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Topic: Superclusters

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	supercluster
		Superclusters range in size from 100 million to at least 300 million light-years across and typically contain tens of thousands of galaxies.
		Superclusters are believed to have formed in the early universe when matter clumped together under the influence of gravity.
		The largest known supercluster is the Shapley Concentration.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/S/supercluster.html (119 words)

	Supercluster - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Superclusters are large groupings of smaller galaxy groups and clusters, and are among the largest structures of the cosmos.
		The existence of superclusters indicates that the galaxies in our Universe are not uniformly distributed; most of them are grouped together in groups and clusters, with groups containing up to 50 galaxies and clusters up to several thousand.
		Even though superclusters are the largest structures confirmed, the total number of superclusters leave possibilities for structural distribution; the total number of superclusters in the universe is believed to be close to 10 million.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Supercluster (222 words)

	Superclusters of Galaxies
		All known rich clusters are parts of larger superclusters, suggesting that perhaps all galaxies belong to one supercluster or another, but this is not yet certain.
		Other nearby superclusters include Perseus-Pisces at a distance of about 70 Mpc and Hydra-Centaurus, which is approximately 45 Mpc distant (with the constellations in the names giving the approximate location on the celestial sphere; thus, Perseus-Pisces lies partially in the constellation Perseus and partially in Pisces, as viewed from the Earth).
		Deviations of the velocity of a galaxy from the overall Hubble flow is termed the peculiar velocity.
	csep10.phys.utk.edu /astr162/lect/gclusters/superclusters.html (365 words)

	Superclusters
		Superclusters are typically seen as long and thin strands of clusters and galaxies, intracluster gases and, presumably, "dark matter" on a two dimensional surface.
		Formation of superclusters may be the next stage in a process that is shaping and forming fundamental units in the universe.
		The fluctuation is subsequently enlarged by the inflation and served as a blue-print for the large scale structures such as the superclusters.
	universe-review.ca /F03-supercluster.htm (1920 words)

	Penn SAS Fall 1999
		To carry out her inquiry, Ma does things like weigh superclusters of galaxies–the way grocers might weigh a bag of coffee beans, except in her case the scale is concocted of observations and theoretical calculations woven together with computer simulation.
		Superclusters, the largest cosmic objects besides the universe itself, can occupy regions of space from 50 to more than 100 million light years across and are set within voids of space so vast that some show up as pin pricks of light only through the most powerful telescopes.
		Ma and her Caltech collaborators estimate the Corona Borealis Supercluster, which is 600 million light years from earth and spans the night sky the width of ten full moons, weighs "at least" 30,000 trillion of our suns.
	www.sas.upenn.edu /sasalum/newsltr/fall99/weighty.html (1746 words)

	AstronomieAntwoorden: UniversumFamilieBoom: Supercluster (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Een supercluster is een groep van melkwegclusters die met elkaar verbonden lijken te zijn.
		Een minder dubbelzinnige definitie voor een supercluster zou zijn dat dat een groep melkwegclusters is die door de zwaartekracht aan elkaar gebonden zijn, net zoals de Zon, alle planeten en alle andere dingen in het Zonnestelsel door de zwaartekracht aan elkaar gebonden zijn.
		De Lokale Supercluster lijkt te bestaan uit twee hoofddelen: een platte schijf met een dikte van ongeveer 1,4 Mpc die ongeveer 60% van de heldere melkwegstelsel bevat, en een redelijk bolvormige halo waar de andere 40% van de heldere melkwegstelsels in een klein aantal wolken zit.
	www.phys.uu.nl /~strous/AA/nl/boom/supercluster.html (372 words)

	Astronomy Answers: Universe Family Tree: Supercluster
		A supercluster is a group of galaxy clusters that seem associated with each other.
		A definition for superclusters that has less ambiguity would be a group of galaxy clusters that are bound together by gravity, just like the Sun, all the planets, and all other objects in the solar system are bound together by gravity.
		The Local Supercluster appears made of two major structures: a flattened disk with a thickness of about 1.4 Mpc which contains about 60% of the bright galaxies, and a roughly spherical halo which contains the remaining 40% of the bright galaxies in a small number of clouds.
	www.astro.uu.nl /~strous/AA/en/boom/supercluster.html (388 words)

	Toronto Catalog (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The existence of superclusters indicates that the galaxies in our Universe are not uniformly distributed; most of them are drawn together in groups and clusters, with groups containing up to 50 galaxies and clusters up to several thousand.
		Once thought to be the largest structures in nature, superclusters are now understood to be subordinate to enormous walls or sheets, sometimes called "super cluster complexes", that can span a billion light-years in length, more than 5% of the observable universe.
		Even though superclusters are the largest structures confirmed, the total number of superclusters leaves possibilities for structural distribution; the total number of super clusters in the universe is believed to be close to 10 million.
	www.torontopost.biz /Info/?Superclusters (511 words)

	The Universe within 1 billion Light Years - The Neighbouring Superclusters
		The Hydra supercluster is also dominated by one rich cluster of galaxies - A1060, one of the nearest clusters in George Abell's catalog of rich galaxy clusters.
		This is a fairly weak supercluster that marks one end of a long wall of galaxies that encompasses the Centaurus supercluster and probably the Virgo supercluster as well.
		The Shapley supercluster is a massive supercluster and many studies have been carried out on it and although it is not the biggest supercluster known, it is certainly one of the densest.
	www.atlasoftheuniverse.com /superc.html (1118 words)

	HerculesClustertext (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The supercluster is split into a northern and southern (larger) superclusters which are physically connected by a bridge of galaxies and reside at distances of 400 and 500 million light years respectively.
		Superclusters are the largest gravitationally bound structures known in the cosmos.
		Superclusters can reach enormous sizes up to several hundred million light years and are often juxtaposed against large voids in space where few galaxies exist.
	www.robgendlerastropics.com /HerculesClustertext.html (374 words)

	Star Cluster - Superclusters
		Supercluster: A connected group of clusters of galaxies that may extend for hundreds of millions of light-years.
		Superclusters are currently the largest structures known in the universe.
		On a larger scale, superclusters are clusters of clusters of galaxies.
	www.scienceclarified.com /Sp-Th/Star-Cluster.html (582 words)

	Chapter 18
		Superclusters were described as exhibiting a pronounced filamentary structure, and it was suggested by Einasto and subsequently clearly confirmed that such filaments are the primary structure in all superclusters.
		Despite the Virgo cluster being older by the predominate presence of spiral galaxies, the characteristic jet activity in the elliptical galaxy at cluster center is evidence of active interface with the Pre-Bang Universe, and indicates that the mainstream sequence of galaxy evolution occurs from inside outward within clusters as a whole.
		Yet understanding the mechanism of their formation is essential in order to map the superclusters according to the sequence of galaxy evolution, which in turn is essential in order to map the development of the supermassive “fl hole” densities and twin-lobed jets that pinpoint and regionally define the relationship of the Post-Bang to Pre-Bang Universe.
	www.origin-of-universe.com /chapters/chapter_18.htm (7867 words)

	Infectious Disease Supercluster
		The Colorado State University Supercluster is a multidisciplinary alliance that integrates experts from many fields with the goal of improving quality of life - by taking research innovations to the global marketplace more efficiently and at an accelerated pace.
		Superclusters focus on overlap areas between Colorado State University's internationally competitive research and the great global challenges, such as infectious disease, agriculture, energy and the environment.
		Superclusters vs. traditional tech transferUniversities traditionally patent discoveries and seek companies willing to license such early stage innovations.
	www.cvmbs.colostate.edu /mip/idsc/index.htm (740 words)

	Galaxy Clusters
		Superclusters: These usually consist of chains of about a dozen clusters which have a mass of about 10^16 solar masses (ten million billion suns).
		The largest superclusters, like that associated with Coma, are up to 100Mpc in extent.
		The system of superclusters forms a network permeating throughout space, on which about 90% of galaxies are located.
	www.damtp.cam.ac.uk /user/gr/public/gal_lss.html (562 words)

	Breaking Superclusters Into Smaller Clusters
		When the supercluster consists of one cell, its coordinates are taken to be the center of the cell.
		For a supercluster having two cells, the cluster center is the center of gravity of the two cells.
		If the supercluster has more than two cells it may be possible to break it into a number of clusters.
	www.iopb.res.in /~phatak/cluster/node4.html (765 words)

	The Universe within 1 billion Light Years - The Neighbouring Superclusters
		The name given to the local supercluster because it is dominated by the large Virgo cluster.
		By cosmological standards, the Virgo supercluster is a fairly small example of a supercluster.
		There are a couple of prominant superclusters in Bootes over 800 million light years away but this region of the sky is more famous for the large Bootes Void that lies in front of them.
	www.ldps.ws /Mirror/Universe/superc.html (1182 words)

	Supercluster
		Superclusters are large groupings of smaller galaxy groups and clusters, and are among the largest structures of the cosmos.
		The existence of superclusters indicates that the galaxies in our Universe are not uniformly distributed; most of them are grouped together in groups and clusters, with groups containing up to 50 galaxies and clusters up to several thousand.
		Superclusters are frequently subdivided into groups of clusters called galaxy clouds.
	www.dejavu.org /cgi-bin/get.cgi?ver=93&url=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.gourt.com%2Fen%2Fsupercluster (236 words)

	The Pisces-Cetus Superclusters
		The superclusters in the Pisces-Cetus area of the sky are very large structures that together stretch across a billion light years of space (and 50 degrees of the sky).
		The superclusters were made famous by Brent Tully in several papers (1, 2, 3) published between 1986 and 1988.
		He tried to show that the Pisces-Cetus supercluster was contained in a much larger structure connecting many superclusters including the Virgo supercluster.
	www.atlasoftheuniverse.com /superc/psccet.html (491 words)

	The Local Universe in 3D
		The contours show the superclusters closer than 80/h Mpc and enclose regions where where the smoothed density of galaxies is at least 2.5 times the average density.
		The superclusters are labelled with the name of the most prominent cluster or group.
		The Persues-Pisces supercluster is losing to the Centaurus-Hydra supercluster in the "tug-of-war" on the Milky Way because although it is more massive, it is also further away.
	astro.uwaterloo.ca /~mjhudson/research/threed (301 words)

	A List of the Nearest Superclusters (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The supercluster which we are a member of - the Virgo supercluster - is a fairly minor supercluster.
		Column 7: Distance to the supercluster in millions of light years, assuming that the Hubble constant is 70 km/s/Mpc.
		This is a rough figure based on the distribution of the Abell clusters in the supercluster.
	www.anzwers.org /free/universe/supercls.html (1070 words)

	Cosmic Structures (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Whereas clusters are typically found in the filaments and walls of the universe's "soap bubble," superclusters are at the intersections of the walls.
		Superclusters are the largest known structures in the universe, with some as large as 200,000,000 light-years!
		There has been recent evidence for superclusters at redshifts of about 1, which places important constraints on structure formation and cosmological models.
	skyserver.sdss.org /edr/en/astro/structures/structures.asp (961 words)

	Renato A. Dupke Astronomy University of Michigan
		Below we show one of the cases, PHL 1811, that is located towards 2 superclusters and shows absorption lines consistent with the redshift of the superclusters.
		The crosses are galaxy clusters (many with Abell names), with the size of the cross indicating the relative population richness compared to the cluster with the maximum richness.
		), the average redshift of the supercluster, and the standard deviation of the redshifts of clusters in the supercluster.
	www.astro.lsa.umich.edu /~rdupke/research.php (1742 words)

	plasma cosmology@Everything2.com
		Now, with superclusters, there is an obvious problem: these objects simply could not have formed in twenty billion years.
		It is possible to determine not only the distance of a galaxy, but the relative speed by which it is moving away, by observing its red shifts, which means the way the waves of light "stretch" when a galaxy moves away from ours.
		So now, some unknown process somehow speeds up matter, allowing superclusters to form, then another, equally enigmatic process conveniently puts the brakes on, slowing matter to the sedate speeds observed today, hence only seeming to be as old as we suspect.
	www.everything2.com /index.pl?node_id=1319591 (2458 words)

	Great masses from little ripples grew: the organization of matter into superclusters and voids began with subatomic ...
		Yet galaxy superclusters owe their very existence to what physicists call "quantum fluctuations"--very slight non-uniformities that generally pertain only to things as small as atoms and molecules.
		Superclusters are probably the largest material structures in the universe--which makes whatever distribution they assume in space a central observational fact for cosmology to explain.
		For much of the twentieth century the distribution of matter in the universe was presumed to be both homogeneous (evenly sprinkled with galaxies in every location) and isotropic (appearing the same no matter which direction you look).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1134/is_1_113/ai_113456794 (1061 words)

	Physical cosmology - Information from Reference.com
		Physical cosmology, roughly speaking, deals with the very largest objects in the universe (galaxies, clusters and superclusters), the very earliest distinct objects to form (quasars) and the very early universe, when it was nearly homogeneous (hot big bang, cosmic inflation and the cosmic microwave background radiation).
		Cosmology is unusual in physics for drawing heavily on the work of particle physicists' experiments, and research into phenomenology and even string theory; from astrophysicists; from general relativity research; and from plasma physics.
		Understanding the formation and evolution of the largest and earliest structures (ie, quasars, galaxies, clusters and superclusters) is one of the largest efforts in cosmology.
	www.reference.com /search?q=Physical+cosmology (2545 words)

	Superclusters
		Colorado State University's Cancer Supercluster and NeoTREX, the cancer enterprise arm, build on more than 35 years of cancer research excellence and are dedicated to speeding the transition of life-saving cancer research from the academic world to the global marketplace.
		, the business arm of the first Supercluster to launch, is a private, non-profit entity focused on infectious disease and biomedical research and development.
		Colorado State's Superclusters model is unique in its multidisciplinary structure, enabling groundbreaking research to move to market more quickly by mimicking business practices.
	superclusters.colostate.edu (307 words)

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