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Topic: Superatom

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	Superatom - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Superatoms are clusters of atoms which seem to exhibit some of the properties of elemental atoms.
		Sodium atoms when left to condense in clusters from vapour naturally form into clusters of 8, 20, 40, 58 or 92 atoms (the magic numbers).
		Al Cluster Superatoms as Halogens in Polyhalides and as Alkaline Earths in Iodide Salts D. Bergeron, P. Roach, A.W. Castleman Jr., N.O. Jones, S. Khanna Science, Vol 307, Issue 5707, 231-235, 14 January 2005 Abstract MS spectrum
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Superatom (449 words)

	Lab Notes
		The superatom was first proposed by Albert Einstein in the 1920s, when the quantum-mechanical rule known as Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle made it clear that the universe, for bizarre reasons of its own, would not let both the position and the momentum of a particle be defined precisely.
		The largest superatoms to date are half a millimeter in size (with maybe a billion atoms inside them), and there's no particular reason they couldn't be made larger or shaped into human form, although at the moment we have neither the need nor the equipment to do so.
		Superatoms can also be squirted out in streams, which are known as "atom lasers." These streams travel a lot more slowly than light beams, and droop with gravity like the spray from a fire hose.
	www.scifi.com /sfw/issue287/labnotes.html (1457 words)

	Phanes, Part I, PhI-2
		Atoms (nodes) not identified by amplification prefixes as "superatoms" represent, by convention, carbon atoms with a bonding number ("valency") of four in accordance with the principles of organic nomenclature.
		Superatoms of a simplified skeletal name are assigned the lowest locant or the lowest set of locants, consistent with the numbering of the skeletal class to which it belongs.
		Superatom locants specify the nodes of the simplified skeleton that are replaced by the amplificants specified by the amplification prefixes.
	www.chem.qmw.ac.uk /iupac/phane/PhI2.html (2615 words)

	[No title]
		As the temperature within the JILA atomic trap dropped, the rubidium atoms condensed from their normal state in the graphic on the far left to the blue-white "superatom" on the far right.
		The "superatom" is about 20 microns in diameter, or about one-fifth the thickness of a sheet of paper.
		The trick to creating the superatom was to get a high enough density of atoms at a cold enough temperature.
	www.nist.gov /public_affairs/gallery/95subose.htm (326 words)

	CLiDE Superatom Correction and Parsing
		As the dash character(-) is already used in the parser syntax to define a single bond, different representations were needed for all the cases where the original string includes a dash (negative charges, geometric isomerism markers...).
		As a consequence, a formatted character string, ready to be parsed, will contain not only the full superatom (or group) name, but also all the bonds between the group and the rest of the structure and all the explicit bonds within the group.
		Each bond (in the sense of a character representing a bond) must be entered immediately before or after the letter of the group it is connected to, according the relative position of the corresponding bond and group in the original image.
	www.chem.leeds.ac.uk /ICAMS/CLiDE/help/CLiDE_SubWindows.html (486 words)

	Virginia Commonwealth University
		The discovery opens the door to using 'superatom chemistry' based on a new periodic table of cluster elements to create unique compounds with distinctive properties never seen before.
		The researchers conducted experimental reactivity studies that indicate that certain aluminum-cluster superatoms are highly stable by nature.
		The team’s related heoretical investigations reveal that the enhanced stability of these superatoms is associated with a balance in their atomic and electronic states.
	www.vcu.edu /uns/Releases/2005/jan/011305.html (708 words)

	APS - 2005 APS March Meeting - Event - Optimizing a Mesoscale Model for Polyisoprene-Polystyrene Melts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The positions of the meso-scale interaction centers (superatoms) are chosen in order to produce a single peaked bond distribution on the meso-scale as well as a harmonic bond stretching potential.
		For PI, twelve atoms are joined into one superatom positioned in the middle of the single carbon-carbon bond.
		The superatom center for PS is at the backbone carbon connected to the side ring and represents sixteen atoms.
	meetings.aps.org /Meeting/MAR05/Event/24630 (243 words)

	Blogger: Email Post to a Friend
		When the number of iodine "ornaments" is an even number, the "superatom" is very stable and doesn't react with other elements, even oxygen.
		If the number of "ornaments" is odd, the superatom is reactive.
		Then the team tried using a cluster of 14 aluminum atoms combined with iodine, and found that the resulting superatom behaved like alkaline earth metals: beryllium, magnesium, barium, radium and strontium.
	www.blogger.com /email-post.g?blogID=7879046&postID=110605697681539682 (293 words)

	Phanes, Part I, PhI-3
		In such cases, the lower available superatom locant is assigned to an amplificant that appears earlier in the seniority of rings and ring systems (see PhI-2.2.3).
		First, the lowest available superatom locant(s) is (are) assigned to the amplificants appearing first in the seniority order.
		Then, the same procedure is applied successively to assign remaining superatom locants to the rest of the amplificants.
	www.chem.qmw.ac.uk /iupac/phane/PhI31.html (871 words)

	Coverage of Carl Wieman's talk
		It's all about a "superatom" that behaves like an individual atom -- only at an incredibly frigid100 billionths of a degree above absolute zero (minus 459.67 degrees Fahrenheit).
		The temperature needs to be that incredibly frigid to slow the atoms down enough to get them to "fall" into the superatom.
		This superatom -- a completely new form of matter -- is called Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC) after Albert Einstein, who in 1924 predicted that when atoms slow down in extreme cold they lose their 'identities' and coalesce into one single atom.
	www.news.cornell.edu /Chronicle/02/10.24.02/Wieman_cover.html (679 words)

	Science/AAAS \| This Week in Science: 14 January 2005; 307 (5707)
		Much of chemical reactivity can be understood in terms of the driving force provided by the stability of bonding arrangements that provide each atom with a closed atomic shell of electrons.
		For small atomic clusters, the so-called "jellium" model predicts that stable superatom clusters can form with a distinct number of valence-electrons (one such shell occurs at 40 electrons).
		Radicals, or compounds in which a single electron is missing from the valence shell of one of the atoms, act as short-lived intermediates in many chemical reactions.
	www.sciencemag.org /content/vol307/issue5707/twis.dtl (1675 words)

	Amiga.org - Forum
		because a superatom's valence is akin to that of atoms different to itself, it takes on different chemical properties, though not necessarity different material properties.
		Quite aside for its radioctivity, Plutonium is chemically one of the most toxic substances known to man. A superatom of another element might duplicate that, without being radioactive, but it wouldn't be useful for a reactor.
		What we're looking for here is density, and superatoms of anything have multiple nucleii per atom, so it would be more dense.
	www.amiga.org /modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=23859&forum=35 (537 words)

	TimesDispatch.com \| Developing a new kind of chemistry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A "superatom" of clustered aluminum molecules tailor-made to mimic iodine could lead to new medical, photographic or industrial applications, a Virginia Commonwealth University physicist says.
		For nearly two years, Shiv Khanna and colleagues at VCU and Pennsylvania State University worked to alter groups of atoms of one element and make them act like another element, without changing the number of protons and electrons.
		Scientists may now be able to create "superatoms" that have the chemical properties they want to make new materials.
	www.timesdispatch.com /servlet/Satellite?pagename=RTD/MGArticle/RTD_BasicArticle&c=MGArticle&cid=1031780244177&path=!health!healthology&s=1045855935235 (556 words)

	Nano and Giga Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Nanotechnology comes to genesis of quantum functional devices such as superatom of identical atoms (BEC) or quantum computer.
		In its turn the chemical particle is revealed as an elementary building block for the next grade of the quantum multiplication design.
		Analyses of these effects are given for multiplets of BEC superatom and quantum computer.
	www.atomicscaledesign.net /moscow/abstracts/beznosyuk (251 words)

	Chemical Structures as Mathematica Expressions
		, the last six of which are superatoms.
		The pairs of atoms that are bound by a ring-closure bond (atoms 4, 7, and 11 in camphor, above) have
		Superatoms represent polyatomic substructures bound together with dative bonds, as in nitro, phosphate, sulfinyl, and sulfonyl moieties, for example.
	library.wolfram.com /conferences/devconf99/nachbar/Links/index_lnk_2.html (639 words)

	voluntaryXchange: Superatoms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A superatom comes about if you put eight sodium atoms in close proximity.
		They then each share their one electron, so that each of the eight sodiums acts as if it has eight electrons.
		This makes that outer shell full, and the superatom of sodium acts like a noble gas - the gases (like helium) that are so non-reactive that they don't form compounds with other elements (or even themselves).
	voluntaryxchange.typepad.com /voluntaryxchange/2005/04/superatoms.html (311 words)

	Science News: Ultracold molecules form inside superatom - Brief Article
		A strange form of matter appears when researchers cool gaseous clouds of certain atoms to nearly absolute zero.
		The ultracold atoms all fall into the same quantum state, becoming a sort of superatom called a Bose-Einstein condensate.
		Since they made the first such superatoms almost 5 years ago (SN: 7/15/95, p.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1200/is_7_157/ai_59624225 (543 words)

	Vimeo / aborted attempt video clip (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This video clip was uploaded by superatom 6 months ago, and has been viewed 130 times.
		If this clip is pornography, or superatom does not have the right to reproduce it, you can "flag" it, and the Vimeo staff will review it.
		Vimeo was made by Jakob Lodwick and Zach Klein at Connected Ventures, LLC in 2005.
	www.vimeo.com /clip=4772 (87 words)

	New State of Matter Proves Einstein Right / Laser Lens Draws Nanodots on Silicon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The extreme cold caused the individual atoms to condense into a ``superatom'' that behaved as a single entity.
		Before photographing the superatom, known as Bose-Einstein condensation, the physicists cooled the atoms to 20 billionths of a degree above absolute zero, the lowest temperature ever achieved.
		The JILA apparatus used to cool the atoms includes six diode lasers that slow the room temperature atoms and a magnetic trap that kicks the hottest atoms out of the trap.
	physics.nist.gov /News/TechBeat/9509beat.html (525 words)

	IMD - The ITAP Molecular Dynamics Program
		Superatoms are defined in the parameter file with the IMD parameter
		They define a restricted motion of the atoms of the superatoms.
		Note:Only translational motion of the superatoms is possible; rotational motion is suppressed.
	www.itap.physik.uni-stuttgart.de /~imd/userguide/options.html (2834 words)

	CLiDE Molecule Editor
		It also appears on the screen when the user activates the "View S-CT" button in the Superatom Database User Interface to display the subconnection table of one of the superatoms.
		The left mouse button is used to select an item (atom, superatom or bond) or a group of items in the Graphic Area.
		Click on the superatom and type the new name in the text field, then press "Enter" to leave editing mode.
	www.chem.leeds.ac.uk /ICAMS/CLiDE/help/mol_ed_ui.html (921 words)

	Emphasis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		When that happens, move the less important phrases closer to the beginning, so that nothing comes after the most important concept in the sentence.
		Example: No one can explain why that first primeval superatom exploded and thereby created the universe in a few words.
		Revised: No one can explain in a few words why that first primeval superatom exploded and thereby created the universe.
	campus.murraystate.edu /academic/faculty/bill.foreman/emphasis.htm (377 words)

	[No title]
		At this temperature the rubidium atoms behaved together as a superatom.
		FTP this superatom is an example of what “condensate” named for the Indian and Swiss-American scientists who theorized it in the 1920s?
		Bose-Einstein condensate 3) Iranian religious leaders have recently financed the building of the largest mosque in the Caucasus in the town of Nardaran in this small nation, causing its government to fear Islamic unrest.
	www.stanford.edu /group/CollegeBowl/archive/deltaburke2001/delta01-3.doc (2737 words)

	Achieving Emphasis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Sociobiologists are making the provocative claim that our genes largely determine our social behavior.
		No one can explain why the first primeval superatom exploded and thereby created the universe in a few words.
		Moving the important information to the end of the sentence is another way to manage the flow of ideas.
	www.physics.ohio-state.edu /~wilkins/writing/Handouts/emphasis.html (519 words)

	Energetic Helium Yields Superatoms - August, 2001 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Since 1995, researchers have created a spate of Bose-Einstein condensates in trapped atomic gases.
		For instance, the density of atoms in the magnetic trap is sufficiently high that the elastic collision rate between the atoms is large compared with the oscillation frequencies in the trap.
		This puts the superatom into the hydrodynamic regime, a state that researchers have not yet fully investigated in trapped atomic gases.
	www.photonics.com /spectra/tech/XQ/ASP/techid.1153/QX/read.htm (395 words)

	NIST Image Gallery - Ultra Cold Trap Yields Superatom
		NIST Image Gallery - Ultra Cold Trap Yields Superatom
		In the July 14, 1995 issue of Science magazine, researchers from JILA reported achieving a temperature far lower than had ever been produced before and creating an entirely new state of matter predicted decades ago by Albert Einstein and Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose.
		The graphics above show two and three-dimensional successive snap shots in time in which the atoms condensed from less dense red, yellow and green areas into very dense blue to white areas.
	www.nist.gov /public_affairs/gallery/bosein.htm (148 words)

	CPTV - SuperAtom
		Teenage Ramraid was released in the UK on 11th Feb 2000.
		It's available as an MP3 download from SuperAtom's homepage at MP3.COM, as well as for sale as a three track CD single.
		The song has now been played on BBC Radio 1's Evening Session (26th Jan 2000), and the video on MTV Europe's Alternative Nation (1st Feb 2000), and again several times on MTV Extra.
	cptv.co.uk /superatom (199 words)

	ilovephysics.com :: online physics help, tutorials, forum, classes, misconceptions in » Blog Archive » ...
		A research team based out of the physics department here at Virginia Commonwealth University (where I call home) has discovered clusters of Aluminum atoms that have chemical properties similar to single atoms of metallic and nonmetallic elements when they react with iodine.
		This is the first indication of what is being called “Superatom Chemistry.” Rather than combining single atoms to form complex molecules, new forms of atomic clusters (single element atoms clustered together) can now be reacted with other elements or clusters to produce never-before-seen compounds with distictive features.
		A press-release issued by VCU can be found here:
	www.ilovephysics.com /archives/2005/01/14/superatom-chemistry (387 words)

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