the Autumnal Equinox.
	www.stateoftheart.nl /phenomenon/frames/subjects/civi/sumerian/religion.htm (1021 words)

	[No title]
		Sumerian culture exploded onto the scene virtually overnight, the cradle of human civilization.
		Their religion influenced all that followed, with elements of the Sumerian creation epic filtered through the ages into the Old Testament (the garden of Eden, the evil serpent, the great flood, etc.).
		The number 12 was very significant to the Sumerians, representing the number of their principle gods which were synonymous with the planets known to them (they included the Moon and the Sun in their count).
	www.textfiles.com /ufo/UFOBBS/2000/2373.ufo (1554 words)

	Academic Research Papers \| ASTRONOMY
		The ways in which the science and discoveries of astronomy affect our daily life through the use and perception of time, time zones, tide tables and seasons is looked at.
		The role of white dwarf theory in astronomy and the speculative nature of much of the investigative work surrounding it is explained The thermodynamic properties of such high density matter is examined.
		A history of the development and culmination period of Islamic astronomy, with a look at the great Arab astronomers and their chief discoveries.
	www.academic-research-papers.com /catpages/catl23a.html (1537 words)

	[No title]
		Sumerian myths, we noted earlier, say that the rites and standards of "kingship" descended from the central luminary An, founder of the Golden Age.
		The Sumerian An, ruling with "terrifying splendor," was the central luminary of the sky, but not our sun, and later departed to a more remote domain.
		Apart from a few experts on Babylonian astronomy, historians and mythologists as a whole seem to be unaware that in Babylonian astronomical texts, the sun god Shamash and the planet Saturn merge in a most unexpected way.
	www.kronia.com /thoth/thoth10.txt (3961 words)

	After The Me as Sumerian Law
		We have to know Sumerian society to explain the meaning and use of the Me. They are written in the pure Ritual Age when the rules of living were attached to the idol/ role models.
		Sumerian "Di" or Akkadian "Dinu" designates the legal case, the legal decision and the process itself.
		Oldest find of Sumerian Law of Urnammu 2095 - 2047 BC Society is a matter of ongoing process up to the development of labour and industry and the growth of population.
	www.catshaman.com /0inanna/0law.htm (6313 words)

	Sumerian astronomy
		Sumerians used a square in practical astronomy to keep track of stars.
		The Sumerian Enki came from the sea and the Finns have in Kalevala the ur-ocean.
		The structure seems to be quite near the Sumerian seal.
	freepages.history.rootsweb.com /~catshaman/13Sumerian/03Sumerian2.htm (1870 words)

	Sumer
		The Sumerians also performed trade with foreign countries, they even trade with other peoples out in the Persian Gulf, from where they among other things bought home ivory and other luxury items.
		The Sumerians were the first to start using the alloy bronze, which allowed them the development of much better instruments than what had been possible before.
		The believed that the stars on the sky were gods that controlled the events in the world, and that the position between these gods could be used to predict events in the world, as well as the fortune for individuals.
	i-cias.com /e.o/sumer.htm (944 words)

	Bulletin 33 - November 1987: Ancient Arab Astronomy
		Since the latter orbits the earth in approximately one ‘month’ of 28 days (and goes through an observable series of phases in doing so) this was also a logical way of dividing up he year, except that they ended up with 13 months instead of 12.
		The Sumerians are also credited with the division of a circle into different parts — based on their hexadecimal numeral system.
		Arab interest in astronomy was also continued in Moghul India, where massive observatories were built in Jaipur, for example.
	www.enhg.org /bulletin/b33/33_10.htm (3545 words)

	Planet X
		The Sumerian culture, the first civilization to invent writing as a complete written language, recorded stories that have been preserved through the modern day biblical passages found in the Old and New Testaments — all of which speak of a time when man lived among their living gods here on earth.
		The Sumerians were the first to invent over 100 of the first's for a modern culture.
		Our astronomy is geared to the notion that Earth is the 3rd planet, which indeed it is if one begins the count from the center of our system, the Sun.
	www.timstouse.com /EarthHistory/planetx.htm (2296 words)

	Planet X, Nibiru, Ancient Astronauts, NASA, UFO's
		This information poses an interesting Hypothesis that the "Annunaki" are the GODS as described by the Sumerians, and they had "Android Beings" helping them.
		As well as the Sumerian knowledge of the Anunnaki.
		Watch the streaming videos of the lecture I gave in 2002 where I discussed the information for a Planet X, and the Sumerian knowledge of a planet called "Nibiru"...
	xfacts.com /x.htm (501 words)

	Sumerian Technology - Astronomy.com Forums
		Earlier i was reading about the sumerians and the 12th planet theory.
		True, Sumer was a site of innovative primary urbanization, but cities had been builing walls for centuries before them, and the only real innovation they had was a written language, which changed slowly from tally marks for merchants to the complex priestly records and legends.
		The Sumerians did not advance quickly, but stayed at nearly the same technological level for the 1000 or so years of their existance - only advancing after they were conquered by the Akkadians and brought into the Akkadian Empire.
	www.astronomy.com /ASY/CS/forums/205462/ShowPost.aspx (325 words)

	Sumerian Trivia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Most Sumerian slaves were treated well.They had legal rights, could engage in business, borrow money, and buy their freedom.
		According to the Sumerian Cosmology the boundary between heaven and earth was a solid vault, and the earth was a flat disk.
		The Sumerians invented the twelve month calendar that was based on the lunar cycle.
	marian.creighton.edu /~marian-w/academics/english/sumerian.html (323 words)

	Sumerian arithmetic (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The ancient Sumerian mathematics was based upon a weird mixture of base 6 and 10.
		The sumerian system was built up of an alternating mixture of the two bases, 10 and 6, which has been referred to as a sexadecimal system.
		Unlike the general case which can be used to represent any number no matter how large, the Sumerian system stopped at 12960000.
	astronomy.swin.edu.au /~pbourke/other/sumerian (427 words)

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