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Topic: Sumero Akkadian Cuneiform

Related Topics

Akkadian language

Akkadian mythology

Sumero Akkadian Cuneiform

Transliterating cuneiform languages

cuneiform bone

Sumero Akkadian Cuneiform

cuneiform tablet

medial cuneiform bone

astronomical cuneiform texts

intermediate cuneiform bone

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	ICE
		The Initiative for Cuneiform Encoding (ICE) is an international group of cuneiformists, Unicode experts, software engineers, linguists, and font architects organized for the purpose of developing a standard computer encoding for Sumero/Akkadian cuneiform, the world’s oldest attested writing system.
		A working group was established to develop a formal cuneiform encoding proposal for submission to The Unicode Consortium.
		Sumero/Akkadian cuneiform, attested by hundreds of thousands of documents in many genres and several languages from various cultures spanning three millennia, is a complex syllabographic and logographic script system with perhaps a couple thousand distinct graphemes (characters).
	www.jhu.edu /ice (559 words)

	Akkadian cuneiform
		Akkadian, like Japanese, was polysyllabic and used a range of inflections while Sumerian, like Chinese, had few or no inflections.
		The Akkadian script was used until about the 1st century AD and was adapted to write many other languages of Mesopotamia, including Babylonian and Assyrian.
		Akkadian, a Semitic language that was spoken in Mesopotamia (modern Iraq and Syria) between about 2800 BC and 500 AD.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/akkadian.htm (177 words)

	Museums and the Web 2003: Papers: Watkins and Snyder
		The earliest texts appear in Mesopotamia around 3200 BC and the last native cuneiform texts were written around 75 AD. The ancient scribes pressed the ends of their styluses into damp clay in order to write the approximately 800 different logographic, syllabic, or alphabetic signs.
		Cuneiform research is hampered by the lack of a standard computer encoding for cuneiform text, there being no ASCII equivalent for cuneiform.
		But due to the multi-tiered three dimensionality of cuneiform documents (wedge impressions, round tablets, and over-the-edge writing), scores of photographs are required, taken at different angles, with different lighting, and at different magnifications, in order to convey enough useful 2D information to enable the collation of a single tablet.
	www.archimuse.com /mw2003/papers/watkins/watkins.html (2432 words)

	Budi Purnomo - Johns Hopkins University
		This is due in large part both to the three-dimensional nature of cuneiform tablets and to the complexity of the cuneiform script system.
		The Digital Hammurabi Project and the Initiative for Cuneiform Encoding announce success in encoding Sumero-Akkadian cuneiform in Unicode while also demonstrating advances in 3-D scanning and visualization of cuneiform tablets, showcased by iClay, a cross-platform, Internet-deployable, Java applet that allows for the viewing and manipulation of 2D+ images of cuneiform tablets.
		It was also demonstrated to the participants of Initiative for Cuneiform Encoding (an international group of cuneiformists, unicode experts, linguists and font architects) in Baltimore on June 2003.
	www.cs.jhu.edu /~bpurnomo (1025 words)

	Focke & Albers \| TA Cuneiform Encoding List
		Quotations and references (links) to this documentation of the DLL "TA Cuneiform Encoding List" on the internet are allowed as long as the contents and kind of reference does not lead to any misunderstanding about the authorship, the copyright, and the terms of use of the DLL.
		Every distribution has to be done with a definite reference to the author, the copyright, and the terms of use of the DLL and the additional files belonging to it.
		Additions and corrections to the DLL "TA Cuneiform Encoding List" version 0.1 or to one of the additional files belonging to it are welcome and may be sent to the e-mail address of the author.
	omnibus.uni-freiburg.de /~albers/uk/projects/tacenc01/index.html (1467 words)

	Cuneiform
		Cuneiform was not a language, but a script or writing system that was used to convey several different spoken languages.
		Cuneiform is similar to the Roman script in that it too was used for a long period to write down different languages, evolving to suit each language and...
		Cuneiform pictograms were drawn on clay tablets in vertical columns with a pen made from a sharpened reed stylus.
	www.lycos.com /info/cuneiform--old-akkadian.html (687 words)

	Cuneiform script Summary
		Originally, cuneiform pictograms were drawn on clay tablets in vertical columns with a pen made from a sharpened reed stylus.
		Invented by the Babylonians to record the Sumerian language, cuneiform was subsequently adopted by the Akkadians, Elamites, Hittites and Assyrians to write their own languages and was widely used in Mesopotamia for about 3000 years, though the syllabic nature of the script as it was refined by the Sumerians was unintuitive to the Semitic speakers.
		When the cuneiform script was adapted to writing the Hittite language, a layer of Akkadian logographic spellings was added to the script, with the result that we no longer know the pronunciations of many Hittite words conventionally written by logograms.
	www.bookrags.com /Cuneiform_script (1852 words)

	Cuneiform script help – Wiki at Help.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The cuneiform script is one of the earliest known forms of written expression.
		Cuneiforms were written on clay tablets, on which symbols were drawn with a blunt reed called a stylus.
		The Sumerian script was adapted for the writing of the Akkadian, Elamite, Hittite (and Luwian), Hurrian (and Urartian) languages, and it inspired the Old Persian and Ugaritic national alphabets.
	www.help.com /wiki/Cuneiform_(script) (196 words)

	[No title]
		Focke andamp; Albers and#124; TA Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform')" href="http://click.hotbot.com/director.asp?site=search.lycos.com&partner=&start_group=retriever_topic&id=0&keys=Cuneiform&target=http%3A%2F%2Fomnibus.uni-freiburg.de%2F%7Ealbers%2Fuk%2Fprojects%2Ftasac01%2Findex.html">omnibus.uni-freiburg.de
		From 1400 BC cuneiform, especially Babylonian, became the international language, the lingua franca, of diplomatic relations and trade over a vast area from Asia Minor to Egypt.
		Focke andamp; Albers and#124; TA Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform')" href="http://click.hotbot.com/director.asp?site=search.lycos.com&partner=&start_group=retriever_topic&id=4&keys=Cuneiform&target=http%3A%2F%2Fomnibus.uni-freiburg.de%2F%7Ealbers%2Fuk%2Fprojects%2Ftasac01%2Findex.html">omnibus.uni-freiburg.de
	lycos.cs.cmu.edu /info/cuneiform--old-akkadian.html (487 words)

	cuneiform Information Center - cuneiform alphabet
		Cuneiform cuneiform translation pictograms were drawn on cuneiform languager clay tablets in vertical columns with a pen made from a sharpened reed stylus.
		Cuneiform tablets could be fired in kilns cuneiform dictionary to provide a permanent record, or they could be recycled if permanence was not called for.
		Many of the tablets cuneiform mesopotamia found how long did cuneiform exist by archaeologists alphabet in sumerian cuneiform were paige walker in cuneiform preserved because they were baked when attacking armies burned the building cuneiform translation english in which cuneiform initial cuneiforms they were kept.
	www.scipeeps.com /Sci-Linguistic_Topics_Cr_-_G/cuneiform.html (1023 words)

	Akkadian: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Thereafter, Akkadian evolved into two dialects, Assyrian, the tongue of ancient Assyria, and Babylonian, the language of ancient Babylonia.
		Akkadian Loanwords in Biblical Hebrew by Victor Avigdor Hurowitz Akkadian Loanwords in Biblical Hebrew.
		Akkadian literature, on the other hand, was born...a new anthology devoted to bringing Akkadian literature to a wider public, rightly...
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/akkadian.jsp?l=A&p=2 (1598 words)

	Akkadian_language (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Akkadian (lišānum akkadītum) was a Semitic language (part of the greater Afro-Asiatic language family) spoken in ancient Mesopotamia, particularly by the Assyrians and Babylonians.
		Cuneiform was in many ways unsuited to Akkadian: among its flaws was its inability to represent important phonemes in Semitic, including a glottal stop, pharyngeals, and emphatic consonants.
		Akkadian is an inflected language, and as a Semitic language its grammatical features are highly similar to those found in Classical Arabic.
	www.findnew.info /Akkadian_language (1012 words)

	Cuneiform_script (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Cuneiform tablets could be fired in kilns to provide a permanent record, or they could be recycled if permanence was not needed.
		When the cuneiform script was adapted to writing the Hittite language (see Hittite cuneiform), a layer of Akkadian logographic spellings was added to the script, with the result that we no longer know the pronunciations of many Hittite words conventionally written by logograms.
		In the early days of cuneiform decipherment, the reading of proper names presented the greatest difficulties, however there is now a better understanding of the principles behind the formation and the pronunciation of the thousands of names found in historical records, business documents, votive inscriptions and literary productions.
	www.findnew.info /Cuneiform_script (2718 words)

	Sumerian and Akkadian Myths
		The Akkadian myths are in many ways dependent on Sumerian materials, but they show originality and a broader scope in their treatment of the earlier Sumerian concepts and forms; they address themselves more often to existence as a whole.
		The sudden eclipse of the Akkadian empire long after Naram-Sin, which was wrongly attributed to that ruler's presumed pride and the gods' retaliation, is the theme of "The Fall of Akkad." Akkadian epic tradition continues and gives focus to the Sumerian tales of Gilgamesh.
		Other Akkadian epics that deserve to be mentioned are the Etana epic, which tells how Etana, the first king, was carried up to heaven on the back of an eagle to obtain the plant of birth so that his son could be born.
	history-world.org /sumerian_and_akkadian_myths.htm (2576 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Cuneiform script
		When the cuneiform script was adapted to writing the Hittite language (see Hittite cuneiform), a layer of Akkadian logographic spellings was added to the script, with the result that we no longer know the pronunciations of many Hittite words conventionally written by logograms.
		In the early days of cuneiform decipherment, the reading of proper names presented the greatest difficulties, however there is now a better understanding of the principles behind the formation and the pronunciation of the thousands of names found in historical records, business documents, votive inscriptions and literary productions.
		Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative A Joint Project of the University of California at Los Angeles and the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Cuneiform_script (2597 words)

	TBK - What About the Anunnaki?
		Enlil meant 'Lord Wind' - both the hurricane and the gentle winds of spring were thought of as the breath issuing from his mouth, and eventually as his word or command.
		Another myth relates Enlil's rape of his consort Ninlil (Akkadian Belit), a grain goddess, and his subsequent banishment to the underworld.
		According to an Akkadian magic tablet, 'They proceed from the ocean depths, from the hidden retreat.' From the ancient idea of the seven nether spheres, Dante took his vision of the descending circles of hell.'
	www.truthbeknown.com /anunnaki.htm (4955 words)

	The Aryan (Old Persian) Language - (The Circle of Ancient Iranian Studies - CAIS)©
		While the shapes of some Aryan letters may look similar to signs in Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform script, only one of them, LA, is a borrowing from that script, and that because LA represents a sound not occurring in the Aryan language and is used in foreign names only.
		This situation had its origin in the Assyrian cuneiform syllabary, where several syllabic distinctions had been lost and were often clarified with explicit vowels.
		Aryan only kept the cuneiform appearance of its character simply out of tradition, and the actual shape of the signs were completely original.
	www.cais-soas.com /CAIS/Languages/aryan/aryan_language.htm (1039 words)

	Focke & Albers \| TA Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform
		Both signs are graphical variants to cuneiform signs in the subrange "'Standard' cuneiform signs" but seem to serve with their layout only as separators between other cuneiform signs.
		The number of cuneiform signs with such characteristics is so small that by now they are included as signs of their own in the subrange "'Standard' cuneiform signs".
		As a "basic sign" every cuneiform sign is taken which in the current version of the character encoding is not looked upon as a combination of other cuneiform signs.
	omnibus.uni-freiburg.de /~albers/uk/projects/tasac01/index.html (0 words)

	Cuneiform Resource Page - cunieform
		The Sumerian script was adapted for the writing of the Akkadian, Elamite, Hittite and Luwian languages, and it inspired the Old Persian and Ugaritic national alphabets.
		Cuneiform pictograms were drawn on clay tablets in vertical columns with a pen made from a sharpened reed stylus.
		The last known cuneiform inscription, an astronomical text, was written in AD 75.
	www.globalcpr.com /Cuneiform.html (948 words)

	Digital Hammurabi
		Capping 4 years' effort, the Initiative for Cuneiform Encoding, under the auspices of the Digital Hammurabi Project, successfully completed its efforts to encode cuneiform when, in June 2004, both the Unicode Technical Committee and the ISO 10646 WG2 unanimously approved the proposal.
		The world's first cuneiform email was sent March 31, 2001 by John Jenkins of Apple Computer to members of the Initiative for Cuneiform Encoding.
		Digital Hammurabi is a major, cross-discipline effort originating at the Johns Hopkins University aimed at scanning, visualizing, and publishing very high resolution, three dimensional models of cuneiform tablets and at producing an international standard computer encoding for cuneiform text.
	www.jhu.edu /digitalhammurabi (1022 words)

	Digital Hammurabi Research & Publications
		The Digital Hammurabi Project and the Initiative for Cuneiform Encoding announce success in encoding Sumero-Akkadian cuneiform in Unicode while also demonstrating advances in 3D scanning and visualization of cuneiform tablets, showcased by iClay, a cross-platform, Internet-deployable, Java applet that allows for the viewing and manipulation of 2D+ images of cuneiform tablets.
		This is the first demonstration of a cuneiform text input method we are developing for Mac OS X. Sumero/Akkadian cuneiform has over 900 separate characters (commonly called "signs" by Assyriologists), and since standard computer keyboards have only about 100 keys, we must provide some way to input the many cuneiform characters.
		We are concurrently developing new 3D surface scanning hardware technology, new computer algorithms for visualizing 3D models of cuneiform tablets, a new international standard computer encoding for cuneiform text, and the beginnings of a digital archive and library for 3D cuneiform tablets.
	www.jhu.edu /digitalhammurabi/research.html (1223 words)

	The Cover Pages: Initiative for Cuneiform Encoding
		Participants in the Initiative for Cuneiform Encoding (ICE) Conference held at The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, November 2nd and 3rd, 2000, reached consensus on key points relating to the computer character encoding of Sumero-Akkadian cuneiform, the world's oldest writing system.
		Unicode is the appropriate technology for encoding cuneiform.
		The abstract characters of cuneiform will be encoded; information specific to the concrete glyphs of cuneiform will be conveyed by mechanisms above the plain-text encoding level (mechanisms such as text markup).
	xml.coverpages.org /cuneiformEncoding20001107.html (672 words)

	Cuneiform / Assyriology - Ancient Near East .net
		Digital Hammurabi is a major, cross-discipline effort originating at Johns Hopkins University aimed both at making very high resolution, three dimensional models of cuneiform tablets available to every researcher's computer and at producing an international standard Unicode encoding for cuneiform text.
		The corpus is based at the University of Oxford, its aim: to make accessible, via the World Wide Web, over 400 literary works composed in the Sumerian language in ancient Mesopotamia during the late third and early second millennia BCE.
		ICE is an international group of cuneiformists, Unicode experts, software engineers, linguists, and font architects organized for the purpose of developing a standard computer encoding for Sumero/Akkadian cuneiform, the world’s oldest attested writing system.
	www.ancientneareast.net /cuneiform_assyriology.html (312 words)

	The Arzawa Page
		Although scholars could read it, since the characters it used were standard Sumerian cuneiform, no-one could understand it.
		Ilya Yakubovitch suggests that it meant "protect the mana!" in the way Nebuchadrezzar employed Akkadian usur.
		And the lack of a letter "o" is a limitation of Sumero-Akkadian cuneiform, not necessarily a feature of Hittite.
	pages.sbcglobal.net /zimriel/amc/arzawa.html (5499 words)

	Gentoo Forums :: View topic - HOWTO: Using UTF-8 on Gentoo (edited)
		I managed to create a font with just a few characters encoded in Plane1 (they start with 0x12000 - I am trying to make my linux support Akkadian cuneiform), I installed it and created with Perl a text file and HTML file for tests.
		I would like to use cuneiform just like I use Chinese - not to have to do a magick dance with special macros, hacking too much with fonts and having to use specialized editors.
		Even if the encoding will finally change, it would be a matter of minutes to write the script to fix the existing texts.
	forums.gentoo.org /viewtopic-t-166984-start-25.html (2654 words)

	Advogato: Blog for roozbeh
		I got a version signed by many of the editors of the standard, which I guess I will be keeping for quite a while.
		More than a thousand new characters, specially Phoenician ones (for your nostalgia) and Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform (for mine).
		Unicode promised to encode uppercase and lowercase letters together, to stabilize casing.
	www.advogato.org /person/roozbeh/diary.html?start=136 (1372 words)

	The Daily Grind #929
		Unicode 5.0.0 - A new version of the Unicode standard has been released.
		If you were dying to use Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform in your applications, your ship has come in.
		DevPartner SecurityChecker 2.5 - Compuware's ASP.NET application security analysis tool has been updated with new rules, enhanced reporting, and Team System integration.
	www.larkware.com /dg6/TheDailyGrind929.aspx (363 words)

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