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	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Superantigen
		Superantigens (SAgs) are a group of virulent toxins that indiscriminately activate T-cells of the immune system causing system-wide inflammation and other serious, potentially fatal symptoms.
		Superantigens are secreted as exotoxins by bacteria or protozoa, alternatively viruses hijack our own molecular machinery to generate endotoxin forms of superantigens.
		In the Zinc-independent superantigens, both the T-cell receptor and MHC-type II molecules are able to simultaneously bind the β-barrel domain: this simultaneous cross-linking of the molecules and their associated cells leads to the over-activation of T-cells which in turn leads to the over production of cytokines and other cell-signalling molecules.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Superantigen (517 words)

	Superantigen
		Superantigens (SAgs) are a group of virulent toxins that indiscriminately activate T-cells of the immune system causing system-wide inflammation and other serious, potentially fatal symptoms.
		Superantigens are secreted as exotoxins by bacteria, alternatively viruses hijack our own molecular machinery to generate endotoxin forms of superantigens.
		Superantigens are also the suspected cause of numerous diseases displaying characteristic symptoms with unknown causes.
	www.mrsci.com /Immunology/Superantigen.php (351 words)

	Fatal Case of Toxic Shock-Like Syndrome Due to Group C Streptococcus Associated with Superantigen Exotoxin -- Korman et ...
		superantigens, but no clinical details were provided (22).
		of superantigen exotoxins in the pathogenesis of invasive disease
		Inhibition of bacterial superantigens by peptides and antibodies.
	jcm.asm.org /cgi/content/full/42/6/2866 (2058 words)

	Expression of Bacterial Superantigen Genes in Mice Induces Localized Mononuclear Cell Inflammatory Responses -- Dow and ...
		Expression of Bacterial Superantigen Genes in Mice Induces Localized Mononuclear Cell Inflammatory Responses
		of superantigen plasmid DNA in vivo induced an intense intramuscular
		and intravenous injection of superantigen DNA induced cutaneous
	www.jci.org /cgi/content/abstract/99/11/2616 (352 words)

	Critical Care \| Full text \| Superantigen antagonist peptides
		Superantigens are characterized by the ability to bypass normal major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted, intracellular, antigen processing and presentation.
		One consequence of the cytokine storm induced by superantigens may be to disrupt the development of antibody-mediated immunity.
		We have recently demonstrated, in a mouse model of invasive streptococcal infection, that other properties of these toxins may be more important than their superantigenicity and, paradoxically, such effects may in fact be advantageous to the host [3].
	ccforum.com /content/5/2/053 (1202 words)

	Superantigen - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Superantigens are secreted as exotoxins by bacteria or protozoa, alternatively viruses hijack our own molecular machinery to generate endotoxin forms of superantigens.
		Rather than typical presentation by major histocompatibility complex type II molecules (MHC II) of antigen-presenting cells to T-cell receptors (TCXs) inside specialised crefts, superantigens bind externally to the Vβ region of the TCR and to the complementary chain of MHC II, the alpha chain region, causing inappropriate, antigen-dependent B-cell activation.
		Research into superantigen treatment focuses on the use of polyspecific immunologlobulin G, antagonistic peptides, and toxoid vaccines.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Superantigen (351 words)

	Patent 7,125,554
		Superantigens (SAg's) constitute a group of bacterial and viral proteins that are extremely efficient in activating a large fraction of the T-cell population.
		The present invention is the first to modify a superantigen resulting in decreased seroreactivity with retained superantigen activity; thus, the present invention is novel and non-obvious.
		Examples of superantigens include, but are not limited to a staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE), a Streptococcus pyogenes exotoxin (SPE), a Staphylococcus aureus toxic shock-syndrome toxin (TSST-1), a streptococcal mitogenic exotoxin (SME) and a streptococcal superantigen (SSA).
	www.pharmcast.com /Patents100/Yr2006/Oct2006/102406/7125554_Superantigen102406.htm (1942 words)

	Biodefence Program introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		These bacterial superantigens are among the most lethal toxins known to man. Literally nanogram amounts, or small numbers of the organisms that produce them, trigger an excessive cellular immune response that can lead to lethal toxic shock within 24 hours of ingestion or aerosol spray of these toxins.
		Callisto’s superantigen technology has considerable potential for the development of defensive agents to treat “superantigen” mediated diseases and was recently awarded a $1.1 million U.S. Army research grant.
		A major advantage of Callisto’s superantigen technology is that these peptide/antibody agents cross-react against virtually all known strains of Staph and Strep and would be expected to work against any future variant strains, either man-made or naturally occurring.
	www.callistopharma.com /biodef.htm (717 words)

	superantigen, Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis Literature
		Du C, Sriram S 2000 Induction of interleukin-12/p40 by superantigens in macrophages is mediated by activation of nuclear factor-kappaB.
		Lappe MA 1993 Silicone-reactive disorder: a new autoimmune disease caused by immunostimulation and superantigens.
		Yarwood JM, Leung DY, Schlievert PM 2000 Evidence for the involvement of bacterial superantigens in psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and Kawasaki syndrome.
	home.insightbb.com /~rhodesdavid/SAg.htm (2645 words)

	Boston Biomedical Research Institute :: Superantigen Findings Advance Therapeutic Development (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Superantigens are potent T cell activators that are capable of overwhelming the host's immune system, which if left untreated, can result in toxic shock syndrome.
		In order for a small molecule inhibitor to be effective against a superantigen, it must bind to it more efficiently than the host's T cells -- the mediators of the immune response.
		It is known that clusters of amino acids, known as hot spots, (which can be further clustered into hot regions) contribute distinct binding energies to a complex of two interacting proteins, and that the distribution of these binding energies determines how efficiently the two proteins interact.
	sev.prnewswire.com /medical-pharmaceuticals/20060621/NEW04321062006-1.html (463 words)

	Superantigen Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Superantigens have been implicated in a wide variety of other diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, multiple sclerosis{Torres & Johnson 1998}, sudden unexpected nocturnal death syndrome{Al Mandani, Gordon, et al.
		Superantigens are highly mutagenic, and their abilty to polyclonally activate T cells results in severe acute and chronic immune disregulation.
		In humans, toxic shock syndrome (TSS) induced by staphylococcal sAgs is characterized by the abrupt onset of fever, diarrhea, diffuse skin rash followed by desquamation, hyperemia of the mucous membranes, and hypotension or shock.
	www.cmdr.ubc.ca /chowlab/superantigen.htm (497 words)

	IV. Unconventional Hypervariable Regions
		Superantigens were first discovered for their ability to stimulate large numbers of T cell clones bearing several distinct antigen receptors.
		Mutational analysis of the TCR has shown that these superantigens bind certain amino acid residues on the lateral face of the molecule, away from the classical antigen combining site.
		The evolution of this fourth region of hypervariabilty may indicate a specific purpose in binding MHC ligands or other activation molecules that has been preserved despite the high cost of clonal deletion in the presence of superantigens.
	tutor.lscf.ucsb.edu /instdev/sears/immunology/chapter09/tcr/tcrhvr.htm (312 words)

	Superantigen antagonist blocks Th1 cytokine gene induction and lethal shock -- Arad et al. 69 (6): 921 -- Journal of ...
		Superantigen antagonist blocks Th1 cytokine gene induction and lethal shock -- Arad et al.
		Superantigen antagonist blocks Th1 cytokine gene induction and lethal shock
		peptide is a potent superantigen antagonist in vivo.
	www.jleukbio.org /cgi/content/full/69/6/921 (4490 words)

	Diminished V beta T cell subset responses to superantigen in HIV+ individuals as determined by multiparameter flow ...
		Diminished V beta T cell subset responses to superantigen in HIV+ individuals as determined by multiparameter flow cytometry.
		Staphylococcal enterotoxins represent a class of superantigens characterized by an ability to stimulate subsets of T cells expressing unique families of T cell receptor beta chains (TCR V beta) in a manner that is dependent on class II MHC.
		The assay was utilized to monitor the expression of an early activation marker (CD69) in whole blood samples after 4 hour incubation with superantigens with specificities for T cell subsets expressing a range of TCR V beta variable region families.
	www.aegis.com /aidsline/1995/dec/M95C2931.html (524 words)

	Superantigen recognition by HLA class II on monocytes up-regulates toll-like receptor 4 and enhances proinflammatory ...
		Superantigen recognition by HLA class II on monocytes up-regulates toll-like receptor 4 and enhances proinflammatory responses to endotoxin -- Hopkins et al.
		Superantigen recognition by HLA class II on monocytes up-regulates toll-like receptor 4 and enhances proinflammatory responses to endotoxin
		The bacterial superantigen streptococcal mitogenic exotoxin Z is the major immunoreactive agent of Streptococcus pyogenes.
	www.bloodjournal.org /cgi/content/full/105/9/3655 (5081 words)

	Coordinate Suppression of Superantigen-Induced Cytokine Production and T-Cell Proliferation by a Small Nonpeptidic ...
		In addition to increasing cytokine levels, superantigens are also potent activators of T-cell proliferation.
		Superantigens and their potential role in human disease.
		Krakauer, T. Costimulatory receptors for the superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B on human vascular endothelial cells and T cells.
	aac.asm.org /cgi/content/full/44/4/1067 (1190 words)

	Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research - Lack of evidence for superantigen activity of Toxoplasma gondii ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Toxoplasmosis is caused by the intracellular protozoan, Toxoplasma gondii.
		Superantigens are molecules from microorganisms that can activate large numbers of T cells.
		Since superantigen stimulation always results in the deletion of the proliferating T cells, these conflicting results suggest that proliferation induced by STAg in these "naive" individuals may be due to some other cause rather than superantigenic stimulation.
	www.scielo.br /scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2001000800008&tlng=es&lng=en&nrm=iso (4380 words)

	Superantigens and Microbial Pathogenesis -- Taub and Blank 119 (1): 89 -- Annals of Internal Medicine
		or disease is induced by superantigens are being investigated.
		Superantigens: mechanism of T-cell stimulation and role in immune responses.
		A virus-encoded "superantigen" in a retrovirus-induced immunodeficiency syndrome of mice.
	www.annals.org /cgi/content/full/119/1/89 (1428 words)

	Dexamethasone Attenuates Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B-Induced Hypothermic Response and Protects Mice from ...
		Superantigen antagonist protects against lethal shock and defines a new domain for T-cell activation.
		Superantigen and endotoxin synergize in the induction of lethal shock.
		T cell-mediated lethal shock triggered in mice by the superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B: critical role of tumor necrosis factor.
	aac.asm.org /cgi/content/full/50/1/391 (2337 words)

	Dr. Jaquelin P. Dudley: Molecular Genetics and Microbiology Faculty Profile
		The Sag protein is involved in amplification of virus-infected lymphocytes that are necessary to transport virus from milk in the gut of newborn mice to the mammary gland.
		MMTV encodes a superantigen (SAg) whose activity is indispensable for the virus life cycle, since a genetically engineered virus with a mutation in the sag gene neither amplified in cells of the immune system of suckling pups nor infected their mammary glands.
		ABSTRACT: The mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) superantigen (Sag) protein is involved in the transmission of milk-borne MMTV from virus-infected milk in the gut to the target mammary gland tissue.
	www.biosci.utexas.edu /mgm/people/faculty/profiles/dudley.htm (4552 words)

	Toxic-Shock Syndrome
		TSS is caused by the nonspecific stimulation of T lymphocytes by superantigens that belong to a family of pyrogenic toxins produced by the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes(Schlievert 1993).
		Superantigen binding of TCRs and MHC class IIs on antigen presenting cells (APCs) activates the T lymphocyte.
		Because superantigens bind nonspecifically, polyclonal populations of CD4 T cells are activated and begin proliferation (Schlievert 1993).
	www.bio.davidson.edu /courses/Immunology/Students/spring2000/white/restricted/TSS.html (2038 words)

	What are superantigens?
		Instead of binding in the groove of the MHC molecule, superantigens bind to the outer surface of both the MHC Class II molecule and the Vb region of the T-cell receptor, and therefore independently of the MHC-bound peptide (see Figures 2,3 and 4).
		Bacterial superantigens bind mainly to the Vb CDR2 loop, and to a smaller extent the Vb CDR1 loop and an additional loop called the hypervariable 4, or HV4 loop.
		Superantigen recognition is determined largely by the V region of the expressed Vb gene segments, of which there are 20-50 in mice and humans; a superantigen can thus stimulate 2-20% of peripheral T-cells.
	www.cryst.bbk.ac.uk /sagdb/intro.html (877 words)

	Mycoplasma Superantigen Is a CDR3-dependent Ligand for the T Cell Antigen Receptor -- Hodtsev et al. 187 (3): 319 -- ...
		Mycoplasma Superantigen Is a CDR3-dependent Ligand for the T Cell Antigen Receptor -- Hodtsev et al.
		Superantigens are defined as proteins that activate a large number of T cells through interaction with the V
		Superantigens can be produced by bacteria, viruses, and even plants (7).
	www.jem.org /cgi/content/full/187/3/319 (3568 words)

	The Bacterial Superantigen Streptococcal Mitogenic Exotoxin Z Is the Major Immunoactive Agent of Streptococcus pyogenes ...
		Definition of the mitogenic factor (MF) as a novel streptococcal superantigen that is different from streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins A, B, and C. Eur.
		Superantigenicity of helper T-cell mitogen (SPM-2) isolated from culture supernatants of Streptococcus pyogenes.
		Superantigens associated with staphylococcal and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome are potent inducers of tumor necrosis factor-
	www.jimmunol.org /cgi/content/full/169/5/2561 (6129 words)

	Structural basis for abrogated binding between staphylococcal enterotoxin A superantigen vaccine and MHC-II{alpha} -- ...
		Bavari, S., Dyas, B., and Ulrich R.G. Superantigen vaccines: A comparative study of genetically attenuated receptor-binding mutants of staphylococcal enterotoxin A. Infect.
		Herman, A., Kappler, J.W., Marrack, P., and Pullen A.M. Superantigens: Mechanism of T-cell stimulation and role in immune responses.
		Mehindate, K., Thibodeau, T., Dohlsten, M., Kalland, T., Sékaly, R.-P., and Mourad, W. Cross-linking of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules by staphylococcal enterotoxin A superantigen is a requirement for inflammatory cytokine gene expression.
	www.proteinscience.org /cgi/content/full/11/3/642 (4731 words)

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