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Topic: Supercell thunderstorm

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	FEMA: Thunderstorms and Lightning
		Dry thunderstorms that do not produce rain that reaches the ground are most prevalent in the western United States.
		Thunderstorms typically produce heavy rain for a brief period, anywhere from 3 0 minutes to an hour.
		About 10 percent of thunderstorms are classified as severe—one that produces hail at least three-quarters of an inch in diameter, has winds of 58 miles per hour or higher, or produces a tornado.
	www.fema.gov /hazard/thunderstorm/index.shtm (326 words)

	Supercell - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A supercell is a thunderstorm with a deep rotating updraft (a mesocyclone) [1].
		Supercells are usually found isolated from other thunderstorms in the warm air in front of a squall line, although they can sometimes be embedded in a squall line.
		Supercell thunderstorms are sometimes classified by meteorologists and storm spotters into three categories.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Supercell (1173 words)

	WESTERN REGION TECHNICAL ATTACHMENT NO. 98-15
		Due to the complex terrain and the distance of the radar to the thunderstorm, however, it is not conclusive whether the internal storm dynamics or external influences contributed to the rightward propagation of this storm.
		This thunderstorm occurred on 2 September 1996 approximately 16 km southeast of Flagstaff and 80 km from the KFSX WSR-88D in southern Coconino County.
		During the supercell's mature stage, a hook-like appendage appears on the southwest flank of the storm and the mid-level echo overhang is still present.
	www.wrh.noaa.gov /wrh/98TAs/9815 (3016 words)

	Types of Tornadoes
		A supercell thunderstorm is a long-lived thunderstorm possessing within its structure a continuously rotating updraft of air.
		The tornadoes that accompany supercell thunderstorms are more likely to remain in contact with the ground for long periods of time -- an hour or more -- than other tornadoes, and are more likely to be violent, with winds exceeding 200 mph.
		Generally weaker than a supercell tornado, a landspout is not associated with a wall cloud or mesocyclone.
	www.theweatherchannelkids.com /weather_ed/weather_encyclopedia/tornadoes/types_of_tornadoes (542 words)

	Supercell Thunderstorms: thunderstorms with deep rotating updrafts
		We define a supercell as a thunderstorm with a deep rotating updraft (mesocyclone).
		The flanking line of the supercell behaves differently than that of the multicell cluster storm, in that updraft elements usually merge into the main rotating updraft and then explode vertically, rather than develop into separate and competing thunderstorm cells.
		The demarcation between supercell and multicell storms is most important, obviously much more so than that between single cell and multicell storms, or between multicell and squall line storms.
	ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu /(Gh)/guides/mtr/svr/type/spr/home.rxml (261 words)

	CBS6 Albany (Site not responding. Last check: )
		As a thunderstorms dies, the updraft turns into a downdraft sending a fast moving gush of air at the ground which is often accompanied by heavy rain and sometimes hail.
		The multicell severe thunderstorm is similar to the ordinary multicell thunderstorm in that the process of evolution is much the same in the two types of storms.
		The supercell thunderstorm is the least frequent to occur but the most efficient and most violent.
	www.wrgb.com /wx/research/research.asp?Selection=thunderstorms (1362 words)

	St. Louis Weather
		A tornado is a violently rotating column of air which descends from a thunderstorm to the ground.
		Supercell storms are usually isolated from other thunderstorms because it allows them to have more energy and moisture from miles around.
		A thunderstorm is classified as severe because it can contain hail three-quarter inches or larger, and/or wind gusts of 58 mph or higher, and/or a tornado.
	weather.kmov.com /tornadoFAQ.asp (2329 words)

	Tornadoes
		In supercell thunderstorms, both a front and rear flank downdraft are present.
		In a supercell situation, strong winds aloft move in contrast with winds near the surface, causing rotation.
		A low-level wind from the southeast, mid-level winds from the southwest and upper-level winds from the west are ideal wind shear conditions.
	www.weatherbuff.com /Pages/tornadoes.html (2295 words)

	TECHNIQUES FOR ISSUING SEVERE THUNDERSTORM
		The familiar radar reflectivity signature commonly referred to as the "hook echo" is shown to be at the confluence of the thunderstorm updraft with the rear flank downdraft, and is the preferred region for strong tornado occurrence.
		The supercell thunderstorm typically moves to the right of the environmental storm motion vector, thus it will appear on the radar as moving to the right of other thunderstorms that may be present.
		The steadiness and propagation of supercells are caused by an updraft that generates vertical vorticity in the middle levels of the storm due to tilting of environmental horizontal vorticity in a vertically sheared atmosphere.
	www.srh.noaa.gov /ssd/techmemo/sr185.htm (7861 words)

	Severe Weather: Northeast Severe Thunderstorms, severe, storm, weather - www.cbs6albany.com
		The official National Weather Service definition of a severe thunderstorm that occurs in the Northeast is a storm that produces winds at or in excess of 58 mph and or three quarter inch or greater diameter hail.
		Since severe thunderstorms are normally small and affect very localized areas with severe weather, it is common for large parts of a watch area to be unaffected by thunderstorms, which is unfortunately why many people pay little attention to severe thunderstorm watches when they are issued.
		Multicell thunderstorms form in unstable atmospheric environments where the down draft from a dying cell converges with warm moist air to force another updraft on the flank of the storm, which forms a new storm tower, perpetuating the system.
	www.cbs6albany.com /onset?id=22094&template=article.html (1989 words)

	SKYWARN Storm Spotter Guides Online (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Supercell thunderstorms are solely responsible for producing the majority of severe weather, such as large hail and tornadoes, however, strong squall lines can also produce widespread severe weather, primarily very strong winds and/or microbursts.
		A supercell thunderstorm, in brief, is a thunderstorm with a persistent rotating updraft.
		A supercell thunderstorm characterized by a relative lack of visible precipitation.
	spotterguides.us /basic/basic02.htm (1108 words)

	Supercell photos by chasers and Supercells Defined
		A simple definition for a supercell would be: a thunderstorm with a deep persistent rotating updraft (mesocyclone).
		Supercells tend to travel to the right of the main steering winds which chasers call right movers.
		In this loop you can see a beautiful image of a supercell thunderstorm producing a large tornado, which was confirmed by storm spotters on the ground.
	www.tornadochaser.com /supercells.html (213 words)

	Thunderstorm & Tornado Glossary - NCAR & UCAR News Center
		Supercell tornadoes are usually preceded by a mesocyclone a few minutes to a half hour or more before tornado formation, although most mesocyclones produce no tornadoes.
		An especially long-lived thunderstorm with a rotating updraft that continually regenerates on the storm's flank (often on the south or right-hand side).
		Most supercell tornadoes are preceded by a rotating wall cloud a few minutes to as much as an hour in advance.
	www.ucar.edu /news/backgrounders/stormglossary.shtml (975 words)

	USATODAY.com
		Large, long-lasting thunderstorms known as "supercells" are responsible for producing the strongest tornadoes, large hail and other dangerous winds.
		The rotating, rising column of air known as a "mesocyclone" is the heart of a supercell.
		Supercells can last for hours, moving hundreds of miles because their falling rain doesn't cut off the supply of warm, humid air.
	www.usatoday.com /weather/wtsm2.htm (758 words)

	Questions and Answers about Thunderstorms: Basics
		A supercell is an often dangerous convective storm with a very organized internal structure including a rotating updraft that allows it to keep going for up to several hours.
		The developing stage of a thunderstorm is marked by a cumulus cloud that is being pushed upward by a rising column of air (updraft).
		The rotating updraft of a supercell (called a mesocyclone when visible on radar) helps the supercell to produce extreme severe weather events, such as giant hail (more than 2 inches in diameter, strong downbursts of 80 miles an hour or more, and strong to violent tornadoes.
	www.nssl.noaa.gov /primer/tstorm/tst_basics.html (1489 words)

	Stock Photography \| Tagonomy™ Keyword - supercell \| PhotoShelter
		Evening cumulonimbus clouds with developing thunderstorm and rain with small funnel cloud in cumulus clouds in center of storm, seen outside of Belle Fourche, South Dakota on June 1, 2008, at approximately 7:00 PM.
		A tornado-warned supercell thunderstorm in North Central Kansas, April 24, 2008.
		While witnessing a tornado is the biggest objective for many chasers, many chase thunderstorms and delight in seeing cumulonimbus structure, watching a barrage of hail and lightning, and seeing what skyscapes unfold.
	psc.photoshelter.com /trm/supercell (610 words)

	Tornado Outbreak in southeastern Pennsylvania, 29 May 1995
		Tornadoes are categorized as "supercell" or "nonsupercell" according to the pre-existence of a midlevel (4 - 6 km) circulation in the parent thunderstorm.
		Supercell tornadoes are typically strong, long-lived vortices that favor environments with strong vertical wind shear and high thermodynamic instability.
		Powerful straightline thunderstorm winds toppled hundreds of trees and power lines, baseball-size hail inflicted over $3 million in damage in Chester County alone, and 4 supercell tornadoes, including and F2 in Millersville and an F1 in the author's hometown of Norristown, left many homes and buildings in their paths roofless.
	www.ems.psu.edu /~diercks/prinzivalli.html (834 words)

	Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Energy and Energy-Related Bibliographic Citations
		Supercell thunderstorm forecasting and detection is discussed, in light of the disastrous weather events that often accompany supercells.
		The presence of a mesocyclone is common to all supercells, but operational recognition of supercells is clouded by the various radar and visual characteristics they exhibit.
		An actual supercell event is employed to illustrate the usefulness of conceptual model visualization when issuing statements and warnings for supercell storms.
	www.osti.gov /energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=53404 (305 words)

	SUPERCELL TYPES: LP, CLASSIC, HP
		LP supercells in the U.S. primarily occur in the Lee of the Rockies while HP supercells are common in the Eastern Great Plains and eastward.
		TORNADOES (tornadoes tend to be weaker in association with LP supercells as compared to other supercell types because the forward flank downdraft and rear flank downdrafts are not as well defined and the storm is higher based).
		LP supercells tend to be higher based than the other supercell types because air must rise to a higher level in the troposphere in order for condensation to occur.
	www.theweatherprediction.com /habyhints/42 (465 words)

	Plane & Pilot Magazine \| What Do You Know? \| April 2001
		A typical embedded thunderstorm is an example of an airmass thunderstorm, while a supercell thunderstorm is a severe thunderstorm.
		A supercell thunderstorm is always severe and almost always lasts longer than a normal airmass thunderstorm.
		A multi-cell thunderstorm is actually a compact cluster of thunderstorms that are in various stages of their life cycle.
	www.planeandpilotmag.com /content/articles/quizzes/apr01.html (482 words)

	Iowa-Skywarn.org - Spotter Guide (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Since supercell thunderstorms produce the majority of severe weather and are common in this part of the country, this page focuses on this phenomenon.
		Thunderstorms are common in this part of the world, and most area residents are quite familiar with them and the severe weather they can bring.
		A supercell thunderstorm in which heavy precipitation (often including hail) falls on the trailing side of the mesocyclone.
	www.iowa-skywarn.org /spotterguide.shtml (1308 words)

	WESTERN REGION TECHNICAL ATTACHMENT NO. 98-25
		This thunderstorm began showing supercell characteristics after midnight producing large hail (up to 1.75") early on the morning of 31 May. The location in which this supercell developed and the path it took has been a favored area for strong convective development in the past.
		The initial development of a thunderstorm's updraft is a gradual process with the storm evolving through the organizing and maturing stages over the course of a couple of hours before eventually dissipating.
		The thunderstorm reached its peak shortly after passing Condon and continued on towards Ione where hail up to one and three-quarter inches was reported, and radar estimated rainfall rates were around one inch per hour.
	www.wrh.noaa.gov /wrh/98TAs/9825 (1803 words)

	Welcome To "Sky-Chaser.com"
		Viewed on the south side of a high precipitation supercell thunderstorm during its late mature stage, a powerful gust front and shelf cloud develop as the main updraft begins to collapse.
		During observation of an HP supercell thunderstorm near Highway 27 in western Palm Beach County, Florida on March 19, 2001, pea to dime sized hail begins falling ahead of the storm.
		This is a picture of a severe thunderstorm, with HP supercell characteristics, developing north of Krome Avenue in extreme western Miami-Dade county on March 26, 2002.
	www.sky-chaser.com /stplog3.htm (5310 words)

	April 28, 2002 Supercell Thunderstorm (Site not responding. Last check: )
		I could see the back edge of the storm from my location and it looked like a well developed Supercell thunderstorm that was producing at least large hail and strong winds.
		I have noticed that early spring thunderstorm days are usually haze free in Virginia and better for thunderstorm viewing.
		The thunderstorm was moving east at nearly 50 mph and it arrived almost simultaneously as we setup.
	www.asktheweatherman.com /apr2802_funnels.html (461 words)

	Welcome To "Sky-Chaser.com"
		A fourth supercell was encountered farther east and produced a striking wall cloud and funnel north of Branson, Colorado.
		The HP supercell west of Tribune, Kansas and near Towner, Colorado occludes, that is, the RFD gust front cuts-off the storms main inflow.
		The supercell thunderstorm produces this large wall cloud before its updfraft is undercut by the gust front and outflow.
	www.sky-chaser.com /mwcl2005.htm (11787 words)

	Storm Chasing Tours - Education: Supercells - Violent Skies Tours
		Like any thunderstorm, a supercell needs warm, humid air in the lower atmosphere, much colder air aloft and something to give the air near the ground an upward shove.
		Supercells are best seen on the western Plains.
		The top of a Plains supercell can be 50,000 to 60,000 feet high.
	www.violentskiestours.com /education/supercell.html (776 words)

	The Supercell Thunderstorm (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The supercell is a violent and rare type of thunderstorm.
		Single cell, multicell, and supercell thunderstorms all can produce hail, downburts, heavy rainfall and tornadoes, but only the supercell has the characteristic of a rotating updraft which accounts for the longevity and chaotic nature of these storms.
		Although is may seem as so, supercells don't randomly develop and break apart.
	snrs.unl.edu /amet351/dodge/scellintro.htm (106 words)

	Thunderstorm
		A thunderstorm, which consists of a cumulonimbus cloud, form in an unstable envirnoment that has moisture at low levels.
		Prior to the development of a thunderstorm, the air near the surface is often warm and moist.
		In the Severe thunderstorm the updrafts and downdrafts are separate from one another, This allows the storm to last longer and severe weather may develop.
	cimss.ssec.wisc.edu /wxwise/class/thndstr.html (927 words)

	2001 Tour Photos
		Later on, we intercept a new supercell storm east of McAlester...
		We intercepted two non-tornadic supercells (most supercells are non-tornadic) this day: one northeast of Newton, Kansas early in the day and another pretty LP supercell near Manchester, Oklahoma at dusk.
		JUNE 4: Deep, thick congestus east of Salina suggest that thunderstorm development is imminent...
	www.silverliningtours.com /Default.aspx?tabid=107 (2661 words)

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