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Topic: Sunspot Index

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	On-Line Glossary of Solar Terrestrial Terms
		A 3-hourly "equivalent amplitude" index of local geomagnetic activity; "a" is related to the 3-hourly K INDEX according to the following scale: K 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a 0 3 7 15 27 48 80 140 240 400 A INDEX.
		A daily index of geomagnetic activity derived as the average of the eight 3-hourly a indices.
		SUNSPOTs and FACULAe are observed in the photosphere.
	sec.noaa.gov /info/glossary.html (3637 words)

	Sunspot - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sunspot research was dormant for much of the 17th and early 18th centuries because of the Maunder Minimum, during which no sunspots were visible for some years; but after the resumption of sunspot activity, Heinrich Schwabe in 1843 reported a periodic change in the number of sunspots.
		Although the details of sunspot generation are still somewhat a matter of research, it is quite clear that sunspots are the visible counterparts of magnetic flux tubes in the convective zone of the sun that get "wound up" by differential rotation.
		At the start of a cycle, sunspots tend to appear in the higher latitudes and then move towards the equator as the cycle approaches maximum: this is called Spörer's law.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sunspot (1603 words)

	NGDC/WDC STP, Boulder-Sunspot Number Data via FTP from NGDC
		Each isolated cluster of sunspots is termed a sunspot group, and it may consist of one or a large number of distinct spots whose size can range from 10 or more square degrees of the solar surface down to the limit of resolution (e.g., 1/25 square degree).
		The relative sunspot number is defined as R = K (10g + s), where g is the number of sunspot groups and s is the total number of distinct spots.
		The definitive International Sunspot Numbers Ri are evaluated by a similar method based on a network of observing stations selected for their high number of observations, their continuity during the whole year and an existing series of observations during the last years.
	www.ngdc.noaa.gov /stp/SOLAR/ftpsunspotnumber.html (1520 words)

	Wolfer number - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The idea of computing sunspot numbers was originated by Rudolf Wolf in 1849 in Zürich, Switzerland and, thus, the procedure he initiated bears his name (or place).
		The combination of sunspots and their grouping is used because it compensates for variations in observing small sunspots.
		They have found that sunspot activity is cyclical and reaches its maximum around every 9.5 to 11 years (note: Using data from SIDC for the last 300 years and running a fast FFT function on the data gives an average maximum at 10.4883 years/cycle).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Wolfer_number (258 words)

	[No title]
		sunspot group, the western part precedes and the main spot in that part is called the leader.
		Sunspots and faculae are observed in the photosphere.
		A daily index of sunspot activity (R), defined as R = k (10 g + s) where S = number of individual spots, g = number of sunspot groups, and k is an observatory factor.
	solar-center.stanford.edu /gloss.html (2724 words)

	Dr. SOHO's FAQ: Sunspots and the Solar Cycle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Sunspots appear dark in visible light because they are cooler than the surrounding solar atmosphere.
		A typical sunspot temperature is about 3500 degrees Celsius, instead of the 6000 degrees C of the adjacent regions of the photosphere (the visible surface of the Sun).
		The region around a sunspot group where the strong magnetism dominates the motion of gases in the solar atmosphere is usually referred to as an active region.
	sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov /explore/faq/sunspots.html (3051 words)

	Solar Records: The Wolf Sunspot Index and Umbral/Penumbral Ratio, CDIAC NDP-014
		Available sunspot models and the theory of mixing length indicate that the observed changes in the umbral/penumbral (U/P) ratio may be equivalent to changes in the solar constant.
		Sunspot studies have a long history, and indices of solar activity have led to many studies of the relationship of climatic variability and fluctuations with solar variations.
		Another index that has recently been derived is this 'umbral/penumbral ratio', a measure of the convective energy transport in the photosphere of the sun.
	gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov /records/GCMD_CDIAC_NDP14.html (453 words)

	Sunspot Index Data Center (SIDC) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The sunspots radiate less energy than the undisturbed photosphere of the Sun and are therefore visible as dark spots on the surface of the Sun.Sunspots are observed with some regularity since 1700 and on a strict daily basis since 1849; the
		Otherwise, the definitive value is adopted, unless the daily histogram of the sunspot numbers shows an anomalous distribution, in which case a new value is calculated after elimination of the too discrodant stations.
		The principle of the method is that the last smoothed sunspot number known defines by interpolation a specific curve in a family of Waldmeier's standard curves.
	www.kms.dk /fags/ps11sidc.htm (1572 words)

	Sunspot Cycle Predictions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Predicting the behavior of a sunspot cycle is fairly reliable once the cycle is well underway (about 3 years after the minimum in sunspot number occurs [see Hathaway, Wilson, and Reichmann Solar Physics 151, 177 (1994)]).
		She separates the geomagnetic aa index into two components: one in phase with and proportional to the sunspot number, the other component is then the remaining signal.
		He found a relationship between the number of days during a sunspot cycle in which the geomagnetic field was "disturbed" and the amplitude of the next sunspot maximum.
	science.nasa.gov /ssl/pad/solar/predict.htm (885 words)

	SIDC - Solar Influences Data Center
		The daily, monthly and monthly smoothed sunspot numbers for the past 12 years, and predictions for 12 months ahead.
		The monthly and monthly smoothed sunspot numbers are plotted for the present cycle and the four latest cycles.
		The north and south components of the monthly smoothed sunspot number for the present cycle and the latest four cycles.
	sidc.oma.be /sunspot-index-graphics/sidc_graphics.php (65 words)

	Sunspot (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Sunspot, to be renamed the Tides Inn, sits on...
		Rotating with the sunspot cycle Tracking the progress of sunspots across the sun's face provides a handy way of studying...
		, taken by the TRACE spacecraft Although the details of sunspot generation are still somewhat a matter of research, it is quite clear that sunspots are the visible counterparts of magnetic flux tubes in the convective zone of the sun that get "wound up" by differential rotation.
	hallencyclopedia.com /Sunspot (1231 words)

	An NCGR Research Case Study on Weather (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The influence of sunspots on life on Earth (including weather) is studied nowadays in different countries.
		The sunspot activity index goes down 4 days before the exact conjunction; it continues to go down two more days after, and during these two days the drop is bigger.
		Composite for sunspot activity index as a function of the angle between Jupiter and Saturn.
	research.geocosmic.org /weather.html (3673 words)

	Sunspot Numbers
		The Boulder number (reported daily on SpaceWeather.com) is usually about 25% higher than the second official index, the "International Sunspot Number," published daily by the Sunspot Index Data Center in Belgium.
		Today, Wolf sunspot counts continue, since no other index of the sun's activity reaches into the past as far and as continuously.
		As a rule of thumb, if you divide either of the official sunspot numbers by 15, you'll get the approximate number of individual sunspots visible on the solar disk if you look at the Sun by projecting its image on a paper plate with a small telescope.
	www.spaceweather.com /glossary/sunspotnumber.html (286 words)

	Solar info on hard-core-dx.com -- probably the best DX site in the world
		These emissions have been shown to be proportional to sunspot activity, and are also responsible for causing ionization in the earth's upper atmosphere.
		The terminology is based on the estimated A index for the 24-hour period directly preceding the time the broadcast was last updated.
		Disturbances are less likely when they are produced by sunspots or sunspot groups located near the edges of the sun's disk (or face).
	www.hard-core-dx.com /solar/solar2.html (944 words)

	Sunspot index infers a small relict magnetic field in the Sun's core
		Sunspot index infers a small relict magnetic field in the Sun's core
		The latter involves a 'demodulation' of the sunspot sequence to emphasize the basic 22-yr Hale cycle.
		A short summary of limits on frequency modulation (FM) contamination of the sunspot index spectrum is also given.
	www.nature.com /cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v306/n5944/abs/306670a0.html (466 words)

	The Sunspot
		The Sunspot is just that, a bright change of pace for today's dining customer.
		Sunspot is brought to you by the same owners of Aubrey's Cafe.
		The Sunspot is uniquely decorated with a bright sunspot on the inside brick wall and old doors separating the main dining area.
	www.easttennesseedining.com /sunspot.html (330 words)

	Stanford SOLAR Center -- Ask A Solar Physicist FAQs - Answer
		Sunspot Index Data Center (SIDC) in Belgium, which is the world data center for sunspot index of daily sunspot numbers.
		Each sunspot cycle is different and there's no reliable way to make a prediction.
		You may also be interested in some "Basic Facts about Sunspots" giving very nice explanations and diagrams describing how sunspots are thought to form.
	solar-center.stanford.edu /FAQ/Qspotpred.html (463 words)

	Cosmos Chapter 10
		Sunspot, NM (Dec. 18, 2003) -- As last October's solar flares blossomed into a coronal mass ejections, scientists at the National Solar Observatory used a new set of instruments to record the sharpest-ever images of the heart of the storms.
		MDI uses a holographic reconstruction technique to map the presence of sunspot groups that modify the transmission of acoustic waves beneath the solar surface; SWAN is able to determine how "active" the regions are in the ultraviolet portion of the spectrum.
		We are presently collaborating with the National Solar Observatory/Sacramento Peak at Sunspot, New Mexico, and the Kanzelhohe Solar Observatory of the Institute of Geophysics, Astrophysics and Meteorology at the University of Graz, Austria.
	www.williams.edu /Astronomy/cosmos/updates/chapter10_cosmos.html (6476 words)

	AAVSO: Solar Observing Program
		The sun is observed each clear day, and counts are made of the number of sunspot groups and the total number of spots.
		The final values of the American Relative Sunspot Numbers are computed by the 15th of each month and distributed to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), subscribing universities, scientific organizations, and interested individuals via e-mail and the monthly newsletter, the AAVSO Solar Bulletin.
		Sunspot indices and flare data are regularly published in Solar-Geophysical Data and other publications.
	www.aavso.org /committees/solar.html (500 words)

	Glossary of Solar-Terrestrial Terms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		AFRED Abbreviation for the A INDEX for Fredericksburg.
		Storms are described as follows: Minor Storm: A storm for which the Ap index was greater than 29 and less than 50.
		Major Storm: A storm for which the Ap index was greater than 49 and less than 100.
	www.haarp.alaska.edu /haarp/glos.html (1929 words)

	A Guide to Propagation Terms on GB2RS
		A 3-hourly "equivalent amplitude" index of local geomagnetic activity; "a" is related to the 3-hourly K INDEX according to the following scale:
		This flare is the basis for the forecast of geomagstorm, cosmic storm and/or protons in the earth's vicinity.
		The lowest layer of the solar atmosphere; corresponds to the solar surface viewed in WHITE LIGHT, SUNSPOT and FACULAe are observed in the photosphere.
	www.keele.ac.uk /depts/por/terms.htm (1809 words)

	On-Line Glossary of Solar-Terrestrial Terms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		E - An elongated bipolar sunspot group with penumbra on both ends.
		F - An elongated bipolar sunspot group with penumbra on both ends.
		With regard to geomagnetic levels, a descriptive word speci- fically meaning that 8 is less than or equal to the Ap INDEX which is less than or equal to15.
	www.gewo.applet.cz /sol/o_l_terms.htm (3527 words)

	Mt. Wilson 150-Foot Solar Tower Current Selected Data
		To determine MPSI we sum the absolute values of the magnetic field strengths for all pixels where the absolute value of the magnetic field strength is between 10 and 100 gauss.
		A drawing of sunspots, their locations and magnetic field strengths is created every clear day at the Mt. Wilson Observatory 150-Foot Solar Tower.
		At the end of each month, a sunspot report detailing the previous month's sunspot activity is created.
	www.astro.ucla.edu /~obs/150_data.html (345 words)

	The Coming Economic Collapse of 2006 - Sunspot Cycles & Their Impact On Human History by MW Mandeville
		Sunspots are seen as "small" dark spots on the surface of the sun.
		Since the sunspots were in a peak period during 1916-17, no doubt the war and its various battles were heavily stimulated by the energies which are boiling off the Sun.
		To make sure we include all sunspot cycles, the year of the maximum average sunspot count in every cycle was used to define the high point of the solar cycle.
	www.michaelmandeville.com /earthmonitor/cosmos/solarwind/Sunspot_Cycles_Influence_Human_History.htm (3593 words)

	Sunspot Numerology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Boulder sunspot number exceeded 300 this week as the sunspot cycle continued its march toward Solar Max.
		Their latest results suggest a peak sunspot number of about 140 in mid-2000.
		Despite the large numbers of sunspots this week, the Sun is still on track for Solar Max to arrive later this year.
	spacescience.com /headlines/y2000/ast05apr_1m.htm (995 words)

	[No title]
		It is often useful to compare the size of a sunspot to the size of Earth.
		Access the International Sunspot Number compiled by the Sunspot Index Data Center in Belgium at http://science.nasa.gov/ssl/pad/solar/greenwch/spot_num.txt.
		Compare the pattern you observed for numbers of sunspots on the Sunspot Observation graph with the trend you can see on the graph of data from the International Sunspot Number data.
	sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov /sunearthday/2003/Sunspttersmiddlehigh.htm (648 words)

	The Sunspot Cycle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The sunspot number is calculated by first counting the number of sunspot groups and then the number of individual sunspots.
		The "sunspot number" is then given by the sum of the number of individual sunspots and ten times the number of groups.
		Monthly averages (updated monthly) of the sunspot numbers (25 kb GIF image), (37 kb postscript file), (62 kb text file) show that the number of sunspots visible on the sun waxes and wanes with an approximate 11-year cycle.
	science.nasa.gov /ssl/pad/solar/sunspots.htm (702 words)

	Sunspot - index page - Free MP3 downloads, CDs, Bio Info, Tour Dates, Lyrics and More!" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Road Cat Records recording artists, Sunspot, are redefining punk and rock for the 21st century.
		Sunspot's national reputation continues to grow, as they bring their “intellectual rock” to a much wider audience.
		Road Cat Records is releasing “Loser of The Year” and Sunspot can currently be found bringing their intense and energetic live act to larger and more diverse audiences all over the country.
	www.iuma.com /IUMA/Bands/Sunspot/index-2.html (542 words)

	ARRLWeb: The K7VVV Solar Update (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Average daily sunspot numbers for the week were down by more than 43 points, and average daily solar flux dropped by more than 37 points.
		Sunday and Monday should have the minimum solar flux, and sunspot numbers for the near term then are expected to rise to a short-term peak around February 6 or 7.
		Sunspot numbers for January 16 through 22 were 135, 150, 148, 168, 184, 167 and 152, with a mean of 157.7.
	www.arrl.org /news/stories/2003/01/24/4?nc=1 (479 words)

	SIDC - Solar Influences Data Analysis Center - Homepage
		The SIDC is a research group for solar physics at the Royal Observatory of Belgium.
		Its operational activities include the World Data Center for the sunspot index and the Regional Warning Center Belgium for space weather forecasting.
		The solar wind speed and temperature have reached the exceptionally low values of 265 km/s and 10^4 K. Tomorrow Oct.11, a weak fast stream may temporarily influence the Earth, due to a narrow equatorial coronal hole extension now rotating West of solar central meridian.
	sidc.oma.be /index.php3 (199 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		TERMS AND DEFINITIONS: The official International Sunspot Number (RI) is issued by the Sunspot Index Data Center (SIDC) in Brussels.
		The official Ap index is calculated by GeoForschungsZentrum, in Potsdam, Germany (formerly by Institut fuer Geophysik, Goettingen, Germany).
		The sunspot and radio flux forecast is updated monthly by IPS Radio Services, Australia.
	www.sec.noaa.gov /ftpdir/weekly/README3 (507 words)

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